Serum Cholesterol Level and Mortality Findings for Men Screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

Archives of Internal Medicine

Volumn 152, Issue 7, 1992, Pages 1490-1500

  Neaton, James D ^a   Blackburn, Henry ^a   Jacobs, David ^a   Kuller, Lewis ^b   Lee, Duck Joo ^a   Sherwin, Roger ^c   Shih, Joanna ^a   Stamler, Jeremiah ^d   Wentworth, Deborah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CANCER RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY RISK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STROKE;

ADULT; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CHOLESTEROL; COHORT STUDIES; CORONARY DISEASE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMAN; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGE; NEOPLASMS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTORS; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0026681128     PISSN: 00039926     EISSN: 15383679     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400190110021     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Pooling Project Research Group. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight, and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: final report of the Pooling Project. J Chronic Dis. 1978;31:201-306.
2. WHO Expert Committee on the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: World Health Organization Technical Report Series 678. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1982.
3. Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking and death from coronary heart disease: overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:56-64.
4. Barrett-Connor E, Suarez L, Khaw K, Criqui MH, Wingard DL. Ischemic heart disease risk factors after age 50. J Chronic Dis. 1984;37:903-908.
5. Benfante R, Reed D. Is elevated cholesterol level a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the elderly? JAMA. 1990;263:393-396.
6. Anderson KM, Castelli WP, Levy D. Cholesterol and morbidity: 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham Study. JAMA. 1987;257:2176-2180.
7. Tornberg SA, Jakobsson KFS, Eklund GA. Stability and validity of a single serum cholesterol measurement in a prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:797-803.
8. Deubner DC, Wilkinson WE, Helms MJ, Tyroler HA, Hanes CG. Logistic model estimation of death attributable to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Evans County, Georgia. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112:135-143.
9. Neaton JD, Kuller LH, Wentworth D, Borhani NO. Total and cardiovascular mortality in relation to cigarette smoking, serum cholesterol concentration, and diastolic blood pressure among black and white males followed up for five years. Am Heart J. 1984;108:759-769.
10. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, et al. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1700-1707.
11. Shaper AG, Pocock JJ, Walker M, Phillips AN, Whitehead TP, Macfarlane PW. Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease: the prospective phase of the British Regional Heart Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1985;39:197-209.
12. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Garrison RJ, eds. Survival following initial cardiovascular events: thirty-year follow-up. The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Study of Cardiovascular Disease. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1988:35. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication NIH 88-2969.
13. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is the relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? JAMA. 1986;256:2823-2828.
14. Rose G, Shipley M. Plasma cholesterol concentration and death from coronary disease: 10-year results of the Whitehall Study. BMJ. 1986;293:306-308.
15. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Garrison RJ, eds. Some risk factors related to the annual incidence of cardiovascular disease and death using pooled repeated biennial measurements: Framingham Heart Study, 30-year follow-up. The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Study of Cardiovascular Disease. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1987:34. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication 87-2703.
16. Goldbourt U, Yaari S. Cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality: a 23-year follow-up of study of 9902 men in Israel. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10:512-519.
17. Farchi G, Menotti A, Canti S. Coronary risk factors and survival probability from coronary and other causes of death. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126:400-408.
18. Chen Z, Peto R, Collins R, Mac Mahon S, Lu J, Li W. Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations. BMJ. 1991;303:276-282.
19. WHO Clofibrate Trial, Committee of Principal Investigators. A co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischemic heart disease using clofibrate. Br Heart J. 1978;40:1069-1118.
20. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results, I: reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251:351-364.
21. Frick MH, Elo MO, Happa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia: safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237-1245.
22. Hjermann I, Velve Byre K, Holme I, Leren P. Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease: report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomized trial in healthy men. Lancet. 1981;2:1303-1310.
23. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Coronary heart disease death, non-fatal acute myocardial infarction and other clinical outcomes in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58:1-13.
24. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Mortality rates after 10.5 years for participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: findings related to a prior hypothesis of the trial. JAMA. 1990;263:1795-1801.
25. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1975;231:360-381.
26. Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand. 1988;223:405-418.
27. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Matts JP, et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia: report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med. 1990;323:946-955.
28. Brensike JH, Levy RI, Kelsey SF, et al. Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation. 1984;69:313-324.
29. Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Barth JD, et al. Diet, lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis: the Leiden Intervention Trial. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:805-811.
30. Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Cashin-Hemphill L. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA. 1987;257:3233-3240.
31. Brown BG, Lin JT, Schaefer SM, Kaplan CA, Dodge HT, Albers JJ. Niacin or lovastatin, combined with colestipol, regress coronary atherosclerosis and prevent clinical events in men with elevated apolipoprotein B. Circulation. 1989;80(suppl II):266. Abstract.
32. Sherwin R, Wentworth D, Cutler J, Hulley SB, Kuller L, Stamler J. Serum cholesterol levels and cancer mortality in 361,662 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1987;257:943-948.
33. Rose G, Blackburn H, Keys A, et al. Colon cancer and blood-cholesterol. Lancet. 1974;1:523-526.
34. Kark JD, Smith AH, Harnes CG. The relationship of serum cholesterol to the incidence of cancer in Evans County, Georgia. J Chronic Dis. 1980;33:311-322.
35. Cambien F, Ducimetiere P, Richard J. Total serum cholesterol and cancer mortality in a middle-aged male population. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112:388-394.
36. Miller, SR, Tarlter PI, Papatestas AE, Slater G, Aufses AH. Serum cholesterol and colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1981;67:297-300.
37. Salonen JT. Risk of cancer and death in relation to serum cholesterol: a longitudinal study in an eastern Finnish population with high overall cholesterol level. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:622-630.
38. International Collaborative Group. Circulating cholesterol level and risk of death from cancer in men aged 40 to 69 years: experience of an international collaborative group. JAMA. 1982;248:2853-2859.
39. Sorlie PD, Feinleib M. The serum cholesterol-cancer relationship: an analysis of time trends in the Framingham Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982;69:989-996.
40. Schatzkin A, Hoover RN, Taylor PR, et al. Serum cholesterol and cancer in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Lancet. 1987;2:298-301.
41. Tornberg SA, Holm L, Carstensen JM, Eklund GA. Cancer incidence and cancer mortality in relation to serum cholesterol. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989;81:1917-1921.
42. Isles CG, Hole DJ, Gillis CR, Hawthorne VM, Lever AF. Plasma cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and cancer in the Renfrew and Paisley survey. BMJ. 1989;298:920-924.
43. Iso H, Jacobs DR, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen J. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:904-910.
44. Tanaka H, Ueda Y, Hayashi M, et al. Risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction in a Japanese rural community. Stroke. 1982;13:62-72.
45. Yano K, Reed DM, Maclean CJ. Serum cholesterol and hemorrhagic stroke in the Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke. 1989;20:1460-1465.
46. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Risk factor changes and mortality. JAMA. 1982;248:1465-1477.
47. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Design considerations in the NHLI Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). J Chronic Dis. 1977;30:261-275.
48. Sherwin R, Kaelber CT, Kezdi P, Kjelsberg MO, Thomas HE. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), II: the development of the protocol. Prev Med. 1981;10:402-425.
49. Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Cutler J. Recruitment of participants for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Controlled Clin Trials. 1988;8:415-535.
50. Lipid Research Clinics Program: Manual of Operations. Washington, DC; National Institutes of Health: 1974:1. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare publication NIH 75-628.
51. Cooper GR, Half AC, Widdowson GM, Bartsch GE, DuChene AG, Hulley SB. Quality control in the MRFIT local screening and clinic laboratory. Controlled Clin Trials. 1986;7:1585-1655.
52. Dischinger P, DuChene AG. Quality control aspects of blood pressure measurements in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Controlled Clin Trials. 1986;7:137S-157S.
53. Wentworth DN, Neaton JD, Rasmussen WL. An evaluation of the Social Security Administration MBR file and the Nation Death Index in the ascertainment of vital status. Am J Public Health. 1983;73:1270-1274.
54. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Ann Arbor, Mich: Edwards Bros Inc; 1981.
55. Cox DR. Regression models and life tables (with discussion). J R Stat Soc B. 1972;34:187-220.
56. Kalbfleisch JB, Prentice RL. The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1980.
57. Mac Mahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease, I: prolonged difference in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335:765-774.
58. Prentice RL. Covariate measurement errors and parameter estimation in a failure time regression model. Biometrika. 1982;69:331-342.
59. Keys A, ed. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation. 1970;41(suppl):1-211.
60. Report of the Working Group on Arteriosclerosis of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 1981:2. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication NIH 81-2035.
61. NIH Consensus Development Conference. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. JAMA. 1985;253:2080-2086.
62. Iso H, Jacobs DR, Goldman L. Accuracy of death certificate diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic stroke. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132:993-998.
63. Ooneda G, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K, et al. Smooth muscle cells in the development of plasmatic arterionecrosis, arteriosclerosis, and arterial contraction. Blood Vessels. 1978;15:148-156.
64. Davey Smith G, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Rose G. Plasma cholesterol concentration and mortality: The Whitehall Study. JAMA. 1992;267:70-76.
65. Vitols S, Bjorkholm M, Gahrtan G, Peterson C. Hypocholesterolaemia in malignancy due to elevated low-density-lipoprotein receptor activity in tumour cells: evidence from studies in patients with leukemia. Lancet. 1985;2:1150-1154.
66. Budd D, Ginsberg H. Hypocholesterolemia and acute myelogenous leukemia: association between disease activity and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Cancer. 1986;58:1361-1365.
67. Thomas ED, Clift RA, Fefer A, et al. Marrow transplantation for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:155-163.
68. Stryker WS, Kaplan LA, Stein EA, Stampfer MJ, Sober A, Willett WC. The relation of diet, cigarettes smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;127:283-296.
69. Connett JE, Kuller LH, Kjelsberg MO, et al. Relationship between carotenoids and cancer: the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) study. Cancer. 1989;64:126-134.
70. Stahelin HB, Rosel F, Buers E, Brubacher G. Cancer, vitamins, and plasma lipids: Prospective Basel Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;73:1463-1468.
71. Menkes MS, Comstock GW, Vuilleumier JP, Helsing KJ, Rider AA, Brookmeyer R. Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1250-1254.
72. Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Heilbrun LK, Salkeld RM, Vuilleumier JP. Serum vitamin levels and risk of cancer of specific sites in men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res. 1985;45:2369-2372.
73. Stahelin HB, Gey KF, Eichholzer M, et al. Plasma antioxidant vitamins and subsequent cancer mortality in the 12-year follow-up of the Prospective Basel Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:766-775.
74. Willett WC, MacMahon B. Diet and cancer: an overview. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:633-638.
75. Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Diet and lung cancer: a review of epidemiologic evidence in humans. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:157-160.
76. Ziegler RG. A review of epidemiologic evidence that carotenoids reduce the risk of cancer. J Nutr. 1989;119:116-122.
77. Fontham ETH. Protective dietary factors and lung cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19(suppl 1):S32-S42.
78. Lieber CS, Garro A, Leo MA, Mak KM, Worner T. Alcohol and cancer. Hepatology. 1986;6:1005-1019.
79. Pollock ES, Nomura AM, Heilbrun LK, Stemmermann GN, Green SB. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and cancer. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:617-621.
80. Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Matthews KA. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. BMJ. 1990;301:309-314.
81. Pekkanen J, Nissinen A, Punsar S, Karvonen MJ. Serum cholesterol and risk of accidental or violent death in a 25-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1589-1591.
82. Davey Smith G, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Patel C. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality. BMJ. 1990;301:552.
83. Virkkunen M. Serum cholesterol levels in homicidal offenders: a low cholesterol level is connected with a habitually violent tendency under the influence of alcohol. Neuropsychobiology. 1983;10:65-69.
84. Holinger PC, Klemen EH. Violent deaths in the United States, 1900-1975: relationships between suicide, homicide and accidental deaths. Soc Sci Med. 1982;16:1929-1938.
85. Kivela SL. Relationship between suicide, homicide and accidental deaths among the aged in Finland in 1951-1979. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985;72:155-160.
86. Rossouw JE, Lewis B, Rifkind BM. The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1112-1119.
87. Strandberg TE, Salomaa VV, Naukkarinen VA, Vanhanen HT, Sarno SJ, Miettinen TA. Long-term mortality after 5-year multifactor primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men. JAMA. 1991;266:1225-1229.
88. Holme I, Hjermann I, Hegleland A, Leren P. The Oslo Study: diet and antismoking advice: additional results from a 5-year primary prevention trial in middle-aged men. Prev Med. 1985;14:279-292.
89. World Health Organization European Collaborative Group. European collaborative trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease: final report on the 6-year results. Lancet. 1986;1:869-872.
90. Rose G. European collaborative trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1987;1:685.
91. Wysowski DK, Gross TP. Deaths due to accidents and violence in two recent trials of cholesterol-lowering drugs. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:2169-2172.