Asthma in Children

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 326, Issue 23, 1992, Pages 1540-1545

  Desforges, Jane F ^a   Larsen, Gary L ^b  

^a University of Colorado School of Medicine ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASTHMA; CHILD; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; AIRWAY CONSTRICTION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD CARE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MIXTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LONG TERM CARE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT MUCOSA;

ASTHMA; CHILD; HUMAN; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; FENOTEROL; GLUCOCORTICOID; HISTAMINE; HOUSE DUST ALLERGEN; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; METHACHOLINE; PREDNISONE; THEOPHYLLINE;

EID: 0027111489     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199206043262306     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Evans R III, Mullally DI, Wilson RW, et al. National trends in the morbidity and mortality of asthma in the US: prevalence, hospitalization, and death from asthma over two decades: 1965–1984. Chest 1987; 91: Suppl: 65S–74S.
2. Asthma — United States, 1980–1987. MMWR 1990; 39: 493–7.
3. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88: 425–534.
4. Hargreave FE, Dolovich J, O'Byrne PM, Ramsdale EH, Daniel EE. The origin of airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78: 825–32.
5. Hopp RJ, Bewtra A, Nair NM, Townley RG. The effect of age on methacholine response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 76: 609–13.
6. Tepper RS. Airway reactivity in infants: a positive response to methacholine and metaproterenol. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 1155–9.
7. Juniper EF, Frith PA, Hargreave FE. Airway responsiveness to histamine and methacholine: relationship to minimum treatment to control symptoms of asthma. Thorax 1981; 36: 575–9.
8. Murray AB, Ferguson achéal, Morrison B. Airway responsiveness to histamine as a test for overall severity of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1981; 68: 119–24.
9. Young S, Le Souëf PN, Geelhoed GC, Stick SM, Turner KJ, Landau LI. The influence of a family history of asthma and parental smoking on airway responsiveness in early infancy. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1168–73.
10. Avital A, Noviski N, Bar-Yishay E, Springer C, Levy M, Godfrey S. Nonspecific bronchial reactivity in asthmatic children depends on severity but not on age. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 36–8.
11. Amaro-Galvez R, McLaughlin FJ, Levison H, Rashed N, Galdes-Sebaldt M, Zimmerman B. Grading severity and treatment requirements to control symptoms in asthmatic children and their relationship with airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. Ann Allergy 1987; 59: 298–302.
12. Wilson MC, Irvin CG, Larsen GL. Inflammation and asthma. Semin Respir Med 1987; 8: 279–86.
13. Cartier A, Thomson NC, Frith PA, Roberts R, Hargreave FE. Allergeninduced increase in bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationship to the late asthmatic response and change in airway caliber. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982; 70: 170–7.
14. Boulet LP, Cartier A, Thomson NC, Roberts RS, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Asthma and increases in nonallergic bronchial responsiveness from seasonal pollen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 71: 399–406.
15. Cockcroft DW. Mechanism of perennial allergic asthma. Lancet 1983; 2: 253–6.
16. O'Byrne PM, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Late asthmatic responses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 740–51.
17. De Monchy JGR, Kauffman HF, Venge P, et al. Bronchoalveolar eosinophilia during allergen-induced late asthmatic reactions. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 373–6.
18. Durham SR, Craddock CF, Cookson WO, Benson MK. Increases in airway responsiveness to histamine precede allergen-induced late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82: 764–70.
19. Burrows B, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline MG. Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 271–7.
20. Welliver RC, Wong DT, Sun M, McCarthy N. Parainfluenza virus bronchiolitis: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Am J Dis Child 1986; 140: 34–40.
21. Lemanske RF Jr, Dick EC, Swenson CA, Vrtis RF, Busse WW. Rhinovirus upper respiratory infection increases airway hyperreactivity and late asthmatic reactions. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1–10.
22. Mohiuddin AA, Martin RJ. Circadian basis of the late asthmatic response. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1153–7.
23. Dunnill MS, Massarella GR, Anderson JA. A comparison of the quantitative anatomy of the bronchi in normal subjects, in status asthmaticus, in chronic bronchitis, and in emphysema. Thorax 1969; 24: 176–9.
24. Laitinen LA, Heino M, Laitinen A, Kava T, Haahtela T. Damage of the airway epithelium and bronchial reactivity in patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 599–606.
25. Wardlaw AJ, Dunnette S, Gleich GJ, Collins JV, Kay AB. Eosinophils and mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage in subjects with mild asthma: relationship to bronchial hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 62–9.
26. Beasley R, Roche WR, Roberts JA, Holgate ST. Cellular events in the bronchi in mild asthma and after bronchial provocation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 806–17.
27. Azzawi M, Bradley B, Jeffery PK, et al. Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1407–13.
28. Cutz E, Levison H, Cooper DM. Ultrastructure of airways in children with asthma. Histopathology 1978; 2: 407–21
29. Ferguson achéal, Wong FWM. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic children: correlation with macrophages and eosinophils in broncholavage fluid. Chest 1989; 96: 988–91.
30. Pearce N, Crane J, Burgess C, Jackson R, Beasley R. Beta agonists and asthma mortality: déjà vu. Clin Exp Allergy 1991; 21: 401–10.
31. Hendeles L, Weinberger M, Szefler S, Ellis E. Safety and efficacy of theophylline in children with asthma. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 177–83.
32. Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY, Gore BP, O'Byrne PM, Manning P. Theophylline does not inhibit allergen-induced increase in airway responsiveness to methacholine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 83: 913–20.
33. Crescioli S, Spinazzi A, Plebani M, et al. Theophylline inhibits early and late asthmatic reactions induced by allergens in asthmatic subjects. Ann Allergy 1991; 66: 245–51.
34. Dutoit JI, Salome CM, Woolcock AJ. Inhaled corticosteroids reduce the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma but oral theophylline does not. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1174–8.
35. Sears MR, Taylor DR. Print CG, et al. Regular inhaled beta-agonist treatment in bronchial asthma. Lancet 1990; 336: 1391–6.
36. Reed CE, Kemp JP, Pierson WE. β-Adrenergic agonists. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 442–3.
37. Buist AS. Is asthma mortality increasing? Chest 1988; 93: 449–50.
38. Nelson HS, Szefler SJ, Martin RJ. Regular inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of bronchial asthma: beneficial or detrimental? Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 249–50.
39. Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY. Comparative effects of inhaled salbutamol, sodium cromoglycate, and beclomethasone dipropionate on allergeninduced early asthmatic responses, late asthmatic responses, and increased bronchial responsiveness to histamine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 734–40.
40. Löwhagen O, Rak S. Modification of bronchial hyperreactivity after treatment with sodium cromoglycate during pollen season. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 75: 460–7.
41. Hoag JE, McFadden ER Jr. Long-term effect of cromolyn sodium on nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness: a review. Ann Allergy 1991; 66: 53–63.
42. Kay AB, Walsh GM, Moqbel R, et al. Disodium cromoglycate inhibits activation of human inflammatory cells in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 1–8.
43. Eigen H, Reid JJ, Dahl R, et al. Evaluation of the addition of cromolyn sodium to bronchodilator maintenance therapy in the long-term management of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 612–21.
44. Mattoli S, Foresi A, Corbo GM, Valente S, Ciappi G. Effects of two doses of cromolyn on allergen-induced late asthmatic response and increased responsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 747–54.
45. Szefler SJ. Glucocorticoid therapy for asthma: clinical pharmacology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88: 147–65.
46. Bhagat RG, Grunstein MM. Effect of corticosteroids on bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in asthmatic children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 902–6.
47. Kerrebijn KF, van Essen-Zandvliet EEM, Neijens HJ. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and beta-agonists on the bronchial responsiveness in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 653–9.
48. Sotomayor H, Badier M, Vervloet D, Orehek J. Seasonal increase of carbachol airway responsiveness in patients allergic to grass pollen: reversal by corticosteroids. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 56–8.
49. Fraser CM, Venter JC. The synthesis of β-adrenergic receptors in cultured human lung cells: induction by glucocorticoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 94: 390–7.
50. Ellul-Micallef R, Fenech FF. Effect of intravenous prednisolone in asthmatics with diminished adrenergic responsiveness. Lancet 1975; 2: 1269–71.
51. Harris JB, Weinberger MM, Nassif E, Smith G, Milavetz G, Stillerman A. Early intervention with short courses of prednisone to prevent progression of asthma in ambulatory patients incompletely responsive to bronchodilators. J Pediatr 1987; 110: 627–33.
52. Storr J, Barrell E, Barry W, Lenney W, Hatcher G. Effect of a single oral dose of prednisolone in acute childhood asthma. Lancet 1987; 1: 879–82.
53. Brunette MG, Lands L, Thibodeau L-P. Childhood asthma: prevention of attacks with short-term corticosteroid treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 624–9.
54. Zora JA, Zimmerman D, Carey TL, O'Connell EJ, Yunginger JW. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression after short-term, high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77: 9–13.
55. Wyatt R, Waschek J, Weinberger M, Sherman B. Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and alternate-day prednisone on pituitary-adrenal function in children with chronic asthma. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 1387–92.
56. Haahteia T, Jårvinen M, KavaT, et al. Comparison of β2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, in newly detected asthma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 388–92.
57. Reed CE. Aerosol steroids as primary treatment of mild asthma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 425–6.
58. Uchida DA, Brugman S, Larsen GL. New insights into the mechanisms and treatment of childhood asthma. Semin Respir Med 1990; 11: 211–22.
59. Warner JO, Götz M, Landau LI, et al. Management of asthma: a consensus statement. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 1065–79.
60. Asthma: a follow up statement from an international paediatric asthma consensus group. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 240–8.
61. Platts-Mills TAE, Tovey ER, Mitchell EB, Moszoro H, Nock P, Wilkins SR. Reduction of bronchial hyperreactivity during prolonged allergen avoidance. Lancet 1982; 2: 675–8.
62. Murray AB, Ferguson achéal. Dust-free bedrooms in the treatment of asthmatic children with house dust or house dust mite allergy: a controlled trial. Pediatrics 1983; 71: 418–22.
63. Weitzman M, Gortmaker S, Walker DK, Sobol A. Maternal smoking and childhood asthma. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 505–11.
64. McConnochie KM, Roghmann KJ. Parental smoking, presence of older siblings, and family history of asthma increase risk of bronchiolitis. Am J Dis Child 1986; 140: 806–12.
65. McConnochie. Wheezing at 8 and 13 years: changing importance of bronchiolitis and passive smoking. Pediatr Pulmonol 1989; 6: 138–46.
66. Warner JO, Price JF, Soothill JF, Hey EN. Controlled trial of hyposensitisation to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children with asthma. Lancet 1978; 2: 912–5.
67. Van Bever HP, Bosmans J, De Clerck LS, Stevens WJ. Modification of the late asthmatic reaction by hyposensitization in asthmatic children allergic to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) or grass pollen. Allergy 1988; 43: 378–85.
68. Murray AB, Ferguson achéal, Morrison BJ. Non-allergic bronchial hyperreactivity in asthmatic children decreases with age and increases with mite immunotherapy. Ann Allergy 1985; 54: 541–4.