International environmental law from stockholm to rio - An overview of past lessons and future challenges

Environmental Policy and Law

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1992, Pages 88-105

  Adede, A O ^a  

^a UNITED NATIONS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT POLICY; ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; INTERNATIONAL TREATY; POLICY INTEGRATION; PROTECTION MEASURE;

EID: 0027039846     PISSN: 0378777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/EPL-1992-22204     Document Type: Article

References (53)

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2. L. Sohn, General Assembly resolution 2997 (24) of 15 December 1972.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN UNEP (UNEP Environmental Law No. 1, 1991). See also International Conventions and Protocols in thefield of the environment, UN Doc. A/C.2/46/3.
4. Maurice F. Strong, Secretaiy-General, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, seeFrom Stockholm to Rio: A Journey Down a Generation, An Earth Summit Publication: Number one1991, p. 2
5. Maurice F., supranote 4 at 6.
6. Mustafa K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme, made at the Symposium on Developing Countries and International Environmental Law, Beijing, 12 August 1991.See, e.g., UN Doc. A/C.6/46/4.
7. Mustafa K. Tolba the results of the Toronto meeting, 2730 June 1988, The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security, infranote 24, and the Ottawa Meeting of Legal and Policy Experts, 2022 February 1990, UN Doc. A/C.2/44/2.
8. UNCED, seedoc. A/CONF.151/PC/103 and Add. 1 described further paras 51-56 infra.
9. Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.See11 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MATERIALS (hereinafter, ILM), p. 1294. Priorto the Stockholm Conference there was the 1972 Convention for the Protection of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircrafts, 11ILM, p. 262.
10. International Maritime Organisation.See12ILM, pi 1319.
11. UNEP Publication, Environment Law Guidelines and Principles.
12. Marine Environment from Land-Based-Sources, no. 7 of UNEP’s publication on Environmental Law Guidelines and Principles.
13. Marine Environment, 73 Protocol Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Case of Pollution by Substances Other than Oil, ILMVol.; 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, ILMVol.; 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, ILMVol. and 1976 Protocol to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, ILMVol.
14. Marine Environment, 1973 Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources in the Baltic Sea and Belts, 12ILM1972 (1973); 1974 Nordic Environmental Protection Conventions 11; 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 19ILM841
15. Marine Environment, 1976 Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution, 15ILM240(1976); 1976 Barcelona Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in case of Emergency 11; 1978 Kuwait Regional Convention for Co-operation on the Protection of the Marine Environment, 11 ILM511 (1978); 1981 Abidjan Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region, 20ILM746
16. Marine Environment,(1981); 1981 Lima Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the South East Pacific, UNEP pub. (1984); 1982 Jeddah Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Regional Environment of the Sea and the Gulf of Aden, UNEP Pub. (1984); 1983 Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of Wider Caribbean Region, 20ILM227 (1983); 1985 Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region, UNEP Pub. (1986); and 1986 Noumea Convention for the Protection of Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region, 26ILM30 (1987).
17. Marine Environment, 22-23 below.
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19. Marine Environment, 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer, 26ILM1516 (1987) and the 1987 Montreal Protocol on the Reduction of the Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 26ILM1550 (1987).
20. Marine Environment, 11ILM1358 (1972). Just prior to this before Stockholm, was the 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfront Habitat, 11ILM, (1976).
21. Marine Environment, 673 UNTS 63.
22. Marine Environment, 19ILM11 (1979).
23. Marine Environment, 1001 UNRA, p. 4.
24. Marine Environment, INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT, p. 10359.
25. Marine Environment, 56 UKT5, Cmnd 8738.
26. Marine Environment, 15ILM736 (1971).
27. Marine Environment, 19ILM837 (1980).
28. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS (W.E. Burhenne Ed. 1982), p. 43.
29. K.R. Simmonds, THE LAW OF THE SEA, NEW SERIES (K.R. Simmonds Ed. 1986).
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31. K.R. Simmonds, 11ILM1294 (1972).
32. K.R. Simmonds, 13ILM32 (1974).
33. K.R. Simmonds, Supranote 12.
34. K.R. Simmonds, Supranotes 28 and 29.
35. K.R. Simmonds, 16ILM88(1977).
36. K.R. Simmonds, 28ILM649 (1977).
37. K.R. Simmonds, 16ILMp. 85 (1977).
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39. Environment and development, and presenting relevant texts, see The Digest note 58, pp. 75-127.
40. UNEP’s Environmental Law Series No. 10; and FAO Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (1985).
41. International Law of the Environment, UN Doc. AJ45/666, Recommendation 5, p. 4.
42. General Assembly resolution 43/53 of 6 December 1988, entitled Protection of global climate for present arfd future generations of mankind, agenda item 143 (A.43/905).Seealso Doc. A/45/696 and Add.l.
43. General Assembly resolution 44/228 of 22 December 1989, convening the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Part 1, para. 12 and para. 15, respectively.
44. Environment and Development; First session, New York. 5-16 March 1990, doc. A/44/48, para. 56, point 9, p. 14, and as later reformulated in the report of the Working Groups at the end of the sessions of the Preparatory Committee of UNCED. For the latest reportseeUN Doc. GAOR Supp. 48 (A/46/48), Vols. I and II.
45. International Armed Conflicts of 10 June 1977 and the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques of 18 May 1977.
46. General Assembly Decision A/46/C.6/L/13, as recommended by the Sixth (Legal Committee) and as amended by the General Assembly Plenary on 9 December 1991, in document A/46/L.39 recognising the postponement of the Red Cross Conference.
47. Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict, 3 June 1991 (copy of executive summary on author’s file), and consultation on the Law Concerning the Protection of the Environment in Times of Anned conflict, convened by the International Council of Environmental Law, Munich, 13-15 December 1991 (copy of recommendations on author’s file). Also published in Environmental Policy and Law, (1992), Vol. 22 at page 63.
48. Integration of Environment and Development in Decision Making, Doc. A/CONF. 151/PC/100 Add.8.
49. Maurice F., A/CONF. 151/PC/L.29, submitted by the pentagonal countries (Austria, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, Hungary, Italy and Yugoslavia) and Poland.
50. Maurice F., A/CONF.i51/PC/WG.III/L. 1, submitted by the above pentagonal countries and Poland.
51. Maurice F. Strong, supranote 4.
52. Maurice F., Part 66 of document A/CONF. 151/OC/100/Add.8, paras 14-16
53. Maurice F., These issues as further developed in Agenda 21 for Rio