A reconceptualization of general and specific deterrence

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 1993, Pages 123-135

  Stafford, Mark C ^a   Warr, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCEPT FORMATION; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; LITERATURE; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PUNISHMENT; REVIEW;

EID: 0027302185     PISSN: 00224278     EISSN: 1552731X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022427893030002001     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Akers, R. L. 1990. “Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Social Learning Theory in Criminology: The Path Not Taken.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81: 653-676.
2. Akers, R. L., M. D. Krohn, L. Lanza-Kaduce, and M. Radosevich. 1979. “Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory.” American Sociological Review 44: 636-655.
3. Andenaes, J. 1968. “Does Punishment Deter Crime?” Criminal Law Quarterly 11: 76-93.
4. Bandura, A. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
5. Cavender, G. 1979. “Special Deterrence: An Operant Learning Evaluation.” Law and Human Behavior 3: 203-215.
6. Dipboye, R. L. 1977. “Alternative Approaches to Deindividuation.” Psychological Bulletin 84: 1057-1075.
7. Empey, L. T. and M. C. Stafford. 1991. American Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
8. Erickson, M. L. and J. P. Gibbs. 1975. “Specific Versus General Properties of Legal Punishments and Deterrence.” Social Science Quarterly 56: 390-397.
9. Geerken, M. R. and W. R. Gove. 1975. “Deterrence: Some Theoretical Considerations.” Law and Society Review 9: 497-513.
10. Gibbs, J. P. 1968. “Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence.” Social Science Quarterly 48: 515-530.
11. Gibbs, J. P. 1975. Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence. New York: Elsevier.
12. Gray, L. N., D. A. Ward, M. C. Stafford, and B. A. Menke. 1985. “Observational and Experiential Effects in Probability Learning: The Case of a Deviant Behavior.” Social Psychology Quarterly 48: 78-85.
13. Lempert, R. 1982. “Organizing for Deterrence: Lessons From A Study of Child Support” Law and Society Review 16: 513-568.
14. Mann, L., J. W. Newton, and J. M. Innes. 1982. “A Test Between Deindividuation and Emergent Norm Theories of Crowd Aggression.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42: 260-272.
15. Matza, D. 1964. Delinquency and Drift. New York: Wiley.
16. Meier, R. F. and W. T. Johnson. 1977. “Deterrence as Social Control: The Legal and Extralegal Production of Conformity.” American Sociological Review 42: 292-304.
17. Minor, W. W. and J. Harry. 1982. “Deterrent and Experiential Effects in Perceptual Deterrence Research: A Replication and Extension.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 19: 190-203.
18. Moffitt, T. E. 1983. “The Learning Theory Model of Punishment: Implications for Delinquency Deterrence.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 10: 131-158.
19. Murray, C. A. and L. A. Cox, Jr. 1979. Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and the Chronic Delinquent. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
20. Nagin, D. 1978. “General Deterrence: A Review of the Empirical Evidence.” Pp. 95-139 in Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates, edited by A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, and D. Nagin. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
21. Paternoster, R. 1986. “The Use of Composite Scales in Perceptual Deterrence Research: A Cautionary Note.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 23: 128-168.
22. Paternoster, R. 1987. “The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues.” Justice Quarterly 4: 173-217.
23. Paternoster, R. 1988. “Examining Three-Wave Deterrence Models: A Question of Temporal Order and Specification.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 79: 135-179.
24. Paternoster, R. and L. Iovanni. 1986. “The Deterrent Effect of Perceived Severity: A Reexamination.” Social Forces 64: 751-777.
25. Paternoster, R., L. E. Saltzman, G. P. Waldo, and T. G. Chiricos. 1983. “Estimating Perceptual Stability and Deterrent Effects: The Role of Perceived Legal Punishment in the Inhibition of Criminal Involvement.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74: 270-297.
26. Paternoster, R., L. E. Saltzman, G. P. Waldo, and T. G. Chiricos. 1983. “Perceived Risk and Social Control: Do Sanctions Really Deter?” Law and Society Review 17: 457-479.
27. Reiss, A. J., Jr. 1986. “Co-Offender Influences on Criminal Careers.” Pp. 121-160 in Criminal Careers and “Career Criminals,” edited by A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, J. A. Roth, and C. A. Visher. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
28. Saltzman, L., R. Paternoster, G. P. Waldo, and T. G. Chiricos. 1982. “Deterrent and Experiential Effects: The Problem of Causal Order in Perceptual Deterrence Research.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 19: 172-189.
29. Schneider, A. L. and L. Ervin. 1990. “Specific Deterrence, Rational Choice, and Decision Heuristics: Applications in Juvenile Justice.” Social Science Quarterly 71: 585-601.
30. Sherman, L. W. and R. A. Berk. 1984. “The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault.” American Sociological Review 49: 261-272.
31. Smith, D. A. and P. R. Gartin. 1989, “Specifying Specific Deterrence: The Influence of Arrest on Future Criminal Activity.” American Sociological Review 54: 94-106.
32. Sutherland, E. H. 1947. Criminology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
33. Tittle, C. R. 1980. Sanctions and Social Deviance: The Question of Deterrence. New York: Praeger.
34. Tittle, C. R. 1985. “Can Social Science Answer Questions About Deterrence for Policy Use?” Pp. 265-294 in Social Science and Social Policy, edited by R. L. Shotland and M. M. Mark. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
35. Tittle, C. R., M. J. Burke, and E. F. Jackson. 1986. “Modeling Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association: Toward an Empirical Clarification.” Social Forces 65: 405-432.
36. Ward, D. A., B. A. Menke, L. N. Gray, and M. C. Stafford. 1986. “Sanctions, Modeling, and Deviant Behavior.” Journal of Criminal Justice 14: 501-508.
37. Warr, M. and M. Stafford. 1991. “The Influence of Delinquent Peers: What They Think or What They Do?” Criminology 29: 851-866.
38. Williams, K. R. and R. Hawkins. 1986. “Perceptual Research on General Deterrence: A Critical Review.” Law and Society Review 20: 545-572.
39. Zimring, F. E. 1978. “Policy Experiments in General Deterrence: 1970-1975.” Pp. 140-173 in Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates, edited by A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, and D. Nagin. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
40. Zimring, F. E. and G. J. Hawkins. 1973. Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.