Environmental Exposure to Lead and Children's Intelligence at the Age of Seven Years: The Port Pirie Cohort Study

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 327, Issue 18, 1992, Pages 1279-1284

  Baghurst, Peter A ^a   Mcmichael, Anthony J ^b   Wigg, Neil R ^c   Vimpani, Graham V ^f   Robertson, Evelyn F ^d   Roberts, Russell J ^e   Tong, Shi lu ^g  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c Faculty of Health Sciences   (Australia)

^d Women's and Children's Health Research Centre   (Australia)

^e FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^g National Institutes of Health   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LEAD;

ARTICLE; BIRTH ORDER; BIRTH WEIGHT; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; EDUCATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; LEAD POISONING; MATERNAL AGE; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX;

EID: 0026744045     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199210293271805     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A, et al. Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 689–95.
2. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, Needleman H, Rabinowitz M. Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1037–43.
3. Dietrich KN, Krafft KM, Bornschein RL, et al. Low-level fetal lead exposure effect on neurobehavioral development in early infancy. Pediatrics 1987; 80: 721–30.
4. Fulton M, Raab G, Thomson G, Laxen D, Hunter R, Hepburn W. Influence of blood lead on the ability and attainment of children in Edinburgh. Lancet 1987; 1: 1221–6.
5. Hatzakis A, Kokkevi A, Maravelias C, et al. Psychometric intelligence deficits in lead-exposed children. In: Smith MA, Grant LD, Sors AI, eds. Lead exposure and child development: an international assessment. Lancaster, England: Kluwer Academic, 1989:211–23.
6. McMichael AJ, Baghurst PA, Wigg NR, Vimpani GV, Robertson EF, Roberts RJ. Port Pirie Cohort Study: environmental exposure to lead and children's abilities at the age of four years. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 468–75.
7. Wigg NR, Vimpani GV, McMichael AJ, Baghurst PA, Robertson EF, Roberts RJ. Port Pirie Cohort study: childhood blood lead and neuropsychological development at age two years. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988; 42: 213–9.
8. Winneke G, Kramer U, Brockhaus U, et al. Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations. II. Extended study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1983; 51: 231–52.
9. Smith M, Delves T, Lansdown R, Clayton B, Graham P. The effects of lead exposure on urban children: the Institute of Child Health/Southampton Study. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 1983; 47: 1–54.
10. Harvey PG, Hamlin MW, Kumar R, Delves HT. Blood lead, behaviour and intelligence test performance in preschool children. Sci Total Environ 1984; 40: 45–60.
11. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN. The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood: an 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 83–8.
12. Bellinger D, Sloman J, Leviton A, Rabinowitz M, Needleman HL, Waternaux C. Low-level lead exposure and children's cognitive function in the preschool years. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 219–27.
13. Lansdown R, Yule W, Urbanowicz M-A, Hunter J. The relationship between blood-lead concentrations, intelligence, attainment and behaviour in a school population: the second London study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1986; 57: 225–35.
14. Ernhart CB, Morrow-Tlucak M, Wolf AW. Low level lead exposure and intelligence in the preschool years. Sci Total Environ 1988; 71: 453–9.
15. Pocock SJ, Ashby D, Smith MA. Lead exposure and children's intellectual performance. Int J Epidemiol 1987; 16: 57–67.
16. Ernhart CB, Morrow-Tlucak M, Wolf AW, Super D, Drotar D. Low level lead exposure in prenatal and early preschool periods: intelligence prior to school entry. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1989; 11: 161–70.
17. Cooney GH, Bell A, McBride W, Carter C. Neurobehavioural consequences of prenatal low level exposures to lead. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1989; 11: 95–104.
18. Environmental Protection Agency. Air quality criteria for lead. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, 1986. (EPA-600/8–83/028aF.)
19. Childhood lead poisoning — United States: report to the Congress by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. JAMA 1988; 260: 1523–33.
20. Lee WR, Moore MR. Low level exposure to lead: the evidence for harm accumulates. BMJ 1990; 301: 504–6.
21. Needleman HL, Gatsonis CA. Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-analysis of modern studies. JAMA 1990; 263: 673–8.
22. Needleman HL, Bellinger D. The health effects of low level exposure to lead. Annu Rev Public Health 1991; 12: 111–40.
23. Baghurst PA, Oldfield R, Wigg NR, McMichael AJ, Robertson EF, Vimpani GV. Some characteristics and correlates of blood lead in early childhood: preliminary results from the Port Pirie Study. Environ Res 1985; 38: 24–30.
24. McMichael AJ, Baghurst PA, Robertson EF, Vimpani GV, Wigg NR. The Port Pirie Cohort Study: blood lead concentrations in early childhood. Med J Aust 1985; 143: 499–503.
25. Baghurst PA, Tong SL, McMichael AJ, Robertson EF, Wigg NR, Vimpani GV. Determinants of blood lead concentrations to age 5 years in a birth cohort study of children living in the lead smelting city of Port Pirie and surrounding areas. Arch Environ Health 1992; 47: 203–10.
26. Whole blood — determination of lead — electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometric method. North Sydney: Standards Association of Australia, 1985. (Australian Standard 2787–1985.)
27. Wechsler D. WISC-R manual: Wechsler intelligence scale for children —revised. San Antonio, Tex.: Psychological Corporation, 1974.
28. Daniel A. The measurement of social class. Community Health Stud 1984; 8: 218–22.
29. Bradley RH, Caldwell BM. Home observation for measurement of the environment: a revision of the preschool scale. Am J Ment Defic 1979; 84: 235–44.
30. Wechsler D. WAIS-R: manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale — revised. New York: Psychological Corporation, 1981.
31. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C. Lead, IQ and social class. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 180–5.
32. Needleman HL, Bellinger DC. Type II fallacies in the study of childhood exposure to lead at low dose: a critical and quantitative review. In: Smith MA, Grant LD, Sors AI, eds. Lead exposure and child development: an international assessment. Lancaster, England: Kluwer Academic, 1989:293–304.
33. Rothman KJ. Modern epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.
34. Walter T, De Andraca I, Chadud P, Perales CG. Iron deficiency anemia: adverse effects on infant psychomotor development. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 7–17.
35. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW. Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 687–94.
36. Kaufman AS. Intelligent testing with the WISC-R. New York: John Wiley, 1979.
37. Gilbert SG, Rice DC. Low-level lifetime lead exposure produces behavioral toxicity (spatial discrimination reversal) in adult monkeys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987; 91: 484–90.
38. Binder S, Falk M. Strategic plan for the elimination of childhood lead poisoning. Atlanta: Department of Health and Human Services, 1991.