B. F. Skinner's Legacy to Human Infant Behavior and Development

American Psychologist

Volumn 47, Issue 11, 1992, Pages 1411-1422

  Gewirtz, Jacob L ^a   Peláez Nogueras, Martha ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORISM; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; INFANT; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

BEHAVIORISM; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONDITIONING, OPERANT; HUMAN; INFANT; MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 0026947679     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.47.11.1411     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Wittig, B. A. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behaviour IV (pp. 233-253). London: Methuen.
3. Alessandri, S. M., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (1990). Violation of expectancy and frustration in early infancy. Developmental Psychology, 26, 738-744.
4. Baer, D. M. (1970). An age-irrelevant concept of development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 16, 238-246.
5. Baer, D. M., & Rosales-Ruíz, J. (in press). A behavior-analytic view of development. In F. Ribes & S. W. Bijou (Eds.), Recent approaches to behavioral development. Guadalajara, Mexico: Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara.
6. Baer, D. M., & Sherman, J. A. (1964). Reinforcement control of generalized imitation in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1, 37-49.
7. Balcazar, F., Hopkins, B. L., & Suarez, Y. (1985-1986). A critical, objective review of performance feedback. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 7, 65-89.
8. Bandura, A. (1969). Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 213-262). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
9. Bandura, A. (1971). Vicarious and self-reinforcement processes. In R. Glaser (Ed.), The nature of reinforcement. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
10. Bandura, A. (1977a). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
11. Bandura, A. (1977b). Social-learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
12. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
13. Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
14. Bates, J. E. (1980). The concept of difficult temperament. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavioral Development, 26, 299-319.
15. Bijou, S. W. (in press). The role of setting factors in the behavior analysis of development. In E. Ribes & S. W. Bijou (Eds.), Recent approaches to behavioral development. Guadalajara, Mexico: Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara.
16. Bijou, S. W., & Baer, D. M. (1961). Child development: Vol 1. A systematic and empirical theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
17. Bijou, S. W., & Baer, D. M. (1965). Child development: Vol 2. Universal stage of infancy. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
18. Bijou, S. W., & Baer, D. M. (1978). Behavior analysis of child development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
19. Bjorkland, D.F. (1989). Children's thinking: Developmental function and individual differences. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
20. Bloom, K., & Esposito, A. (1975). Social conditioning and its proper control procedures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19 209-222.
21. Boller, K., Rovee-Collier, C., Borovsky, D., O'Connor, J., & Shyi, G. (1990). Developmental changes in the time-dependent nature of memory retrieval. Developmental Psychology, 26, 770-779.
22. Bowlby, J. (1960). Separation anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 89-113.
23. Brackbill, Y. (1958). Extinction of smiling response in infants as a function of reinforcement schedule. Child Development, 29, 115-124.
24. Brinker, R. P., & Lewis, M. (1982). Discovering the competent handicapped infant: A process approach to assessment and intervention. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 2, 1-16.
25. Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A commentary on Feinman. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavioral Development, 29, 83-87.
26. Caron, R. F. (1967). Visual reinforcement of head-turning in young infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 5, 489-511.
27. Catania, A. C., & Harnad, S. (Eds.) (1988). The selection of behavior: The operant behaviorism of B.F. Skinner - Comments and consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Cohen, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1988). Mother-infant face-to-face interaction: Influence is bidirectional and unrelated to periodic cycles in either partner's behavior. Developmental Psychology, 24, 386-392.
29. Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. London: Oxford University Press.
30. DeCasper, A. J., & Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers' voices. Science, 208, 1174-1176.
31. DeCasper, A. J., & Prescott, P. A. (1984). Human newborns' perception of male voices: Preference, discrimination, and reinforcing value. Developmental Psychobiology, 17, 481 -491.
32. DeCasper, A. J., & Sigafoos, A. D. (1983). The intrauterine heartbeat: A potent reinforcer for newborns. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 19-25.
33. DeCasper, A. J., & Spence, M. J. (1986). Prenatal maternal speech influences newborns' perception of speech sounds. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 133-150.
34. Eimas, P. D., Siqueland, E. R., Jusczyk, P. W., & Vigorito, J. (1971). Speech discrimination in the infant. Science, 171, 303-306.
35. Enright, M. K., Rovee-Collier, C., Fagen, J. W., & Caniglia, K. (1983). The effects of distributed training on retention of operant conditioning in human infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 36, 209-225.
36. Etzel, B. C. (in press). The development of conceptual behavior: Hierarchies of elements in learning complex visual-auditory stimuli. In E. Ribes & S. W. Bijou (Eds.), Recent approaches to behavioral development. Guadalajara, Mexico: Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara.
37. Etzel, B. C., & Gewirtz, J. L. (1967). Experimental modification of caretaker-maintained high-rate operant crying in a 6- and a 20-week-old infant (Infans tyrannotearus): Extinction of crying with reinforcement of eye contact and smiling. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 5, 303-317.
38. Fagen, J. W., & Ohr, P. S. (1990). Individual differences in infant conditioning and memory. In J. Colombo & J. Fagen (Eds.), Individual differences in infancy: Reliability, stability, prediction (pp. 155-191). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
39. Freud, S. (1938). Three contributions to the theory of sex. In A. A. Brill (Trans.), The basic writings of Sigmund Freud (pp. 553-629). New York: Modern Library. (Original work published in 1905)
40. Gewirtz, J. L. (1956). A program of research on the dimensions and antecedents of emotional dependence. Child Development, 27, 205-221.
41. Gewirtz, J. L. (1961). A learning analysis of the effects of normal stimulation privation and deprivation on the acquisition of social motivation and attachment. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behaviour (pp. 213-299). London: Methuen.
42. Gewirtz, J. L. (1969). Mechanisms of social learning: Some roles of stimulation and behavior in early human development. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 57-212). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
43. Gewirtz, J. L. (1971a). Conditional responding as a paradigm for observational, imitative learning and vicarious-reinforcement. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 273-304). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
44. Gewirtz, J. L. (1971b). The roles of overt responding and extrinsic reinforcement in "self" and "vicarious-reinforcement" phenomena and in "observational learning" and imitation. In R. Glaser (Ed.), The nature of reinforcement (pp. 279-309). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
45. Gewirtz, J. L. (1972). Some contextual determinants of stimulus potency. In R. D. Parke (Ed.), Recent trends in social learning theory (pp. 7-33). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
46. Gewirtz, J. L. (1978). Social learning in early human development. In A. C. Catania & T. Brigham (Eds.), Handbook of applied behavior research: Social and instructional processes (pp. 105-141). New York: Irvington Press.
47. Gewirtz, J. L. (1991). Social influence on child and parent via stimulation and operant-learning mechanisms. In M. Lewis & S. Feinman (Eds.), Social influences and socialization in infancy (pp. 137-163). New York: Plenum Press.
48. Gewirtz, J. L., & Boyd, E. F. (1977). Experiments on mother infant interaction underlying mutual attachment acquisition: The infant conditions the mother. In T. Alloway, P. Plines, & L. K. Krames (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect: Vol. 3. Attachment behavior (pp. 109-143). New York: Plenum Press.
49. Gewirtz, J. L., & Peláez-Nogueras, M. (1987). Social-conditioning theory applied to metaphors like "attachment": The conditioning of infant separation protests by mothers. Revista Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta, 13, 87-103.
50. Gewirtz, J. L., & Peláez-Nogueras, M. (1991a). Proximal mechanisms underlying the acquisition of moral behavior patterns. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.) Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory, research, and application (Vol. 1. pp. 153-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Gewirtz, J. L., & Peláez-Nogueras, M. (1991b). The attachment metaphor and the conditioning of infant separation protests. In J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Intersections with attachment (pp. 123-144). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. Gewirtz, J. L., & Peláez-Nogueras, M. (1992a). Infants' separation difficulties and distress due to misplaced maternal contingencies. In T. Field, P. McCabe, & N. Schneiderman (Eds.), Stress and coping in infancy and childhood (pp. 19-46). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Gewirtz, J. L., & Peláez-Nogueras, M. (1992b). Infant social referencing as a learned process. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Social referencing and the social construction of reality in infancy (pp. 151-173). New York: Plenum Press.
54. Goldiamond, I., & Dyrud, J. (1967). Behavioral analysis for psychotherapy. In J. Schlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3, pp. 58-89). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
55. Greco, C., Hayne, H., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1990). Roles of function, reminding, and variability in categorization by 3-month-old infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 617-633.
56. Haugan, G. M., & McIntire, R. W. (1972). Comparison of vocal imitation, tactual stimulation, and food as reinforcers for infant vocalizations. Developmental Psychology, 6, 201-209.
57. Haupt, E. J., & Gewirtz, J. L. (1968). Analysis of interaction sequences between a focal person and other persons by contingency tables for any data coding scheme. Behavioral Science, 13, 83-85.
58. Higgins, S. T., & Morris, E. K. (1985). A comment on contemporary definitions of reinforcement as a behavioral process. The Psychological Record, 35, 81-88.
59. Hinde, R. A. (1966). Animal behavior: A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
60. Hulsebus, R. C. (1973). Operant conditioning of infant behavior: A review. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 8, pp. 111-158). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
61. Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century.
62. Jusczyk, P. W. (1985). The high-amplitude sucking technique as a methodological tool in speech perception research. In G. Gottlieb & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Measurement of audition and vision during the first year of postnatal life: A methodological overview (pp. 195-222). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
63. Kagan, J., Kearsley, R. B., & Zelazo, P. R. (1978). Infancy: Its resolution in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
64. Kagan J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1986). Temperamental inhibition in early childhood. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities, and challenges (pp. 53-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
65. Kantor, J. R. (1946). The aim and progress of psychology. American Scientist, 34, 251-263.
66. Koch, J. (1968). The change of conditioned orienting reaction in 5-month-old infants through phase shift of partial biorhythms. Human Development, 11, 124-137.
67. Konorski, J. A., & Miller, S. M. (1935). On two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology, 16, 264-272.
68. Kymissis, E., & Poulson, C. L. (1990). The history of imitation in learning theory: The language acquisition process. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 113-127.
69. Levitt, M. J. (1980). Contingent feedback, familiarization, and infant affect: How a stranger becomes a friend. Developmental Psychology, 16, 425-432.
70. Lipsitt, L. P., Kaye, H., & Bosack, T. N. (1966). Enhancement of neonatal sucking through reinforcement. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 4, 163-168.
71. Lowe, C. F., Beasty, A., & Bentall, R. P. (1983). The role of verbal behavior in human learning: Infant performance on fixed-interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 39, 157-164.
72. Mazur, J. E. (1990). Learning and behavior (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
73. Michael, J. L. (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 149-155.
74. Millar, W. S. (1972). A study of operant conditioning under delayed reinforcement in early infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 37 (2, Serial No. 147).
75. Millar, W. S. (1976). Operant acquisition of social behaviors in infancy: Basic problems and constraints. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 107-140). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
76. Moerk, E. I., (1990). Three-term contingency patterns in mother-child verbal interactions during first-language acquisition. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 239-250.
77. Moerk, E. L. (1992). A first language taught and learned. Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes.
78. Morris, E. K. (1988). Contextualism: The world view of behavior analysis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 46, 289-323.
79. Olsho, L. W. (1985). Infant auditory perception: Tonal masking. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 371-384.
80. Papousek, H. (1961). Conditioned head rotation reflexes in infants in the first months of life. Acta Pediatrica, 50, 565-576.
81. Patterson, G. R., & Moore, D. (1979). Interactive patterns as units of behavior. In M. L. Lamb, S. J. Suomi, & G. R. Stephenson (Eds.), Social interaction analysis: Methodological issues, (pp. 77-96). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
82. Peláez-Nogueras, M. (1992). Infant learning to reference maternal emotional cues. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida International University, Miami.
83. Petrovich, S. B., & Gewirtz, J. L. (1984). Learning in the context of evolutionary biology: In search of synthesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 160-161.
84. Petrovich, S. B., & Gewirtz, J. L. (1985). The attachment learning process and its relation to cultural and biological evolution: Proximate and ultimate considerations. In M. Reite & T. Field (Eds.), The psychobiology of attachment (pp. 259-291). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
85. Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children (2nd. ed.) New York: International University Press. (Original work published in 1936)
86. Piaget, J. (1983). Piaget's theory. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 103-128). New York: Wiley.
87. Pomerleau, A., & Malcuit, G. (1983). L'enfant et son environnement. Une étude fonctionnelle de la premiére enfance. [The infant and his environment. A functional study of early infancy. J. Brussels, Belgium: Mardaga.
88. Poulson, C. L. (1983). Differential reinforcement of other-than-vocalization as a control procedure in the conditioning of infant vocalization rate. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 36, 471-489.
89. Poulson, C. L., Kymissis, E., Reeve, K. F., Andreatos, M., & Reeve, L. (1991). Generalized vocal imitation in infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 51, 267-279.
90. Poulson, C. L., & Kymissis, E. (in press). The operant language-acquisition paradigm and its empirical support. In E. Ribes & S. W. Bijou (Eds.), Recent approaches to behavioral development. Guadalajara, Mexico: Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara.
91. Poulson, C. L., & Nunes, L. R. P. (1988). The infant vocal-conditioning literature: A theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 46, 438-450.
92. Reese, H., & Lipsitt, L. P. (1970). Experimental child psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
93. Reese, H. W., & Porges, S. W. (1976). Development of learning processes. In V. Hamilton & M. D. Vernon (Eds.), The development of cognitive processes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
94. Rheingold, H. L., Gewirtz, J. L., & Ross, H. W. (1959). Social conditioning of vocalizations in the infant. Journal of Comparative and Physiological, 52, 68-73.
95. Risley, T. R. (1977). The development and maintenance of language: An operant model. In B. C. Etzel, J. M. LeBlanc, & D. M. Baer (Eds.), New Developments in behavioral research: Theory, method, and application (pp. 81-101). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
96. Rovee-Collier, C. K. (1987). Learning and memory in infancy. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.) Handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 98-148). New York: Wiley.
97. Rovee-Collier, C. K., & Fagen, J. W. (1981). The retrieval of memory in early infancy. In L. P. Lipsitt & C. K. Rovee-Collier (Eds.), Advances in infancy research (Vol. 1, pp. 225-254). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
98. Rovee-Collier, C. K., Griesler, P. C., & Earley, L. A. Q. (1985). Contextual determinants of retrieval in three-month-old infants. Learning and Motivation, 16, 139-157.
99. Sackett, G. P. (1979). The lag sequential analysis of contingency and cyclicity in behavioral interaction research. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 623-649). New York: Wiley.
100. Schaffer, H. R., & Emerson, P. E. (1964). The development of social attachments in infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 29 (3, Serial No. 94).
101. Schaie, K. W., & Hertzog, C. (1985). Measurements in the psychology of adulthood and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 61-91). New York: Van Nostrand.
102. Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
103. Simmons, M. W. (1964) Operant discrimination learning in human infants. Child Development, 35, 737-748.
104. Siqueland, E. R. (1968). Reinforcement patterns and extinction in human newborns. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 6, 431-432.
105. Siqueland, E. R., & DeLucia, C. A. (1969) Visual reinforcement of non-nutritive sucking in human infants. Science, 165, 1144-1146.
106. Siqueland, E. R., & Lipsitt, L. P. (1966). Conditioned head-turning behavior in newborns. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 3, 356-376.
107. Skinner, B. F. (1931). The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 5, 427-458.
108. Skinner, B. F. (1935). The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response. Journal of General Psychology, 12, 40-65.
109. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
110. Skinner, B. F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review, 52, 270-277.
111. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
112. Skinner, B. F. (1966). The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 153, 1205-1213.
113. Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
114. Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, 213, 501-504.
115. Spence, M. J., & DeCasper, A. J. (1987). Prenatal experience with low-frequency maternal-voice sounds influence neonatal perception of maternal voice samples. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 133-142.
116. Stayton, D. J., & Ainsworth, M. S. (1973). Individual differences in infant responses to brief, everyday separations as related to other infant and maternal behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 9, 226-235.
117. Sullivan, M. W., Lewis, M., & Alessandri, S. M. (1992). Cross-Age stability in emotional expressions during learning and extinction. Developmental Psychology, 28, 58-63.
118. Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Mayer, R. G. (1991). Behavior analysis for lasting change. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
119. Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Review Monograph Supplements, 2 (No. 4).
120. Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence. New York: MacMillan.
121. Vince, M. A. (1961). Developmental changes in learning capacity. In W. H. Thorpe & O. L. Zangwill (Eds.), Current problems in animal behaviour (pp. 225-247). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
122. Wahler, R. G. (1969). Infant social development: Some experimental analyses of an infant-mother interaction during the first year of life. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 7, 101-113.
123. Watson, J. S., & Ramey, C. T. (1972). Reactions to response-contingent stimulation in early infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 18, 219-227.
124. Werner, H. (1957). Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: International University Press. (Original work published in 1926.)
125. Wilson, E. D.(1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap-Harvard University Press.