The molecular biology of thyroid peroxidase: Cloning, expression and role as autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid disease

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 1992, Pages 192-206

  McLACHLAN, Sandra M ^a   Rapoport, Basil ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; DNA FRAGMENT; EPITOPE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; THYROID PEROXIDASE;

AUTOIMMUNITY; AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISORDER; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL FUNCTION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; DNA LIBRARY; ETIOLOGY; GENE CLUSTER; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GOITER; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SWINE; T LYMPHOCYTE; THYROID CELL; THYROID DISEASE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; BASE SEQUENCE; CLONING, MOLECULAR; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; IODIDE PEROXIDASE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; THYROID GLAND; THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;

EID: 0026729487     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: 0163769X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-13-2-192     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. DeGroot LJ, Niepomniszcze H 1977 Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone: basic and clinical aspects. Metabolism 26:665-718
2. Mercken L, Simons M, Swillens S, Massaer M, Vassart G 1985 Primary structure of bovine thyroglobulin deduced from the sequence of its 8,431-base complementary DNA. Nature 316:647-651
3. Malthiery Y, Lissitzky S 1985 Sequence of the 5’-end quarter of the human-thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid and of its deduced amino-acid sequence. Eur J Biochem 147:53-58
4. Di Lauro R, Obici S, Condliffe D, Ursini VM, Musti A, Moscatelli C, Avvedimento VE 1985 The sequence of 967 amino acids at the carboxyl-end of rat thyroglobulin. Eur J Biochem 148:7-11
5. Nagayama Y, Kaufman KD, Seto P, Rapoport B 1989 Molecular cloning, sequence and functional expression of the cDNA for the human thyrotropin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165:1184-1190
6. Libert F, Lefort A, Gerard C, Parmentier M, Perret J, Ludgate M, Dumont JE, Vassart G 1989 Cloning, sequencing and expression of the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor: evidence for binding of autoantibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165:1250-1255
7. Misrahi M, Loosfelt H, Atger M, Sar S, Guiochon-Mantel A, Milgrom E 1990 Cloning, sequencing and expression of human TSH receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166:394-403
8. Frazier AL, Robbins LS, Stork PJ, Sprengel R, Segaloff DL, Cone RD 1990 Isolation of TSH and LH/CG receptor cDNAs from human thyroid: regulation by tissue specific splicing. Mol Endocrinol 90:1264-1276
9. Vilijn F, Carrasco N 1989 Expression of the thyroid sodium/iodide symporter in Xenopus laeuis oocytes. J Biol Chem 264:11901-11903
10. Magnusson RP, Gestautas J, Seto P, Taurog A, Rapoport B 1986 Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone for porcine thyroid peroxidase. FEBS Lett 208:391-396
11. Rawitch AB, Taurog A, Chernoff SB, Dorris ML 1979 Hog thyroid peroxidase: physical, chemical and catalytic properties of the highly purified enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 194:244-257
12. Magnusson RP, Gestautas J, Taurog A, Rapoport B 1987 Molecular cloning of the structural gene for porcine thyroid peroxidase. J Biol Chem 262:13885-13888
13. Kimura S, Kotani T, McBride OW, Umeki K, Hirai K, Nakayama T, Ohtaki S 1987 Human thyroid peroxidase: complete cDNA and protein sequence, chromosome mapping, and identification of two alternately spliced mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5555-5559
14. Magnusson RP, Chazenbalk GD, Gestautas J, Seto P, Filetti S, DeGroot LJ, Rapoport B 1987 Molecular cloning of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for human thyroid peroxidase. Mol Endocrinol 1:856-861
15. Libert F, Ruel J, Ludgate M, Swillens S, Alexander N, Vassart G, Dinsart C 1987 Complete nucleotide sequence of the human thyroperoxidase-microsomal antigen cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res 15:6735
16. Derwahl M, Seto P, Rapoport B 1989 Complete nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for thyroid peroxidase in FRTL5 rat thyroid cells. Nucleic Acids Res 17:8380
17. Isozaki O, Kohn LD, Kozak CA, Kimura S 1989 Thyroid peroxidase: rat cDNA sequence, chromosomal localization in mouse, and regulation of gene expression by comparison to thyroglobulin in rat FRTL-5 cells. Mol Endocrinol 3:1681-1692
18. Yokoyama N, Taurog A 1988 Porcine thyroid peroxidase: Relationship between the native enzyme and an active, highly purified tryptic fragment. Mol Endocrinol 2:838-844
19. Taurog A, Dorris ML, Yokoyama N, Slaughter C 1990 Purification and characterization of a large, tryptic fragment of human thyroid peroxidase with high catalytic activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 278:333-341
20. Kimura S, Ikedo-Saito M 1988 Human myeloperoxidase and thyroid peroxidase, in two enzymes with separate and distinct physiological functions, are evolutionarily related members of the same gene family. PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics 3:113-120
21. DeWitt DL, El-Harith EA, Kraemer SA, Andrews MJ, Yao EF, Armstrong RL, Smith WL 1990 The aspirin and heme-binding sites of ovine and murine prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases. J Biol Chem 265:5192-5198
22. de Vijlder JJM, Dinsart C, Libert F, Geurts van Kessel A, Bikker H, Bolhuis PA, Vassart G 1988 Regional localization of the gene for thyroid peroxidase to human chromosome 2pter-pl2. Cytogenet Cell Genet 47:170-172
23. Kimura S, Hong YS, Kotani T, Ohtaki S, Kikkawa F 1989 Structure of the human thyroid peroxidase gene: comparison and relationship to the human myeloperoxidase gene. Biochemistry 28:4481-4489
24. Libert F, Ruel J, Ludgate M, Swillens S, Alexander N, Vassart G, Dinsart C 1987 Thyroperoxidase, an auto-antigen with a mosaic structure made of nuclear and mitochondrial gene modules. EMBO J 6:4193-4196
25. Lever EG, Medeiros-Neto GA, DeGroot LJ 1983 Inherited disorders of thyroid metabolism. Endocr Rev 4:213-239
26. Massaro G, Libert F, Vassart G, Dinsart C 1989 RFLP’s detected at 2 pter-pl2 with a thyroid peroxidase cDNA probe, TP03 (McKusick no. 27450). Nucleic Acids Res 17:2155
27. Bikker H, Bolhuis PA, Vassart G, Libert F, Massaro G, de Vijlder JJM 1989 EcoRI RFLP in the human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene on chromosome 2. Hum Genet 82:95
28. Mangklabruks A, Cox N, DeGroot LJ 1991 Genetic factors in autoimmune thyroid disease analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of candidate genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:236-244
29. de Vijlder JJM, Bikker H, Vulsma T 1990 DNA polymorphisms in the TPO gene, hereditary defects in iodide organification. In: Carayon P, Ruf J (eds) Thyroperoxidase, Thyroid Autoimmunity. John Libbey & Company Ltd, London, pp 149-155
30. Medeiros-Neto G, Mangklabruks A, Cox NJ, Rosenthal D, Carvalho-Guimaraes DP, DeGroot LJ 1990 Defective expression of the thyroid peroxidase gene. In: Carayon P, Ruf J (eds) Thyroperoxidase, Thyroid Autoimmunity. John Libbey & Company, London, pp 157-163
31. Derwahl M, Seto P, Rapoport B 1990 An abnormal splice donor site in one allele of the thyroid peroxidase gene in FRTL5 rat thyroid cells introduces a premature stop codon: association with the absence of functional enzymatic activity. Mol Endocrinol 4:793-799
32. Chiovato L, Vitti P, Lombardi A, Ceccarelli P, Cucchi P, Marcocci C, Carayon P, Pinchera A 1988 Studies on the mechanism responsible for thyrotropin-induced expression of microsomal/peroxidase antigen in FRTL5 cells. Endocrinology 123:1140-1146
33. Elisei R, Vassart G, Ludgate M 1991 Demonstration of the existence of the alternatively spliced form of thyroid peroxidase in normal thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:700-702
34. Czarnocka B, Ruf J, Ferrand M, Carayon P, Lissitzky S 1985 Purification of the human thyroid peroxidase and identification as the microsomal antigen in thyroid diseases. FEBS Lett 109:147-152
35. Kajita Y, Morgan D, Parkes AB, Rees Smith B 1985 Labelling and immunoprecipitation of thyroid microsomal antigen. FEBS Lett 187:334-338
36. Kaufman KD, Rapoport B, Seto P, Chazenbalk GD, Magnusson RP 1989 Generation of recombinant, enzymatically-active, human thyroid peroxidase and its recognition by antibodies in the sera of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Invest 84:394-403
37. Furmaniak J, Kiso Y, Morteo C, Bradley K 1991 Analysis of carbohydrate residues on human thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 52:75
38. Zanelli E, Henry M, Charvet B, Malthiery Y 1990 Evidence for an alternate splicing in the thyroperoxidase messenger from patients with Graves’ disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170:735-741
39. Nagayama Y, Yamashita S, Hirayu H, Izumi M, Uga T, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Nagataki S 1989 Regulation of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin gene expression by thyrotropin in cultured human thyroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:1155-1159
40. Seto P, Hirayu H, Magnusson RP, Gestautas J, Portmann L, DeGroot LJ, Rapoport B 1987 Isolation of a cDNA clone for the thyroid microsomal antigen: homology with the gene for thyroid peroxidase. J Clin Invest 80:1205-1208
41. Collison KS, Banga JP, Barnett PS, Kung AWC, McGregor AM 1989 Activation of the thyroid peroxidase gene in human thyroid cells: effect of thyrotrophin, forskolin and phorbol ester. J Mol Endocrinol 3:1-5
42. Nagayama Y, Seto P, Rapoport B 1990 Characterization, by molecular cloning, of smaller forms of thyroid peroxidase messenger ribonucleic acid in human thyroid cells as alternatively spliced transcripts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:384-390
43. Kikkawa F, Gonzalez FJ, Kimura S 1990 Characterization of a thyroid-specific enhancer located 5.5 kilobase pairs upstream of the human thyroid peroxidase gene. Mol Cell Biol 10:6216-6224
44. Francis-Lang H, Price M, Martin U, Di Lauro R 1990 The thyroid specific nuclear factor, TTF-1, binds to the rat thyroperoxidase promoter. In: Carayon P, Ruf J (eds) Thyroperoxidase, Thyroid Autoimmunity. John Libbey & Company, Ltd, London, pp 25-32
45. Mizuno K, Gonzalez FJ, Kimura S 1991 Thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein (T/EBP): cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and structural identity with thyroid transcription factor TTF-1. Mol Cell Biol 11:4927-4933
46. Nagataki S, Uchimura H, Masuyama Y, Nakao K 1973 Thyrotropin and thyroidal peroxidase activity. Endocrinology 92:363-371
47. Yamamoto K, DeGroot LJ 1974 Peroxidase and NDPH-cytochrome C reductase activity during thyroid hyperplasia and involution. Endocrinology 95:600-612
48. Nagasaka A, Hidaka H 1980 Quantitative modulation of thyroid iodide peroxidase by thyroid stimulating hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 96:1143-1149
49. Chazenbalk G, Magnusson RP, Rapoport B 1987 TSH stimulation of cultured thyroid cells increases steady state levels of the messenger RNA for thyroid peroxidase. Mol Endocrinol 1:913-917
50. Magnusson RP, Rapoport B 1985 Modulation of differentiated functions in cultured thyroid cells: TSH control of thyroid peroxidase activity. Endocrinology 116:1493-1500
51. Damante G, Chazenbalk GD, Russo D, Rapoport B, Foti D, Filetti S 1989 TSH regulation of thyroid peroxidase mRNA levels in cultured rat thyroid cells: evidence for the involvement of a non-transcriptional mechanism. Endocrinology 124:2889-2894
52. Zarrilli R, Formisano S, Di Jeso B 1990 Hormonal regulation of thyroid peroxidase in normal and transformed rat thyroid cells. Mol Endocrinol 4:39-45
53. Gerard CM, Lefort A, Libert F, Christophe D, Dumont JE, Vassart G 1988 Transcriptional regulation of the thyroperoxydase gene by thyrotropin and forskolin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 60:239-242
54. Ashizawa K, Yamashita S, Nagayama Y, Kimura H, Hirayu H, Izumi M, Nagataki S 1989 Interferon-r inhibits thyrotropin-induced thyroidal peroxidase gene expression in cultured human thyrocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:475-477
55. Ashizawa K, Yamashita S, Tobinaga T, Nagayama Y, Kimura H, Hirayu H, Izumi M, Nagataki S 1989 Inhibition of human thyroid peroxidase gene expression by interleukin 1. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 121:465-469
56. Foti D, Gestautas J, Rapoport B 1990 Studies on the functional activity of the promoter for the human thyroid peroxidase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168:281-287
57. Gerard CM, Lefort A, Christophe D, Libert F, Van Sande J, Dumont JE, Vassart G 1989 Control of thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin transcription by cAMP: evidence for distinct regulatory mechanisms. Mol Endocrinol 3:2110-2118
58. Abramowicz MJ, Vassart G, Christophe D 1990 Thyroid peroxidase gene promoter confers TSH responsiveness to heterologous reporter genes in transfection experiments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166:1257-1264
59. Wadsworth HL, Chazenbalk GD, Rapoport B 1990 Thyrotropin can increase the steady state level of a messenger ribonucleic acid species (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) in thyroid cells by decreasing its rate of disappearance. Endocrinology 127:59
60. Kohn AD, Chan J, Grieco D, Nikodem VM, Aloj SM, Kohn LD 1989 Thyrotropin increases malic enzyme messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rat FRTL5 thyroid cells. Mol Endocrinol 3:532-538
61. Nakagawa H, Kotani T, Ohtaki S, Nakamura M, Yamazaki 11985 Purification of thyroid peroxidase by monoclonal antibody-assisted immunoaffinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 127:8-14
62. Hata J, Yamashita S, Yagihashi S, Kato H, Kabeno S, Hirai K, Kuma K, Kimura S, Umeki K, Kotani T, et al. 1989 Stable high level expression of human thyroid peroxidase in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 164:1268-1273
63. Kimura S, Kotani T, Ohtaki S, Aoyama T 1989 cDNA-directed expression of human thyroid peroxidase. FEBS Lett 250:377-380
64. Kendler DL, Brennan V, Magnusson RP 1991 Expression of immunogenic human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO) in Sf-9 insect cells using recombinant baculovirus. Thyroid 1:S-21
65. DeGroot LJ, Davis AM 1962 Studies on the biosynthesis of iodotyrosines: a soluble thyroidal iodide-peroxidase tyrosine-iodinase system. Endocrinology 70:492-504
66. Taurog A, Lothrop ML, Estabrook RW 1970 Improvements in the isolation procedure for thyroid peroxidase: nature of the heme prosthetic group. Arch Biochem Biophys 139:221-229
67. Alexander NM 1977 Purification of bovine thyroid peroxidase. Endocrinology 100:1610-1620
68. Ohtaki S, Kotani T, Nakamura Y1986 Characterization of human thyroid peroxidase purified by monoclonal antibody-assisted chromatography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:570-576
69. Foti D, Kaufman KD, Chazenbalk G, Rapoport B 1990 Generation of a biologically-active, secreted form of human thyroid peroxidase by site-directed mutagenesis. Mol Endocrinol 4:786-791
70. Kaufman KD, Foti D, Seto P, Rapoport B 1991 Overexpression of an immunologically-intact, secreted form of human thyroid peroxidase in eukaryotic cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 78:107-114
71. Belyavin G, Trotter WR 1959 Investigations of thyroid antigens reacting with Hashimoto sera. Lancet 1:648-652
72. Roitt IM, Doniach D, Campbell PN, Hudson RV 1956 Autoantibodies in Hashimoto’s disease (lymphadenoid goitre). Lancet 2:820-822
73. Doniach D 1975 Humoral and genetic aspects of thyroid autoimmunity. Clin Endocrinol Metab 4:267-285
74. Yoshida H, Amino N, Yagawa K, Uemura K, Satoh M, Miyai K, Kumahara Y 1978 Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: studies of seventy autopsied cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46:859-862
75. Jansson R, Thompson PM, Clark F, McLachlan SM 1986 Association between thyroid microsomal antibodies of subclass IgG-1 and hypothyroidism in autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 63:80-86
76. Bogner U, Schleusener H, Wall JR1984 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human thyroid cells in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis but not Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:734-738
77. McLachlan SM, Pegg CAS, Atherton MC, Middleton SL, Dickinson A, Clark F, Rees Smith B 1987 The thyroid microenvironment in autoimmune thyroid disease: effects of TSH and lymphokines on thyroid lymphocytes and thyroid cells. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 281:125-132
78. Portmann L, Hamada N, Heinrich G, DeGroot LJ 1985 Antithyroid peroxidase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: possible identity with antimicrosomal antibody. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:1001-1003
79. Kotani T, Umeki K, Matsunga S, Kato E, Ohtaki S 1986 Detection of autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase in autoimmune thyroid diseases by micro-ELISA and immunoblotting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:928-933
80. Mariotti S, Anelli S, Ruf J, Bechi R, Czarnocka B, Lombardi A, Carayon P, Pinchera A 1987 Comparison of serum thyroid microsomal and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:987-993
81. Kaufman KD, Filetti S, Seto P, Rapoport B 1990 Recombinant human thyroid peroxidase generated in eukaryotic cells: a source of specific antigen for the immunologic assay of anti-microsomal antibodies in the sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:724-728
82. Kendler DL, Martin A, Magnusson RP, Davies TF 1990 Detection of autoantibodies to recombinant human thyroid peroxidase by sensitive enzyme immunoassay. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 33:751-760
83. Ruf J, Czarnocka B, Ferrand M, Doullais F, Carayon P 1988 Novel routine assay of thyroperoxidase autoantibodies. Clin Chem 34:2231-2234
84. Beever K, Bradbury J, Phillips D, McLachlan SM, Pegg C, Goral A, Overbeck W, Feifel G, Rees Smith B 1989 Highly sensitive assays of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and to thyroid peroxidase. Clin Chem 35:1949-1954
85. Khoury EL, Hammond L, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D 1981 Presence of organspecific “microsomal” autoantigen on the surface of human thyroid cells in culture: its involvement in complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Clin Exp Immunol 45:316-328
86. Livingstone AM, Fathman CG 1987 The structure of T-cell epitopes. Annu Rev Immunol 5:477-501
87. Davies DR, Padlan E 1990 Antibody-antigen complexes. Annu Rev Biochem 59:439-473
88. Laver WG, Air GM, Webster RG, Smith-Gill SJ 1990 Epitopes on protein antigens: misconceptions and realities. Cell 61:553-556
89. Luxton TW, Cooke RT 1956 Hashimoto’s struma lymphomatosa. Lancet 2:105-109
90. Kohno Y, Naito N, Hiyama Y, Shimojo N, Suzuki N, Tarutani O, Niimi H, Nakajima H, Hosoya T 1988 Thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase share common epitopes recognized by autoantibodies in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:899-907
91. Islam MN, Tuppal R, Hawe BS, Briones-Urbina R, Farid NR The thyroid “microsomal” antigen is an epitope on the thyrotropin receptor. J Cell Biochem 31:107-120
92. Hamada N, Grimm C, Mori H, DeGroot LJ 1985 Identification of a thyroid microsomal antigen by Western blot and immunoprécipitation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:120-128
93. Hamada N, Jaeduck N, Portmann L, Ito K, DeGroot LJ 1987 Antibodies against denatured and reduced thyroid microsomal antigen in autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:230-238
94. Hamada N, Portmann L, DeGroot LJ 1987 Characterization and isolation of thyroid microsomal antigen. J Clin Invest 79:819-825
95. Doble ND, Banga JP, Pope R, Lalor E, Kilduff P, McGregor AM 1988 Autoantibodies to the thyroid microsomal/thyroid peroxidase antigen are polyclonal and directed to several distinct antigenic sites. Immunology 64:23-29
96. Nakajima Y, Howells RD, Pegg C, Davies Jones E, Rees Smith B Structure activity analysis of microsomal antigen/thyroid peroxidase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 53:15-23
97. Gardas A, Domek H 1988 The effect of sulphydryl reagents on the human thyroid microsomal antigen. J Endocrinol Invest 11:385-388
98. Yokoyama N, Taurog A, Klee GG 1989 Thyroid peroxidase and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:766-773
99. Kohno Y, Hiyama Y, Shimojo N, Niimi H, Nakajima H, Hosoya T 1986 Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase in patients with chronic thyroiditis: effect of antibody binding on enzyme activities. Clin Exp Immunol 65:534-541
100. Yokoyama N, Taurog A, Dorris ML, Klee GG 1990 Studies with purified human thyroid peroxidase and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:758-765
101. Banga JP, Doble N, Tomlinson RWS, Odell E, McGregor AM 1989 Thyroid microsomal/thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies show discrete patterns of cross-reactivity to myeloperoxidase lactoperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase. Immunology 67:197-204
102. Ruf J, Toubert M, Czarnocka B, Durand-Gorde J, Ferrand M, Carayon P 1989 Relationship between immunological structure and biochemical properties of human thyroid peroxidase. Endocrinology 125:1211-1218
103. Roitt IM, Campbell PN, Doniach D 1958 The nature of the thyroid auto-antibodies present in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (lymphadenoid goitre). Biochem J 69:248-257
104. Nye L, Pontes de Carvalho LC, Roitt IM 1980 Restrictions in the response to autologous thyroglobulin in the human. Clin Exp Immunol 41:252-263
105. Ludgate M, Mariotti S, Libert F, Dinsart C, Piccolo P, Santini F, Ruf J, Pinchera A, Vassart G 1989 Antibodies to human thyroid peroxidase in autoimmune thyroid disease: studies with a cloned recombinant complementary deoxyribonucleic acid epitope. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:1091-1096
106. Elisei R, Mariotti S, Swillens S, Vassart G, Ludgate M 1990 Studies with recombinant autoepitopes of thyroid peroxidase: Evidence suggesting an epitope shared between the thyroid and the gastric parietal cell. Autoimmunity 8:65-70
107. Banga JP, Barnett PS, Ewins DL, Page M, McGregor AM 1990 Mapping of autoantigenic epitopes on recombinant thyroid peroxidase fragments using the polymerase chain reaction. Autoimmunity 6:257-268
108. Maastricht J, Koenig RJ, Kaplan MM, Thompson N, Baker Jr JR, Localization of an epitope in thyroid peroxidase (TPO) recognized by Hashimoto’s patients (HP) autoantibodies. Program of the 73rd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington, DC, 1991, p 315 (Abstract 1140)
109. Mehra V, Sweetser D, Young RA 1986 Efficient mapping of protein antigenic determinants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7013-7017
110. Finke R, Seto P, Rapoport B 1990 Evidence for the highly conformational nature of the epitope(s) on human thyroid peroxidase that are recognized by sera from patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:53-59
111. Portmann L, Fitch FW, Havran W, Hamada N, Franklin WA, DeGroot LJ 1988 Characterization of the thyroid microsomal antigen, and its relationship to thyroid peroxidase, using monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Invest 81:1217-1224
112. Finke R, Seto P, Ruf J, Carayon P, Rapoport B 1991 Determination at the molecular level of a B-cell epitope on thyroid peroxidase likely to be associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:919-921
113. Czarnocka B, Ruf J, Ferrand M, Carayon P 1990 Immunochemical properties of hTPO. In: Carayon P, Ruf J (eds) Thyroperoxidase, Thyroid Autoimmunity. John Libbey & Company Ltd, London, pp 59-67
114. Libert F, Ludgate M, Dinsart C, Vassart G 1991 Thyroperoxidase, but not the thyrotropin receptor, contains sequential epitopes recognized by autoantibodies in recombinant peptides expressed in the pUEX vector. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:857-860
115. Parkes AB, McLachlan SM, Bird P, Rees Smith B 1984 The distribution of microsomal and thyroglobulin antibody activity among the IgG subclasses. Clin Exp Immunol 57:239-243
116. McLachlan SM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Young ET, Middleton SL, Blichert-Toft M, Siersboek-Nielsen K, Date J, Carr D, Clark F, Rees Smith B 1987 IgG subclass distribution of thyroid autoantibodies: a’fingerprint’ of an individual’s response to thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antigen. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 26:335-346
117. Weetman AP, Black CM, Cohen SB, Tomlinson R, Banga JP, Reimer CB 1989 Affinity purification of IgG subclasses and the distribution of thyroid auto-antibody reactivity in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Scand J Immunol 30:73-82
118. Fukuma N, Sarsero D, Furmaniak J, Pegg CAS, McLachlan SM, Rees Smith B B 1990 T cell epitopes on thyroid peroxidase. In: Carayon P, Ruf J (eds) Thyroperoxidase, Thyroid Autoimmunity. Colloque INSERM/John Libbey Eurotext Ltd, pp 195-201
119. Foti D, Rapoport B 1990 Carbohydrate moieties in recombinant human thyroid peroxidase: role in recognition by antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocrinology 126:2983-2988
120. Moura EG, Pazos-Moura CC, Yokoyama N, Dorris ML, Taurog A 1991 Enzymatic deglycosylation of porcine thyroid peroxidase: effects on catalytic activity and immunoreactivity. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 124:107-114
121. Thompson K 1988 Human monoclonal antibodies. Immunol Today 9:113-117
122. Fukuma N, Petersen VB, McLachlan SM, Pegg CAS, Rees Smith B 1991 Human monoclonal thyroglobulin autoantibodies of high affinity. I. Production, characterisation and interaction with murine monoclonal thyroglobulin antibodies. Autoimmunity 10:291-295
123. Rees Smith B, McLachlan SM, Furmaniak J 1988 Autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor. Endocr Rev 9:106-121
124. Horimoto M, Petersen VB, Pegg C, Fukuma N, Wakabayashi N, Rees Smith B 1991 Production of a human monoclonal TPO autoantibody. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 52:82
125. Huse WD, Sastry L, Iverson SA, Kang AS, Alting-Mees M, Burton DR, Benkovic SJ, Lerner RA 1989 Generation of a large combinatorial library of the immunoglobulin repertoire in phage lambda. Science 246:1275-1281
126. Brodeur PH 1987 Genes encoding the immunoglobulin variable regions. In: Calabi F, Neuberger MS (eds) Molecular Genetics of Immunoglobulin. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, pp 81-84
127. Portolano S, Seto P, Chazenbalk GD, Nagayama Y, McLachlan S, Rapoport B 1991 A human Fab fragment specific for thyroid peroxidase generated by cloning thyroid lymphocyte-derived immunoglobulin genes in a bacteriophage lambda library. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 179:372-379
128. Portolano S, Chazenbalk GD, Seto P, Hutchison JS, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM, 1992 Recognition by recombinant autoimmune thyroid disease-derived Fab fragments of a dominant conformational epitope on human thyroid peroxidase. J Clin Invest, in press
129. Weetman AP, Volkman DJ, Burman KD 1986 The production and characterization of thyroid-derived T cell lines in Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 39:131-142
130. Fisfalen ME, DeGroot LJ, Franklin WA, Soltani K 1988 Microsomal antigen-reactive lymphocyte lines and clones derived from thyroid tissue of patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:776-784
131. Fisfalen M-E, Soltani K, Janiga AM, Kawakami Y, Macchia E, Quintans J, DeGroot LJ 1990 The regulatory role of human helper T-cell clones on antithyroid antibody production by peripheral B-cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:170-178
132. Martin A, Magnusson RP, Kendler DL, Davies TF 1991 Successful hTPO-antigen specific human T cell cloning via hTPO transfected and immortalized B cell lines from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid l:S-20
133. Bjorkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B, Bennett WS, Strominger JL, Wiley DC 1987 Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2. Nature 329:506-512
134. Hanafusa T, Pujol-Borrell R, Chiovato L, Russell RCG, Doniach D, Bottazzo GF 1983 Aberrant expression of HLA-DR antigen on thyrocytes in Graves’ disease: relevance for autoimmunity. Lancet 2:1111-1115
135. Bottazzo GF, Pujol-Borrell R, Hanafusa T 1983 Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet 2:1115-1118
136. Margalit H, Spouge JL, Cornette JL, Cease KB, Delisi C, Berzof-sky JA 1987 Prediction of immunodominant helper T cell antigenic sites from the primary sequence. J Immunol 138:2213-2229
137. Rothbard JB, Taylor WR 1988 A sequence pattern common to T cell epitopes. EMBO J 7:93-100
138. Fukuma N, McLachlan SM, Rapoport B, Goodacre J, Middleton SL, Phillips DIW, Pegg CAS, Rees Smith B 1990 Thyroid autoantigens and human T cell responses. Clin Exp Immunol 82:275-283
139. Tandon N, Freeman M, Weetman AP 1991 T cell responses to synthetic thyroid peroxidase peptides in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 86:56-60
140. Dayan CM, Londei M, Corcoran AE, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, James RFL, Rapoport B, Feldmann M 1991 Autoantigen recognition by thyroid-infiltrating T cells in Graves disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7415-7419
141. McLachlan S, Rapoport B 1989 Evidence for a potential common T-cell epitope between human thyroid peroxidase and human thyroglobulin with implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity 5:101-106
142. Phillips D, McLachlan S, Stephenson A, Roberts D, Moffitt S, McDonald D, Ad’Hiah A, Stratton A, Young E, Clark F, Beever K, Bradbury J, Rees Smith B 1990 Autosomal dominant transmission of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:742-746
143. Phillips D, Prentice L, Upadhyaya M, Lunt P, Chamberlain S, Roberts DF, McLachlan S, Rees Smith B 1991 Autosomal dominant inheritance of autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin—Studies in families not selected for autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:973-975
144. Kyte J, Doolittle RF 1982 A method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J Mol Biol 157:105-132