The Changing Patterns of Systemic Fluoride Intake

Journal of Dental Research

Volumn 71, Issue 5, 1992, Pages 1228-1237

  Burt, B A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUORIDE;

ADULT; CHILD; DIET; HUMAN; INFANT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW;

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIET; FLUORIDES; HUMAN; INFANT;

EID: 0026860254     PISSN: 00220345     EISSN: 15440591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/00220345920710051601     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Aasenden R, Peebles TC (1974). Effects of fluoride Supplementation from birth on deciduous and permanent teeth. Arch Oral Biol 19:321-326. Adair SM, Wei SH (1978). Supplemental fluoride recommendations for infant based on dietary fluoride intake. Caries Res 12:76-82. American Acadamy of Pediatrics, Council on Nutrition (1972). Fluoride as a nutrient. Pediatrics 49:456-459.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Nutrition (1979). Fluoride Supplementation: revised dosage schedule. Pediatrics 63: 150-152. American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Nutrition (1986). Fluoride Supplementation. Pediatrics 77: 758-761.
3. American Dental Association, Council on Dental Therapeutics (1984). Accepted dental therapeutics. 40th edition. Chicago: American Dental Association, 342-354.
4. Angmar-Mansson B, Whitford GM (1990). Environmental and physiological factors affecting dental fluorosis. J Dent Res 69 (Spec Iss):706-713. Ast DB, Smith DJ, Wachs B, Cantwell KT (1956). The Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study. XIV. Combined clinical and roentgenographic dental findings after ten years of fluoride experience. JAm Dent Assoc 52:314-325.
5. Baelum V., Fejerskov O, Manji F., Larsen MJ (1987). Daily dose of fluoride and dental fluorosis. Tandlaegebladet 91: 452-456.
6. Barnhart WE, Hiller LK, Leonard GJ, Michaels E (1974). Dentifrice usage and ingestion among four age groups. J Dent Res 53:1317-1322. Baxter PM (1980). Toothpaste ingestion during toothbrushing by school children. Br Dent J 148:125-128.
7. Behrman RE, Kliegman R. (1990). Essentials of pediatrics. Philadelphia: Saunders, 4-30.
8. Beltran ED, Szpunar SM (1988). Fluoride in toothpastes for children: suggestions for change. Pediatric Dent 3: 185-188.
9. Brunelle JA (1989). The prevalence of dental fluorosis in U.S. children (abstract). J Dent Res 68: 995.
10. Bruun C., Thylstrup A. (1988). Dentifrice usage among Danish children. J Dent Res 67: 1114-1117.
11. Burt BA, Eklund SA, Morgan KJ, Larkin FE, Guire KE, Brown LO, Weintraub JA (1988). The effects of sugars intake and frequency of ingestion on dental caries increment in a three-year longitudinal study. J Dent Res 67: 1422-1429.
12. Chandra S., Sharma R., Thergaonkar VP, Chaturvedi SK (1980). Determination of optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water in an area in India with dental fluorosis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 8: 92-96.
13. Cholak J. (1959). Fluorides: a critical review. I. The occurrence of fluoride in air, food, and water. J Occup Med 1: 501-511.
14. Clovis J., Hargreaves JA (1988). Fluoride intake from beverage consumption. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 16: 11-15.
15. Dabeka RW, Karpinski KF, McKenzie AD, Bajdik CD (1986). Survey of lead, cadmium and fluoride in human milk and correlation of levels with environmental and food factors. Food Chem Toxicol 24:913-921. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD (1987). Lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels in market milk and infant formulas in Canada. J Offic Analyt ChemAssoc 70:754-757.
16. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD, Conacher HB, Kirkpatrick DC (1982). Determination of fluoride in Canadian infant foods and calculation of fluoride intakes by infants. Can J Public Health 73: 188-191.
17. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD, Lacroix GM (1987). Dietary intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and fluoride by Canadian adults: a 24-hour duplicate diet study. Food Addit Contam 4: 89-101.
18. Dean HT (1942). The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological method. In: Moulton FR, editor. Fluorine and dental health. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 23-31.
19. Driscoll WS, Horowitz HS, Meyers RJ, Heifetz SB, Kingman A., Zimmerman ER (1986). Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with negligible, optimal, and above-optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water. J Am Dent Assoc 113: 29-33.
20. Eklund SA, Burt BA, Ismail AI, Calderone JJ (1987). High-fluoride drinking water, fluorosis, and dental caries in adults. JAm Dent Assoc 114:324-328.
21. Ekstrand J (1989). Fluoride intake in early infancy. J Nutr 119:1856-1860. Ekstrand J, Ehrnebo M (1980). Absorption of fluoride from fluoride dentifrices. Caries Res 14:96-102.
22. Ekstrand J, Hardell LI, Spak CJ (1984). Fluoride balance studies on infants in a 1-ppm-water-fluoride area. Caries Res 18:87-92. Ekstrand J, Koch G (1980). Systemic fluoride absorption following fluoride gel application. J Dent Res 59:1067.
23. Ekstrand J., Koch G., Petersson LG (1983). Plasma fluoride concentrations in pre-school children after ingestion of fluoride tablets and toothpaste. Caries Res 17: 379-384.
24. Ekstrand J., Spak CJ, Ehrnebo M. (1982). Renal clearance of fluoride in a steady state condition in man: influence of urinary flow and pH changes by diet. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 50: 321-325.
25. Ekstrand J., Spak CJ, Falch J., Afseth J., Ulvestad H. (1984). Distribution of fluoride to human breast milk following intake of high doses of fluoride. Caries Res 18: 93-95.
26. Ellingsen JE, Ekstrand J. (1985). Plasma fluoride levels in man following intake of SnF2 in solution or toothpaste. J Dent Res 64: 1250-1252. Environmental Protection Agency (1986). National primary and secondary drinking water regulations: fluoride, final rule. Fed Register 51:11396-11412.
27. Ericsson Y., Forsman B. (1969). Fluoride retained from mouthrinsing and dentifrices in preschool children. Caries Res 3: 290-299.
28. Ericsson Y., Ribelius U. (1971). Wide variations of fluoride Supply to infants and their effect. Caries Res 5: 78-88.
29. Evans RW (1989). Changes in dental fluorosis following an adjustment to the fluoride concentration of Hong Kong's water Supplies. Adv Dent Res 3: 154-160.
30. Farkas CS, Farkas EJ (1974). Potential effect of food processing on the fluoride content of infant foods. Science Total Environment 2:399-405. Featherstone JDB, Shields CP (1988). A study of fluoride in New York state residents. Final report to New York State Department of Health. 29 pp. Fejerskov 0, Manji F, Baelum V (1990). The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res 69 (Spec Iss):692-700.
31. Fejerskov O, Stephen KW, Richards A., Speirs R. (1987). Combined effect of systemic and topical fluoride treatments on human deciduous teeth-case studies. Caries Res 21: 452-459.
32. Filippo FA, Battistone GC (1971). The fluoride content of a representative diet of the young adult male. Clin Chim Acta 31: 453-457.
33. fluorides and dental caries reductions. Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland.
34. Forsman B. (1977). Early Supply of fluoride and enamel fluorosis. Scand J Dent Res 85: 22-30.
35. Glass RL, Peterson JK, Zuckerberg DA, Naylor MN (1975). Fluoride ingestion resulting from the use of a monofluorophosphate dentifrice by children. Br Dent J 138: 423-426.
36. Haikel Y., Voegel JC, Frank RM (1986). Fluoride content of water, dust, soils and cereals in the endemic dental fluorosis area of Khouribga (Morocco). Arch Oral Biol 31: 279-286.
37. Haimonot RT, Fekadu A., Bushra B. (1987). Endemic fluorosis in the Ethiopian rift valley. Trop Geog Med 39: 209-217.
38. Hargreaves JA, Ingram GS, Wagg BJ (1970). Excretion studies of the ingestion of a monofluorophosphate toothpaste by children. Caries Res 4: 256-268.
39. Hargreaves JA, Ingram GS, Wagg BJ (1972). A gravimetric study of the ingestion of toothpaste by children. Caries Res 6: 236-243.
40. Heifetz SB, Driscoll WS, Horowitz HS, Kingman A. (1988). Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with optimal and above-optimal water-fluoride concentrations: a 5-year follow-up survey. JAm Dent Assoc 116: 490-495.
41. Holm AK, Andersson R. (1982). Enamel mineralization disturbances in 12 year-old children with known early exposure to fluorides. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 10: 335-339.
42. Houwink B., Wagg BJ (1979). Effect of fluoride dentifrice usage during infancy upon enamel mottling of the permanent teeth. Caries Res 13: 231-237.
43. Ismail AI, Brodeur J-M., Kavanagh M., Boisclair G., Tessier C., Picotte L. (1990). Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in students, 11-17 years of age, in fluoridated and non-fluoridated cities in Quebec. Caries Res 24: 290-297.
44. Ismail AI, Burt BA, Hendershot GE, Jack S., Corbin SB (1987). Findings from the dental care Supplement of the national health interview survey, 1983. J Am Dent Assoc 114: 617-621. 1.
45. Johnson J. Jr, Bawden JW (1987). The fluoride content of infant formulas available in 1985. Pediatric Dent 9: 33-37.
46. Jolly SS, Singh BM, Mathur OC, Malhotra KC (1968). Epidemiological, clinical, and biochemical study of endemic dental and skeletal fluorosis in Punjab. Br Med J 4: 427-429.
47. Kramer L., Osis D., Wiatrowski E., Spencer H. (1974). Dietary fluoride in different areas in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 27: 590-594.
48. Kumar JV, Green EL, Wallace W., Carnahan T. (1989). Trends in dental fluorosis and dental caries prevalences in Newburgh and Kingston, NY. Am J Public Health 79: 565-569.
49. Larsen MJ, Kirkegaard E., Fejerskov O, Poulsen S. (1985). Prevalence of dental fluorosis after fluoride-gel treatments in a low-fluoride area. J Dent Res 64: 1076-1079.
50. Larsen MJ, Kirkegaard E., Poulsen S. (1987). Patterns of dental fluorosis in a European country in relation to the fluoride concentration of drinking water. J Dent Res 66: 10-12.
51. Larsen MJ, Kirkegaard E., Poulsen S., Fejerskov O (1989). Dental fluorosis among participants in a non-supervised fluoride tablet program. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 17: 204-206.
52. Larsen MJ, Richards A., Fejerskov O (1985). Development of dental fluorosis according to age at start of fluoride administration. Caries Res 19: 519-527.
53. Leverett DH (1982). Fluorides and the changing prevalence of dental caries. Science 217: 26-30.
54. Leverett DH (1986). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities-a preliminary investigation. J Public Health Dent 46: 184-187.
55. Leverett DH (1991). Appropriate uses of systemic fluoride: considerations for the '90s. J Public Health Dent 51: 42-47.
56. Margolis FJ, Burt BA, Schork MA, Bashshur RL, Burns TL (1980). Fluoride Supplements for children; a survey of physicians' prescription practices. Am J Dis Child 134: 865-868.
57. Marier JR, Rose D. (1972). Environmental fluoride. NRC Publ. No. 12,226. Ottawa: NRC-Canada, 23.
58. McClure FJ (1943). Ingestion of fluoride and dental caries. Quantitative relations based on food and water requirements of children 1 to 12 years old. Am J Dis Child 66: 362-369.
59. McClure FJ (1949). Fluorine in foods; survey of recent data. Public Health Rep 64: 1061-1074.
60. McClure FJ, Zipkin I. (1958). Physiological effects of fluoride as related to water fluoridation. Dent Clin N Am: 411-458.
61. McKnight-Hanes MC, Leverett DH, Adair SM, Shields CP (1988). Fluoride content of infant formulas: soy-based formulas as a potential factor in dental fluorosis. Pediatric Dent 10: 189-194.
62. Milsom K., Mitropoulos CM (1990). Enamel defects in 8-year-old children in fluoridated and non-fluoridated parts of Cheshire. Caries Res 24:286-289.
63. Myers HM (1978). Fluorides and dental fluorosis. Monogr Oral Science 7:1-74.
64. Myers HM (1983). Dose-response relationship between water fluoride levels and the category of questionable dental fluorosis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 11: 109-112.
65. Naccache H., Simard PL, Trahan L., Demers M., Lapointe C., Brodeur J-M (1990). Variability in the ingestion of toothpaste by preschool children. Caries Res 24: 359-363.
66. National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board (1974). Recommended dietary allowances. 8th edition. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 98-99.
67. National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board (1989). Recommended dietary allowances. 10th edition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 235-240.
68. Naylor MN, Melville M., Wilson RF, Ingram GS, Wagg BJ (1971). Ingestion of dentifrice by young children; a pilot study using a fecal marker (abstract). J Dent Res 50: 887.
69. Ophaug RH, Singer L., Harland BF (1980). Estimated fluoride intake of 6-month-old infants in four dietary regions ofthe United States. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 324-327.
70. Ophaug RH, Singer L., Harland BF (1980). Estimated fluoride intake of average two-year-old children in four dietary regions of the United States. J Dent Res 59: 777-781.
71. Ophaug RH, Singer L., Harland BF (1985). Dietary fluoride intake of 6-month and 2-year-old children in four dietary regions of the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 42: 701-707.
72. Osis D., Kramer L., Wiatrowski E., Spencer H. (1974). Dietary fluoride intake in man. J Nutr 104: 1313-1318.
73. Osuji O.O., Leake JL, Chipman ML, Nikiforuk G., Locker D., Levine N. (1988). Risk factors for dental fluorosis in a fluoridated community. J Dent Res 67: 1488-1492.
74. Pendrys DG, Katz RV (1989). Risk of enamel fluorosis associated with fluoride Supplementation, infant formula, and fluoride dentifrice use. Am J Epidemiol 130: 1199-1208.
75. Pendrys DG, Stamm JW (1990). Relationship of total fluoride intake to beneficial effects and enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res 69 (Spec Iss):529-538.
76. Rao GS (1984). Dietary intake and bioavailability of fluoride. Ann Rev Nutr 4: 115-136.
77. Rautner K., Einwag J. (1988). Human plasma fluoride levels following intake of dentifrices containing aminefluoride or monofluorophosphate. Arch Oral Biol 33: 543-546.
78. Richards A., Kragstrup J., Josephsen K., Fejerskov O (1986). Dental fluorosis developed in post-secretory enamel. J Dent Res 65: 1406-1409.
79. Ripa LW (1991). A critique of topical fluoride methods (dentifrices, mouthrinses, operator-, and self-applied gels) in an era of decreased caries and increased fluorosis prevalence. J Public Health Dent 51:23-41.
80. Russell AL (1962). Dental fluorosis in Grand Rapids during the seventeenth year of fluoridation. J Am Dent Assoc 65: 608-612.
81. Simard PL, Lachapelle D., Trahan L., Naccache H., Demers M., Brodeur J-M (1989). The ingestion of fluoride dentifrice by young children. J Dent Child 56: 177-181.
82. Singer L., Ophaug R. (1979). Total fluoride intake of infants. Pediatrics 63: 460-466.
83. Singer L., Ophaug RH, Harland BF (1980). Fluoride intakes of young male adults in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 328-332.
84. Singer L., Ophaug RH, Harland BF (1985). Dietary fluoride intake of 15-19-year-old male adults residing in the United States. J Dent Res 64:1302-1305.
85. Spak CJ, Ekstrand J., Zylberstein D. (1982). Bioavailability of fluoride added by baby formula and milk. Caries Res 16: 249-256.
86. Spencer H., Osis D., Lender M. (1981). Studies of fluoride metabolism in man. A review and report of original data. Science Total Envir 17: 1-12.
87. Szpunar SM, Burt BA (1987). Trends in the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the United States: a review. J Public Health Dent 47: 71-79.
88. Szpunar SM, Burt BA (1988). Dental caries, fluorosis, and fluoride exposure in Michigan schoolchildren. J Dent Res 67: 802-806.
89. Szpunar SM, Burt BA (1990). Fluoride exposure in Michigan schoolchildren. J Public Health Dent 50: 18-23.
90. Taves DR (1979). Is fluoride intake in the United States changing? In: Johansen E, Taves DR, Olsen TO, editors. Continuing evaluation of the use of fluorides. Boulder, CO: Westview, 149-157.
91. Taves DR (1983). Dietary intake of fluoride ashed (total fluoride) v. unashed (inorganic fluoride) analysis of individual foods. Br J Nutr 49: 295-301.
92. Tinanoff N., Mueller B. (1978). Fluoride content in milk and formula for infants. J Dent Child 45: 53-55.
93. Triol CW, Mandanas BY, Juliano GF, Yraolo B., Cano-Arevalo M., Volpe AR (1987). A clinical study of children comparing anticaries effect of two fluoride dentifrices; a 31-month study. Clin Prev Dent 9: 22-24.
94. U.S. Public Health Service (1991). Review of fluoride benefits and risks, report of the ad hoc subcommittee on fluoride. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 45-47.
95. Whitford GM (1986). Fluoride metabolism. In: Newbrun E, editor. Fluorides and dental caries. 3rd edition. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 174-198
96. Whitford GM, Allmann DW, Shahed AR (1987). Topical fluorides: effects on physiologic and biochemical processes. J Dent Res 66: 1072-1078.
97. Wiatrowski E., Kramer L., Osis D., Spencer H. (1975). Dietary fluoride intake of infants. Pediatrics 55: 517-522.
98. Williams JE, Zwemer JD (1990). Community water fluoride levels, preschool dietary patterns, and the occurrence of fluoride enamel opacities. J Public Health Dent 50: 276-281.
99. Winter GB, Holt RD, Williams BF (1989). Clinical trial of a low-fluoride toothpaste for young children. Int Dent J 39: 227-235.
100. Woltgens JH, Etty EJ, Nieuwland WM, Lyaruu DM (1989). Use of fluoride by young children and prevalence of mottled enamel. Adu Dent Res 3: 177-182.