Selection of controls in case-control studies: II. Types of controls

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 135, Issue 9, 1992, Pages 1029-1041

  Wacholder, Sholom ^a   Silverman, Debra T ^a   Mclaughlin, Joseph K ^a   Mandel, Jack S ^b  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bias (epidemiology); Epidemiologic methods; Retrospective studies

Indexed keywords

CASE CONTROL STUDY; DIAGNOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HOSPITAL; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; MEDICAL CARE; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MORTALITY; MOTIVATION; POPULATION; POPULATION EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SAMPLING;

CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); FAMILY; HOSPITALS; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; RANDOM ALLOCATION; REGISTRIES; RESEARCH DESIGN; SELECTION BIAS; TELEPHONE;

EID: 0026751026     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116397     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, et al. Selection of controls in case-control studies. I. Principles. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:1019-28.
2. Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, et al. Selection of controls in case-control studies. 111. Design options. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 1042-50.
3. Graubard B, Fears TR, Gail MH. Effects of cluster sampling on epidemiologic analysis in population- based case-control studies. Biometrics 1989;45: 1053-71.
4. Cole P. Introduction. In: Breslow NE, Day NE, eds. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1. The analysis of case-control studies. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1980:1440. (IARC scientific publication no. 32).
5. Whittemore AS. Estimating attributable risk from case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117: 76-85.
6. Gail M, Lubin JH, Silverman DT. Elements of design in epidemiologic studies. In: DeLisi C, Ei-senfeld J, eds. Statistical methods in cancer epidemiology. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co, 1985:313-23.
7. Savitz DA, Pearce N. Control selection with incomplete case ascertainment. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127:1109-17.
8. Cole P, Monson RR, Haning H, et al. Smoking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. N Engl J Med 1971;284:129-34.
9. Adami HO, Rimsten A, Stenkvist B, et al. Reproductive history and risk of breast cancer. Cancer 1978;41:747-57.
10. Gold EB, Diener MD, Szklo M. Parental occupations and cancer in children. J Occup Med 1982; 24:578-84.
11. Hatten J. Medicare’s common denominator the covered population. Health Care Finan Rev 1980; 2:53-64.
12. Greenberg ER. Random digit dialing for control selection. A review and a caution on its use in studies of childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131:1-5.
13. Waksberg J. Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Am Stat Assoc 1978;73:40-6.
14. Harlow BL, Davis S. Two one-step methods for household screening and interviewing using ran-dom digit dialing. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 857-63.
15. Harlow B, Hartge P. Telephone household screening and interviewing. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117: 632-3.
16. Thomberry TO, Massey JT. Trends in United States telephone coverage across time and subgroups. In: Groves RM, Biemer PB, Lyberg LE, et al., eds. Telephone survey methodology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1988:25-49.
17. Ward EM, Kramer S, Meadows AT. The efficacy of random digit dialing in selecting matched controls for a case-control study of pediatric cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1984;120:582-91.
18. Robison LL, Daigle A. Control selection using random digit dialing for cases of childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1984;120:164-6.
19. Mohadjer L. Stratification of prefix areas for sampling rare populations. In: Groves RM, Biemer PB, Lyberg LE, et al., eds. Telephone survey methodology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1988: 161-73.
20. Miettinen OS. Theoretical epidemiology: principles of occurrence research in medicine. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1985.
21. Miettinen OS. The “case-control” study: valid selection of subjects. J Chronic Dis 1985;38:543-8.
22. Cohen BH. Family patterns of longevity and mortality. In: Neel JV, Shaw MW, Schull WJ, eds. Genetics and the epidemiology of chronic diseases. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1963:237-63. (DHEW publication no. 1163).
23. Massey FJ, Bernstein FS, O’Fallon WM, et al. Vasectomy and health. JAMA 1984;252:1023-9.
24. Vemick LJ, Vemick SL, Kuller KH. Selection of neighborhood controls: logistics and fieldwork. J Chronic Dis 1984;37:177-82.
25. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Alternative analytic methods for case-control studies of estrogens and endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med 1978;299: 1089-94.
26. Hutchison GB, Rothman KJ. Correcting a bias. N Engl J Med 1978;299:1129-30.
27. Hulka BS, Grimson RC, Greenberg BG, et al. “Alternative” controls in a case-control study of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:376-87.
28. Rothman KJ. Modem epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1986.
29. Nelson LM, Franklin GM, Hamman RF, et al. Referral bias in multiple sclerosis research. J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41:187-92.
30. Brown LM, Pottem LM, Hoover RN. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for testicular cancer. Cancer Res 1986;46:4812-16.
31. MacMahon B, Pugh TF. Epidemiology: principles and methods. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1970.
32. Flanders WD, Boyle CA, Boring JR. Bias associated with differential hospitalization rates in incident case-control studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42: 395-401.
33. Wacholder S, Silverman DT. Re: “Case-control studies using other diseases as controls: problems of excluding exposure-related diseases.” (Letter). Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:1017-18.
34. MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D, et al. Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. (Letter). N Engl J Med 1981;304:1605-6.
35. Lubin JH, Hartge P. Excluding controls: misapplications in case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 1984;120:791-3.
36. Jick H, Vessey MP. Case-control studies in the evaluation of drug-induced illness. Am J Epidemiol 1978;107:1-7.
37. Axelson O. The case-referent study-some comments on its structure, merits, and limitations. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985; 11:207-13.
38. Linet MS, Brookmeyer R Use of cancer controls in case-control cancer studies. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125:1-11.
39. Smith AH, Pearce NE, Callas PW. Cancer case- control studies with other cancers as controls. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:298-306.
40. MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D, et al. Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:630-3.
41. Silverman DT, Hoover RN, Swanson GM, et al. The prevalence of coffee drinking among hospitalized and population-based control groups. JAMA 1983;249:1877-80.
42. Robins J, Pike M. The validity of case-control studies with nonrandom selection of controls. Epidemiology 1990;1:273-84.
43. Siemiatycki J, Colle S, Campbell S, et al. Case- control study of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1989;12:209-16.
44. Siemiatycki J. Friendly control bias. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42:687-8.
45. Hochberg F, Toniolo P, Cole P. Head trauma and seizures as risk factors of glioblastoma. Neurology 1984;34:1511-14.
46. Kelsey JL, Thompson WD, Evans AS. Methods in observational epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
47. Thompson WD. Nonrandom yet unbiased. Epidemiology 1990;1:262-5.
48. Shaw GL, Tucker MA, Kase RG, et al. Problems ascertaining friend controls in a case-control study of lung cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:63-6.
49. Flanders WD, Austin H. Possibility of selection bias in matched case-control studies using friend controls. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:150-3.
50. Goldstein AM, Hodge SE, Haile RW. Selection bias in case-control studies using relatives as the controls. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:985-9.
51. Petrakis NL, King MC. Genetic markers and cancer epidemiology. Cancer 1977;39:1861-6.
52. Gutensohn N, Li F, Johnson R, et al. Hodgkin’s disease, tonsillectomy, and family size. N Engl J Med 1975;292:22-5.
53. Maclure M. The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:144-53.
54. Prentice RL, Vollmer WM, Kalbfleisch JD. On the use of the case series to identify disease risk factors. Biometrics 1984;40:445-58.
55. Nelson LM, Longstreth WT Jr, Koepsell TD, et al. Proxy respondents in epidemiologic research. Epidemiol Rev 1990;12:71-86.
56. Rogot E, Reid DD. The validity of data from next of kin in studies of mortality among migrants. Int J Epidemiol 1951;4:51-4.
57. Kolonel LN, Hirohata T, Nomura AMY. Adequacy of survey data collected from substitute re-spondents. Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:476-84.
58. Marshall J, Priorc R, Haughey B, ct al. Spouse- subject interviews and the reliability of diet studies. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112:675-83.
59. Lerchen ML, Samet JM. An assessment of the validity of questionnaire responses provided by a surviving spouse. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123: 481-9.
60. Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK. Practical issues in the design and conduct of case-control studies: use of next-of-kin interviews. In: Blot WJ, Hirayama T, Hoel DG, eds. Statistical methods in cancer epidemiology. Hiroshima: Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 1985:49-62.
61. McLaughlin JK, Dietz MS, Mehl ES, et al. Reliability of surrogate information on cigarette smoking by type of informant. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 144-6.
62. McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS, Mehl ES, et al. Reliability of next-of-kin and self-respondents for cig-arette, coffee, and alcohol consumption. Epidemiology 1990;1:408-12.
63. Samet JM. Surrogate sources of dietary information. In: Willett W, ed. Nutritional epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990:133-42.
64. Gordis L. Should dead cases be matched to dead controls? Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:1-5.
65. McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ, Mehl ES, et al. Problems in the use of dead controls in case-control studies.General results. Am J Epidemiol 1985, 121: 131-9.
66. McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ, Mehl ES, et al. Problems in the use of dead controls in case-control studies. II Effect of excluding certain causes of death. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:485-94.
67. Walker AM, Velema JP, Robins JM. Analysis of case-control data derived in part from proxy re-spondents. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:905-14.
68. Armstrong BG, Whittemore AS, Howe GR. Analysis of case-control data with covariate measurement error application to diet and colon cancer. Stat Med 1989;8:1151-65.
69. Armstrong BG. The effects of measurement errors on relative risk regressions. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132:1176-84.
70. Greenland S. The effect of misclassification in the presence of covariates. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 564-9.
71. Miettinen OS, Wang J-D. An alternative to the proportionate mortality ratio. Am J Epidemiol 1981;114:144-8.
72. Ibrahim MA, Spitzer WO. The case-control study: the problem and the prospect J Chronic Dis 1979; 32:139-44.
73. The case-control study. (Editorial). Br Med J 1979; 2:884-5.