Genetics of competition for nodulation of legumes

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 46, Issue , 1992, Pages 399-428

  Triplett, Eric W ^a   Sadowsky, Michael J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

competitiveness; legumes; molecular genetics; nodulation; Rhizobium

Indexed keywords

LEGUME; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NITROGEN FIXATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHIZOBIUM; SYMBIOSIS;

GLYCINE MAX; MEDICAGO SATIVA; RHIZOBIUM; TRIFOLIUM;

COMPETITION; GENETICS; LEGUME; NITROGEN FIXATION; NODULATION;

EID: 0026616329     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.46.1.399     Document Type: Review

References (239)

1. Acuna, G., Alvarez-Morales, A., Hahn, M., Hennecke, H. 1987. A vector for the site-directed, genomic integration of foreign DNA into soybean root-nodule bacteria. Plant Mol. Biol. 9:41-50
2. Amarger, N. 1981. Competition for nodule formation between effective and ineffective strains of Rhizobium meliloti. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13:475-80
3. Amarger, N., Lobreau, J. P. 1982. Quantitative study of nodulation competitiveness in Rhizobium strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:583-88
4. Ames, P., Bergman, K. 1981. Competitive advantage provided by bacterial motility in the formation of nodules by Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 148: 728-29
5. Araujo, R. S., Handelsman, J. 1990. Characteristics of exopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of Rhizobium spp. with altered nodulation competitiveness. See Ref. 84a, p. 247
6. Bachem, C. W., Banfalvi, Z., Kondorosi, E., Schell, J., Kondorosi, A. 1986. Identification of host range determinants in the Rhizobium species MPIK3030. Mol. Gen. Genet. 203:42-48
7. Bachem, C., Kondorosi, E., Banfalvi, Z., Horvath, B., Kondorosi, A., Schell, J. 1985. Identification and cloning of nodulation genes from the wide host range Rhizobium strain MPIK3030. Mol. Gen. Genet. 199:271-78
8. Baldwin, I. L., Fred, E. B. 1929. Strain variation in the root-nodule bacteria of clover, Rhizobium trifolii. J. Bacteriol. 17:17-18
9. Banfalvi, Z., Nieuwkoop, A., Schell, M., Besl, L., Stacey, G. 1988. Regulation of nod gene expression in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 214:420-24
10. Bao, Y., Lies, D. P., Fu, H., Roberts, G. P. 1991. An improved Tn7-based system for the single-copy insertion of cloned genes into chromosomes of Gram-negative bacteria. Gene 109:167-68
11. Barry, G. F. 1988. A broad-host-range shuttle system for gene insertion into the chromosomes of Gram-negative bacteria. Gene 71:75-84
12. Bassam, B. J., Rolfe, B. G., Djordjevic, M. A. 1986. Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro) host specificity genes are linked to a nodD-like gene in the broad host range Rhizobium strain NGR234. Mol. Gen. Genet. 203:49-57
13. Beattie, G. A., Clayton, M. K., Handelsman, J. 1989. Quantitative comparison of the laboratory and field competitiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2755-61
14. Bhagwat, A. A., Tully, R. E., Keister, D. L. 1991. Isolation and characterization of a competition-defective Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:3496-3501
15. Bhuvaneswari, T. V., Bhagwat, A. A., Bauer, W. D. 1981. Transient susceptibility of root cells in four common legumes to nodulation by rhizobia. Plant Physiol. 68:1144-49
16. Bhuvaneswari, T. V., Turgeon, B. G., Bauer, W. D. 1980. Early events in the infection of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) by Rhizobium japonicum. I. Localization of infectible root cells. Plant Physiol. 66:1027-31
17. Bothe, H., de Bruijn, F. J., Newton, W. E., eds. 1988. Nitrogen Fixation: Hundred Years After. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer
18. Brewin N. J., Beringer, J. E., Johnston, A. W. B. 1980. Plasmid mediated transfer of host range specificity between two strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:1817-27
19. Caetano-Anollés, G., Wall, L. G., De Micheli, A. T., Macchi, E. M., Bauer, W. D., Favelukes, G. 1988. Role of motility and chemotaxis in efficiency of nodulation by Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Physiol. 86:1228-35
20. Caldwell, B. E. 1966. Inheritance of a strain-specific ineffective nodulation in soybeans. Crop Sci. 6:427-28
21. Caldwell, B. E., Hinson, K., Johnson, H. W. 1966. A strain-specific ineffective nodulation reaction in the soybean Glycine max L. Merrill. Crop Sci. 6:495-96
22. Calvert, H. E., Pence, M. K., Pierce, M., Malik, N. S. A., Bauer, W. D. 1984. Anatomical analysis of the development and distribution of Rhizobium infections in soybean roots. Can. J. Bot. 62:2375-84
23. Cannon, F. C., Beynon, J., Hankinson, T., Kwiatkowski, R., Legocki, R. P., et al. 1988. Increasing biological nitrogen fixation by genetic manipulation. See Ref. 16a, pp. 735-40
24. Chatterjee, A., Balatti, P. A., Gibbons, W., Pueppke, S. G. 1990. Interaction of Rhizobium fredii USDA257 and nodulation mutants derived from it with agronomically improved soybean cultivar McCall. Planta 180:303-11
25. Chen, H., Richardson, A. E., Gartner, E., Djordjevic, M. A., Roughley, R. J., Rolfe, B. G. 1991. Construction of an acid-tolerant Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain with enhanced capacity for nitrogen fixation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2005-11
26. Cregan, P. B., Keyser, H. H. 1986. Host restriction of nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 123 in soybean. Crop Sci. 26:911-16
27. Cregan, P. B., Keyser, H. H., Sadowsky, M. J. 1988. A single dominant gene in soybean genotype PI 417566 controls competition for nodulation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolate MN1-1c. Abstr. The American Society of Agronomy Annu. Meeting, Anaheim, Calif., p. 78
28. Cregan, P. B., Keyser, H. H., Sadowsky, M. J. 1989. Soybean genotype restricting nodulation of a previously unrestricted serocluster 123 bradyrhizobia. Crop Sci. 29:307-12
29. Cregan, P. B., Keyser, H. H., Sadowsky, M. J. 1989. A soybean genotype that restricts nodulation of a previously unrestricted isolate of Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123. Crop Sci. 29:307-12
30. Cregan, P. B., Keyser, H. H., Sadowsky, M. J. 1990. Gene-for-gene interaction in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. In Belstville Symposia in Agricultural Research XIV, The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth, ed. D. L. Keister, P. B. Cregan, pp. 163-71. Dordrecht: Kluwar
31. Crute, I. R. 1986. Investigations of gene-for-gene relationships: the need for genetic analyses of both host and parasite. Plant Pathol. 35:15-17
32. Cunningham, S. D., Kollmeyer, W. D., Stacey, G. 1991. Chemical control of interstrain competition for soybean nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 1886-92
33. Dale, E. C., Ow, D. W. 1991. Gene transfer with subsequent removal of the selection gene from the host genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10558-62
34. David, M., Daveran, M., Balut, J., Dedieu, A., Domergue, O, et al. 1988. Cascade regulation of nif gene expression in Rhizobium meliloti. Cell 54:671-83
35. Davis, E. O., Evans, I. J., Johnston, A. W. B. 1988. Identification of nodX, a gene that allows Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar iciae strain TOM to nodulate Afghanistan peas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 212:531-35
36. Debelle, F., Maillet, F., Vasse, J., Rosenberg, C., De Billy, F., et al. 1988. Interference between Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium trifolii nodulation genes: genetic basis of Rhizobium meliloti dominance. J. Bacteriol. 170:5718-27
37. Debelle, F., Rosenberg, C., Vasse, J., Maillet, F., Martinez, E., et al. 1986. Assignment of symbiotic developmental phenotypes to common and specific nodulation (nod) genetic loci of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 168:1075-86
38. Denarié, J., Boistard, P., Casse-Delbart, F., Atherly, A. G., Berry, J., Russell, P. 1981. Indigenous plasmids of Rhizobium. In Biology of the Rhizobiaceae, ed. K. L. Giles, A. G. Atherly, pp. 191-219. Orlando: Academic
39. Devine, T. 1984. Genetics and breeding of nitrogen fixation. In Biological Nitrogen Fixation, ed. M. Alexander, pp. 127-54. New York: Plenum
40. Devine, T. E., Kuykendall, L. D., O'Neil, J. J. 1990. The Rj4 allele in soybean represses nodulation by chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia classified as DNA homology group II by antibiotic resistance profiles. Theor. Appl. Genet. 80:33-37
41. Devine, T. E., O'Neil, J. J. 1986. Registration of BARC-2 (Rj4) and BARC-3(rj4) soybean germplasm. Crop Sci. 26:1263-64
42. Ditta, G., Virts, E., Palomares, A., Kim, C.-H. 1987. The nifA gene of Rhizobium meliloti is oxygen regulated. J. Bacteriol. 169:3217-23
43. Djordjevic M. A., Gabriel, D. W., Rolfe, B. G. 1987. Rhizobium - the refined parasite of legumes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 25:145-68
44. Djordjevic, M. A., Redmond, J. W., Batley, M., Rolfe, B. G. 1987. Clovers secrete specific phenolic compounds which either stimulate or repress nod gene expression in Rhizobium trifolii. EMBO J. 6:1173-79
45. Djordjevic, M. A., Sargent, C. L., Innes, R. W., Kuempel, P. L., Rolfe, B. G. 1985. Host-range genes also affect competitiveness in Rhizobium trifolii. See Ref. 58a, p. 117
46. Djordjevic, M. A., Schofield, P. R., Ridge, R. W., Morrison, N. A., Bassam, B. J., et al. 1985. Rhizobium nodulation genes involved in root hair curling (Hac) are functionally conserved. Plant Mol. Biol. 4:147-60
47. Djordjevic, M. A., Schofield, P. R., Rolfe, B. G. 1985. Tn5 mutagenesis of Rhizobium trifolii host-specific nodulation genes results in mutants with altered host-range ability. Mol. Gen. Genet. 200:463-71
48. Djordjevic, S. P., Ridge, R. W., Chen, H., Redmond, J. W., Bately, M., Rolfe, B. G. 1988. Induction of pathogenic-like responses in the legume Macroptilium atropurpureum by transposon-induced mutant of the fast-growing, broad-host-range Rhizobium strain NGR234. J. Bacteriol. 170:1848-57
49. Dowling, D. N., Broughton, W. J. 1986. Competition for nodulation of legumes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 40: 131-57
50. Dowling, D. N., Stanley, J., Broughton, W. J. 1989. Competitive nodulation blocking of Afghanistan pea is determined by nodDABC and nodFE alleles in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216:170-74
51. Downie, J. A., Hombrecher, G., Ma, Q. S., Knight, C. D., Wells, B., Johnston, A. W. B. 1983. Cloned nodulation genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum determine host-range specificity. Mol. Gen. Genet. 190:359-65
52. Dudley, M. E., Long, S. R. 1989. A non-nodulating alfalfa mutant displays neither root hair curling nor early cell division in response to Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Cell 1:65-72
53. Dunham, D. H., Baldwin, I. L. 1931. Double infection of leguminous plants with good and poor strains of rhizobia. Soil Sci. 32:235-49
54. Dunigan, E. P., Bollich, P. K., Hutchinson, R. L., Hicks, P. M., Zaunbrecher, F. C., et al. 1984. Introduction and survival of an inoculant strain of Rhizobium japonicum in soil. Agron. J. 76:463-66
55. Ebba, T., Person, C. 1975. Genetic control of virulence in Ustilago hordei. IV. Duplicate genes for virulence and genetic and environmental modifications of a gene-for-gene relationship. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 17:631-36
56. Egelhoff T. T., Fisher, R. F., Mulligan, J. T., Long, S. R. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of Rhizobium meliloti 1021 nodulation genes: nodD is read divergently from nodABC. DNA 4:241-48
57. Egelhoff, T. T., Long, S. R. 1985. Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes: identification of nodDABC gene products, purification of nodA protein, and expression of nodA in Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 164:591-99
58. Ellingboe, A. H. 1981. Changing concepts in host-pathogen genetics. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 19:125-45
59. Ellingboe, A. H. 1976. Genetics of host-parasite interactions. In Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology, Vol. 4, Physiological Plant Pathology, ed. R. Heitfuss, P. H. Williams, pp. 761-78. New York: Springer-Verlag
60. Evans, H. J., Bottomley, P. J., Newton, W. E., eds. 1985. Nitrogen Fixation Research Progress. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff
61. Evans, H. J., Hanus, F. J., Haugland, R. A., Cantrell, M. A., Xu, L.-S., et al. 1985. Hydrogen recycling in nodules affects nitrogen fixation and growth of soybeans. Proc. World Soybean Conf. 3:935-42
62. Evans, H. J., Harker, A. R., Papen, H., Russell, S. A., Hanus, F. J., Zuber, M. 1987. Physiology, biochemistry, and genetics of the uptake hydrogenase in rhizobia. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 41:335-61
63. Faucher, C., Camut, S., Denarie, J., Truchet, G. 1989. The nodH and nodQ host range genes of Rhizobium meliloti behave as avirulence genes in R. legumiosarum bv viceae and determine changes in the production of plant-specific extracellular signals. Mol. Plant-Microb. Interact. 2:291-300
64. Faucher, F., Maillet, F., Vasse, J., Rosenberg, C., van Brussel, A. A. N., et al. 1988. Rhizobium meliloti host range nodH gene determines production of an alfalfa-specific extracellular signal. J. Bacteriol. 170:5489-99
65. Fellay, R., Kirsch, H. M., Prentki, P., Frey, J. 1989. Omegon-Km: a transposable element designed for in vivo insertional mutagenesis and cloning of genes in Gram-negative bacteria. Gene 76:215-26
66. Finan, T. M., Hirsch, A. M., Leigh, J. A., Johansen, E., Kuldau, G. A., et al. 1985. Symbiotic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti that uncouple plant from bacterial differentiation. Cell 40:869-77
67. Firmin, J. L., Wilson, K. E., Rossen, L., Johnston, A. W. B. 1986. Flavonoid activation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium reversed by other compounds present in plants. Nature 324:90-92
68. Fisher R. F., Egelhoff, T. T., Mulligan, J. T., Long, S. R. 1988. Specific binding of proteins from Rhizobium meliloti cell-free extracts containing nodD to DNA sequences upstream of inducible nodulation genes. Genes Dev. 2:282-93
69. Fisher, R. F., Swanson, J. A., Mulligan, J. T., Long, S. R. 1987. Extended region of nodulation genes in Rhizobium meliloti 1021. II. Nucleotide sequence, transcription sites, and protein products. Genetics 117:1432-35
70. Flor, H. H. 1946. Genetics of pathogenicity in Melamspora lini. J. Agric. Res. 73:335-57
71. Flor, H. 1971. Current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 9:275-96
72. Fobert, P. R., Roy, N., Nash, J. H., Iyer, V. N. 1991. Procedure for obtaining efficient root nodulation of a pea cultivar by a desired Rhizobium strain and preempting nodulation by other strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 1590-94
73. Franco, A. A., Vincent, J. M. 1976. Competition amongst rhizobial strains for the colonization and nodulation of two tropical legumes. Plant Soil 45:27-48
74. Gabriel, D. W. 1986. Specificity and gene function in plant-pathogen interactions. Am. Soc. Microbiol. News. 52:19-25
75. Gabriel, D. W., Burges, A., Lazo, G. R. 1986. Gene-for-gene recognition of five cloned avirulence genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum by specific resistance genes in cotton. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:6415-19
76. Gabriel, D. W., Rolfe, B. G. 1990. Working models of specific recognition in plant-microbe interactions. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 28:365-91
77. Gibson, A. 1968. Nodulation failure in Trifolium subterraneum L. cv Woogenellup (Syn Marrar). Aust. J. Agric. Sci. 19:907-18
78. Gibson, A. H. 1988. Host genetics in symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legumes, In Microbiology in Action, ed. W. G. Murrell, I. R. Kennedy, pp. 177-92. Letchworth, UK: Research Studies Press; New York: Wiley
79. Gibson, A. H., Brockwell, J. 1968. Symbiotic characteristics of subspecies of Trifolium subterraneum L. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19:891-905
80. Gibson, A. H., Curnow, B. C., Bergersen, F. J., Brockwell, J., Robinson, A. C. 1975. Studies of field populations of Rhizobium: effectiveness of strains of Rhizobium trifolii associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. pastures of south eastern Australia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 7:95-102
81. Gibson, A. H., Date, R. A., Ireland, J. A., Brockwell, J. 1976. A comparison of competitiveness and persistence amongst five strains of Rhizobium trifolii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8:395-401
82. Gottfert, M., Grob, P., Hennecke, H. 1990. Proposed regulatory pathway encoded by the nodV and the nodW genes, determinants of host specificity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 87:2680-84
83. Gottfert, M., Horvath, B., Kondorosi, E., Putnoky, P., Rodriguez-Quniones, F., Kondorosi, A. 1986. At least two nodD genes are necessary for efficient nodulation of alfalfa by Rhizobium meliloti. J. Mol. Biol. 191:411-20
84. Gottfert, M., Webber, J., Hennecke, H. 1988. Induction of a nodA-lacZ fusion in Bradyrhizobium japonicum by an isoflavone. J. Plant Physiol. 132:394-97
85. Gotz, R., Evans, I. J., Downie, J. A., Johnston, A. W. B. 1985. Identification of host-range DNA which allows Rhizobium leguminosarum strain TOM to nodulate cv. Afghanistan peas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 201:296-300
86. Greder, R. R., Orff, J. H., Lambert, J. W. 1986. Heritabilities and associations of nodule mass and recovery of Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup USDA 110 in soybean. Crop Sci. 26:33-37
87. Gresshoff, P. M., Roth, L. E., Stacey, G., Newton, W. E., eds. 1990. Nitrogen Fixation: Achievements and Objectives. New York: Chapman and Hall
88. Gupta, V. P., Garg, I. K., Rana, N. D., Singh, J. M. 1982. Variation and heritability for leaf and root characteriztics in soybeans, across locations. Soybean Genet. Newslett. 9:71-74
89. Hahn, M., Hennecke, H. 1988. Cloning and mapping of a novel nodulation region from Bradyrhizobium japonicum by genetic complementation of a deletion mutant. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 55-61
90. Hahn, M., Studer, D. 1986. Competitiveness of a nif-Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant against the wild-type strain. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 33:143-48
91. Handelsman, J., Ugalde, R. A., Brill, W. J. 1984. Rhizobium meliloti competitiveness and the alfalfa agglutinin. J. Bacteriol. 157:703-7
92. Hanus, F. J., Albrecht, S. L., Zablotowicz, R. M., Emerich, D. W., Russell, S. A. 1981. Yield and N content of soybean seed as influenced by Rhizobium japonicum inoculants possessing the hydrogenase characteristic. Agron. J. 73:368-72
93. Hardarson, G., Jones, D. G. 1979. The inheritance of preference for strains of Rhizobium trifolii by white clover Trifolium repens. Ann. Appl. Biol. 92:329-33
94. Hashem, F. M., Angle, J. S. 1988. Rhizobiophage effects on Bradyrhizobium japonicum, nodulation and soybean growth. Soil Biol. Biochem. 20:69-73
95. Hashem, F. M., Angle, J. S., Ristiano, P. A. 1986. Isolation and characterization of rhizobiophages specific for Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 117. Can. J. Bot. 32:326-29
96. Helz, G. E., Baldwin, I. L., Fred, E. B. 1927. Strain variations and host specificity of root-nodule bacteria of the pea group. J. Agric. Res. 35:1039-55
97. Heron D. S., Ersek, T., Krishan, H. B., Pueppke, S. G. 1989. Nodulation mutants of Rhizobium fredii USDA 257. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2:4-10
98. Hodgson, A. L. M., Roberts, W. P. 1983. DNA colony hybridization to identify Rhizobium strains. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:207-12
99. Hodgson, A. L. M., Roberts, W. P., Waid, J. S. 1985. Regulated nodulation of Trifolium subterraneum inoculated with bacteriocin-producing strains of Rhizobium trifolii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:475-78
100. Holl, F. B. 1975. Host plant control of the inheritance of dinitrogen fixation in the Pisum-Rhizobium symbiosis. Euphytica 24:767-70
101. Hombrecher, G., Gotz, R., Dibb, N. J., Downie, J. A., Johnston, A. W. B., Brewin, N. J. 1984. Cloning and mutagenesis of nodulation genes from Rhizobium leguminosarum TOM, a strain with extended host range. Mol. Gen. Genet. 194:293-98
102. Hong, G.-F., Burn, J. E., Johnston, A. W. B. 1987. Evidence that DNA involved in the expression of nodulation (nod) genes in Rhizobium binds to the regulatory gene nodD. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:9677-90
103. Honma, M. A., Ausubel, F. M. 1987. Rhizobium meliloti has three functional copies of the nodD symbiotic regulatory element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8558-62
104. Horvath, B., Bachem, C. W., Schell, J., Kondorosi, A. 1987. Host-specific regulation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium is mediated by a plant-signal, interacting with the nodD gene products. EMBO J. 6:841-48
105. Horvath, B., Kondorosi, E., John, M., Schmidt, J., Torok, I., et al. 1986. Organization, structure, and symbiotic function of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes determining host specificity for alfalfa. Cell 46:335-43
106. Hungria, M., Neves, M. C. P., Dobereiner, J. 1989. Relative efficiency, ureide transport and harvest index in soybeans inoculated with isogenic HUP mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Biol. Fertil. Soils 7:325-29
107. Innes, R. W., Kuempel, P. L., Plazinski, J., Canter-Cremers, H., Rolfe, B. G., Djordjevic, M. A. 1985. Plant factors induce expression of nodulation and host-range genes in R. trifolii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 201:426-32
108. Jones, D. A. 1988. Genetic properties of inhibitor genes in flax rust that alter avirulence to virulence on flax. Phytopathology 78:342-44
109. Joseph, M. V., Desai, J. D., Desai, A. J. 1983. Production of antimicrobial and bacteriocin-like substances by Rhizobium trifolii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:532-35
110. Joseph-Liauzun, E., Fellay, R., Chandler, M. 1989. Transposable elements for efficient manipulation of a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria: promoter probes and vectors for foreign genes. Gene 85:83-89
111. Keen, N. T. 1982. Specific recognition in gene-for-gene host parasite systems. Adv. Plant Pathol. 1:35-82
112. Keen, N. T., Staskawicz, B. 1988. Host range determinants in plant pathogens and symbionts. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 42:421-40
113. Keyser, H. H., Cregan, P. B. 1987. Nodulation and competition for nodulation of selected soybean genotypes among Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup 123 isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2631-35
114. Kinkle, B.K., Schmidt, E. L. 1991. Transfer of the pea symbiotic plasmid pJB5JI in nonsterile soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:3264-69
115. Kneen, B. E., LaRue, T. A. 1984. Peas (Pisum sativum L.) with strain specificity for Rhizobium leguminosarum. Heredity 52:383-89
116. Kondorosi, A., Horvath, B., Gottfert, M., Putnoky, P., Rostas, K., et al. 1985. Identification and organization of Rhizobium meliloti genes relevant to the initiation and development of nodules. See Ref. 58a, pp. 73-78
117. Kondorosi, E., Banfalvi, Z., Kondorosi, A. 1984. Physical and genetic analysis of a symbiotic region of Rhizobium meliloti: identification of nodulation genes. Mol. Gen. Genet. 193:443-52
118. Kondorosi, E., Kondorosi, A. 1986. Nodule induction on plant roots by Rhizobium. Trends Biol. Sci. 11:296-99
119. Kosslak, R. M., Bohlool, B. B. 1984. Suppression of nodule development of one side of a split-root system of soybeans caused by prior inoculation of the other side. Plant Physiol. 75:125-30
120. Kosslak, R. M., Bohlool, B. B., Dowdle, S. F., Sadowsky, M. J. 1983. Competition of Rhizobium japonicum strains in early stages of soybean nodulation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:870-73
121. Kosslak, R. M., Bookland, R., Barkei, J., Paaren, H. E., Appelbaum, E. R. 1987. Induction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum common nod genes by isoflavones isolated from Glycine max. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7428-32
122. Kosslak, R. M., Joshi, R. S., Bowen, B. A., Paaren, H. E., Appelbaum, E. R. 1990. Strain-specific inhibition of nod gene induction in Bradyrhizobium japonicum by flavonoid compounds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1333-41
123. Krishnan, H. B., Pueppke, S. G. 1991. nodC, a Rhizobium fredii gene involved in cultivar-specific nodulation of soybean, shares homology with a heat-shock gene. Mol. Microbiol. 5:737-45
124. Kvien, C. S., Ham, G. E., Lambert, J. W. 1981. Recovery of introduced Rhizobium japonicum strains by soybean genotypes. Agron. J. 73:900-5
125. Labandera, C. A., Vincent, J. M. 1975. Competition between an introduced strain and native Uruguayan strains of Rhizobium trifolii. Plant and Soil 42:327-47
126. Lamb, J. W., Hennecke, H. 1986. In Bradyrhizobium japonicum the common nodulation genes, nodABC, are linked to nifA and fixA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 202: 512-17
127. Lambert, G. R., Harker, A. R., Cantrell, M. A., Hanus, F. J., Russell, S. A., et al. 1987. Symbiotic expression of cosmid-borne Bradyrhizobium japonicum hydrogenase genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:422-28
128. Lawson, R. M. 1980. Genetic variability in soybeans for nodule number and weight, and recovery of Rhizobium japonicum strain 110. PhD dissertation. Univ. Minn. St. Paul, Minn. Diss. Abstr. 80-19540
129. Leonard, L. T. 1930. A failure of Austrian winter peas apparently due to nodule bacteria. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 22:277-80
130. Lerouge, P., Roche, P., Faucher, C., Maillet, F., Truchet, G., et al. 1990. Symbiotic host specificity of Rhizobium meliloti is determined by a sulphated and acylated glucoisamine oligosaccharide signal. Nature 344:781-84
131. Leroux, B., Yanofsky, M. F., Winans, S. C., Ward, J. E., Ziegler, S. F., Nester, E. 1987. Characterization of the virA locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a transcriptional regulator and host-range determinant. EMBO J. 6: 849-56
132. Lewin, A., Rossenberg, C., Meyer, H., Wong, A. C. H., Nelson, L., et al. 1987. Multiple host-specificity loci of the broad host-range Rhizobium sp. NGR234 selected using the widely compatible legume Vigna unguiculata. Plant Mol. Biol. 8:447-59
133. Lewis-Henderson, W. R., Djordjevic, M. A. 1991. A cultivar-specific interaction between Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii and subterranean clover is controlled by nodM, other bacterial cultivar specificity genes, and a single recessive allele. J. Bacteriol. 173:2791-99
134. Lewis-Henderson, W. R., Djordjevic, M. A. 1991. nodT, a positively acting cultivar specificity determinant controlling nodulation of Trifolium subterraneum by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii. Plant Mol. Biol. 16:515-26
135. Lie, T. A. 1978. Symbiotic specialization in pea plants: the requirement of specific Rhizobium strains for peas from Afghanistan. Ann. Appl. Biol. 88:462-65
136. Lie, T. A. 1984. Host genes in Pisum sativum L. conferring resistance to European Rhizobium leguminosarum strains. Plant Soil 82:415-25
137. Liu, R., Tran, V. M., Schmidt, E. L. 1989. Nodulating competitiveness of a nonmotile Tn7 mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in nonsterile soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1895-1900
138. Long, S. R. 1984. The genetics of Rhizobium nodulation. In Plant Microbe Interactions, ed. T. Kosuge, E. W. Nester, pp. 265-306. New York: Macmillan
139. Long, S. R. 1989. Rhizobium-legume nodulation: life together in the underground. Cell 56:203-14
140. - mutants. Nature 298:485-88
141. Long, S. R., Fisher, R. F., Ogawa, J., Swanson, J., Ehrhardt, D. W., et al. 1991. Rhizobium meliloti nodulation gene regulation and molecular signals. In Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, ed. H. Hennecke, D. P. S. Verma, 1:127-33. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
142. Ma, S.-W., Iyer, V. N. 1990. New field isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae that nodulate the promative pea cultivar Afghanistan in addition to modern cultivars. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:2206-12
143. Maier, R., Brill, W. J. 1978. Mutant strains of Rhizobium japonicum with increased ability to fix nitrogen for soybean. Science 201:448-50
144. Martensson, A. M. 1990. Competitiveness of inoculant strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii in red clover using repeated inoculation and increased inoculum levels. Can. J. Microbiol. 36:136-39
145. Martinez, E., Romero, D., Palacios, R. 1990. The Rhizobium genome. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 9:59-93
146. Masterson, R. V., Russell, P. R., Atherly, A. G. 1982. Nitrogen fixation (nif) genes and large plasmids of Rhizobium japonicum. J. Bacteriol. 152:928-31
147. Materon, L. A., Hagedorn, C. 1983. Competitiveness and symbiotic effectiveness of five strains of Rhizobium trifolii on red clover. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:491-95
148. Mathews, A., Kosslak, R. M., Sengupta-Gopalan, C., Appelbaum, E. R., Carroll, B. J., Gresshoff, P. M. 1989. Biological characterization of root exudates and extracts from nonnodulating and supernodulating soybean mutants. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2:283-90
149. May, S. N., Bohlool, B. B. 1982. Competition among Rhizobium leguminosarum strains for nodulation of lentils (Lens esculenta). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:960-65
150. McDermott, T. R., Graham, P. H. 1990. Competitive ability and efficiency in nodule formation of strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3035-39
151. McIver, J. M., Djordjevic, M. A., Weinman, J. J., Bender, G. L., Rolfe, B. G. 1989. Extension of host-range in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii caused by point mutations in nodD that result in alterations in regulatory function and recognition of inducer molecules. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2:97-106
152. Mellor, H. Y., Glenn, A. R., Arwas, R., Dilworth, M. J. 1987. Symbiotic and competitive properties of motility mutants of Rhizobium trifolii TA1. Arch. Microbiol. 148:34-39
153. Mukherjee, D., Lambert, J., Cooper, R., Kennedy, B. 1966. Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight of soybeans. Crop Sci. 6:324-26
154. Müller, P., Schultes, A., Werner, D. 1990. Abstr. of the 5th Int. Symp. on the Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Interlaken, Switzerland, ed. M. Gottfert, H. Hennecke, H. Paul. Zurich: Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule
155. Mulligan, J. T., Long, S. R. 1985. Induction of Rhizobium meliloti nodC expression by plant exudate requires nodD. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6609-13
156. Nieuwkoop, A. J., Banfalvi, Z., Deshmane, N., Gerhold, D., Schell, M., et al. 1987. A locus encoding host range is linked to the common nodulation genes of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. J. Bacteriol. 169:2631-38
157. O'Gara, F., Boesten, B., Fanning, S. 1988. The development and exploitation of "marker genes" suitable for risk evaluation studies on the release of genetically engineered microorganisms in soil. In Risk Assessment for Deliberate Release, ed. W. Klingmuller, pp. 50-64. Berlin: Springer Verlag
158. Oliveira, L. A., Graham, P. H. 1989. Speed of nodulation and competitive ability among strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. Arch. Microbiol. 153:311-15
159. - natural mutant. Arch. Microbiol. 153:305-10
160. Ozawa, T., Yamguchi, M. 1986. Enhancement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum by acridine orange. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50:1061-62
161. Paau, A. S. 1989. Improvement of Rhizobium inoculants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:862-65
162. Perret, X., Broughton, W. J., Brenner, S. 1991. Canonical ordered cosmid library of the symbiotic plasmid of Rhizobium species NGR234. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1923-27
163. Peters, N. K., Frost, J. W., Long, S. R. 1986. A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Science 233:977-80
164. Pierce, M., Bauer, W. D. 1983. A rapid regulatory response governing nodulation in soybean. Plant Physiol. 73:286-90
165. Deleted in proof
166. Richaume, A., Angle, J. S., Sadowsky, M. J. 1989. Influence of soil variables on in situ plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Rhizobium fredii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1730-34
167. Roelfs, A. P. 1988. Resistance of leaf and stem in wheat. In Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rusts of Wheat, ed. N. W. Simmonds, S. Rajaram, pp. 10-22. Mexico, District Federal: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento del Maiz y Trigo
168. Rolfe, B. G. 1988. Flavones and isoflavones as inducing substances of legume nodulation. Biofactors. 1:3-10
169. Rolfe, B. G., Innes, R. W., Schofield, P. R., Watson, J. W., Sargent, C. L., et al. 1985. Plant-secreted factors influence the expression of R. trifolii nodulation and host-range genes. See Ref. 58a, pp. 79-85
170. Rolfe, B. G., Redmond, J. W., Batley, M., Chen, H., Djordjevic, S. P., et al. 1986. Intercellular communication and recognition in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. In Recognition in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic Interactions, ed. B. Lugtenberg, pp. 39-51. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
171. Ronson, C. W., Bosworth, A., Genova, M., Gudbrandsen, S., Hankinson, T., et al. 1990. Field release of genetically-engineered Rhizobium meliloti and Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains. See Ref. 84a, pp. 397-403
172. Ross, P., O'Gara, F., Condon, S. 1990. Thymidylate synthase gene from Lactococcus lactis as a genetic marker: an alternative to antibiotic resistance genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:2164-69
173. Rossen, L., Davis, E., Johnston, A. W. B. 1987. Plant induced expression of Rhizobium genes involved in host specificity and early stages of nodulation. Trends Biol. Sci. 12:191-99
174. Rossen, L., Johnston, A. W. B., Downie, J. A. 1984. DNA sequence of the Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation genes nodAB and C required for root hair curling. Nucleic Acid Res. 12:9497-9508
175. Rossen, L., Shearman, C. A., Johnston, A. W. B., Downie, J. A. 1985. The nodD gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum is autoregulatory and in the presence of plant exudate induces the nodABC genes. EMBO J. 4:3369-73
176. Rostas, K., Kondorosi, E., Horvath, B., Simoncsits, A., Kondorosi, A. 1986. Conservation of extended promoter regions of nodulation genes in Rhizobium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1757-61
177. Sadowsky, M. J., Bohlool, B. B. 1983. Possible involvement of a megaplasmid in nodulation of soybeans by fast-growing rhizobia from China. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:906-11
178. Sadowsky, M. J., Cregan, P. B. 1992. The soybean Rj4 allele restricts nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup 123 strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:720-23
179. Sadowsky, M. J., Cregan, P. B., Gottfert, M., Sharma, A., Gerhold, D., et al. 1991. The Bradyrhizobium japonicum nolA gene and its involvement in the genotype-specific nodulation of soybeans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:637-41
180. Sadowsky, M. J., Cregan, P. B., Keyser, H. H. 1989. DNA hybridization probe for use in determining restricted nodulation among Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 field isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1768-74
181. Sadowsky, M. J., Cregan, P. B., Rodriguez-Quinones, F., Keyser, H. H. 1990. Microbial influence on gene-for-gene interactions in legume-Rhizobium symbioses. Plant Soil 129:53-60
182. Sadowsky, M. J., Liu, R. L., Bhagwat, A. A., Cregan, P. B. 1990. Identification and isolation of aur-like, genotype-specific nodulation (GSN) determinant from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In Abstr. of the 5th Int. Symp. on the Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Interlaken, Switzerland, ed. M. Gottfert, H. Hennecke, H. Paul. Zurich: Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule
183. Sadowsky, M. J., Olson, E. R., Foster, V. E., Kosslak, R. M., Verma, D. P. S. 1988. Two host-inducible genes of Rhizobium fredii and the characterization of the inducing compound. J. Bacteriol. 170:171-78
184. Sadowsky, M. J., Tully, R. E., Cregan, P. B., Keyser, H. H. 1987. Genetic diversity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup 123 and its relation to genotype-specific nodulation of soybean. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 2624-30
185. Sanjuan, J., Olivares, J. 1989. Implication of nifA in regulation of genes located on a Rhizobium meliloti cryptic plasmid that affect nodulation efficiency. J. Bacteriol. 171:4154-61
186. Sanjuan, J., Olivares, J. 1991. Multicopy plasmids carrying the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA gene enhance Rhizobium meliloti nodulation competitiveness on alfalfa. Mol. Plant-Microb. Interact. 4:365-69
187. Sanjuan, J., Olivares, J. 1991. NifA-NtrA regulatory system activates transcription of nfe, a gene locus involved in nodulation competitiveness of Rhizobium meliloti. Arch. Microbiol. 155:543-48
188. Sargent, L., Huang, S. Z., Rolfe, B. G., Djordjevic, M. A. 1987. Split-root assays using Trifolium subterraneum show that Rhizobium infection induces a systemic response that can inhibit nodulation of another invasive Rhizobium strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1611-19
189. Schofield, P. R., Watson, J. M. 1986. DNA sequence of Rhizobium trifolii nodulation genes reveals a reiterated and potentially regulated sequence preceeding nodABC and nodFE. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:2891-2903
190. Schwinghamer, E. A. 1971. Antagonism between strains of Rhizobium trifolii in culture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 3:355-63
191. Schwinghamer, E. A., Belkengren, R. P. 1968. Inhibition of rhizobia by a strain of Rhizobium trifolii: some properties of the antibiotic and of the strain. Arch. Mikrobiol. 64:130-45
192. Schwinghamer, E. A., Pankhurst, C. E., Whitfield, P. R. 1973. A phage-like bacteriocin of Rhizobium trifolii. Can. J. Microbiol. 19:359-68
193. Scott, D. B., Hennecke, H., Lim, S. T. 1979. The biosynthesis of nitrogenase MoFe protein polypeptides in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 565:365-78
194. Shearman, C. A., Rossen, L., Johnston, A. W. B., Downie, J. A. 1986. The Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation gene nodF encodes a polypeptide similar to acyl carrier protein and is regulated by nodD plus a factor in pea root exudate. EMBO J. 5:647-52
195. Somasegaran, P., Hoben, H. J. 1985. Methods in Legume-Rhizobium Technology. Paia, HI: NifTAL. 367 pp.
196. Spaink, H. P., Okker, R. J. H., Wijffelman, C. A., Pees, E., Lugtenberg, B. J. J. 1987. Promoters in the nodulation region of the Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL1JI. Plant Mol. Biol. 9:27-39
197. Spaink, H. P., Okker, R. J. H., Wijffelman, C. A., Tak, T., Roo, L. G., et al. 1989. Symbiotic properties of rhizobia containing a flavonoid-independent hybrid nodD product. J. Bacteriol. 171:4045-53
198. Spaink, H. P., Wijffelman, C. A., Okker, R. J. H., Lugtenberg, B. J. J. 1989. Localization of functional regions of the Rhizobium nodD product using hybrid nodD genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 12:59-73
199. Spaink, H. P., Wijffelman, C. A., Pees, E., Okker, R. J. H., Lugtenberg, B. J. J. 1987. Rhizobium nodulation gene nodD as a determinant of host specificity. Nature 328:337-40
200. Stacey, G. 1988. Genetics of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In The Impact of Chemistry on Biotechnology - Muiltidisciplinary Discussions, ed. M. Phillips, S. P. Shoemaker, R. D. Middlekauff, R. M. Ottenbrite, pp. 262-78. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
201. Stall, R. E. 1986. Plasmid-specified host-specificity in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. In Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 2-7 June 1985. Boston: Martin Nijhoff
202. Stanley, J., Cervantes, E. 1991. Biology and genetics of the broad host range Rhizobium sp. NGR234. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 70:9-19
203. Staskawicz, B., Dahlbeck, D., Keen, N. 1984. Cloned avirulence gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea determines race-specific incompatibility on Glycine max (L.) Merr. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6024-28
204. Staskawicz, B., Dahlbeck, D., Keen, N., Napoli, C. 1987. Molecular characterization of cloned avirulence genes from race 0 and race 1 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. J. Bacteriol. 169:5789-94
205. Stephens, P. M., Cooper, J. E. 1988. Variation in speed of infection of "no root hair zone" of white clover and nodulating competitiveness among strains of Rhizobium trifolii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 20:465-70
206. Taylor, R. K., Manoil, C., Mekalanos, J. J. 1989. Broad-host-range vectors for delivery of TnphoA: use in genetic analysis of secreted virulence determinants of Vibrio cholerae. J. Bacteriol. 171:1870-78
207. Thies, J. E., Singleton, P. W., Bohlool, B. B. 1991. Modeling symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia in the field based on indices of indigenous population size and nitrogen status of the soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:29-37
208. Torok, I., Kondorosi, E., Stepkowski, T., Posfai, J., Kondorosi, A. 1984. Nucleotide sequence of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Nucleic Acid Res. 12:9509-24
209. Trinick, M. J., Hadobas, P. A. 1989. Competition by Bradyrhizobium strains for nodulation of the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1242-48
210. Trinick, M. J., Hadobas, P. A. 1989. Effectiveness and competition for nodulation of Vigna unguiculata and Macroptilium atropurpureum with Bradyrhizobium from Parasponia. Can. J. Microbiol. 35:1156-63
211. Triplett, E. W. 1988. Isolation of genes involved in nodulation competitiveness from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii T24. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3810-14
212. Triplett, E. W. 1990. Construction of a symbiotically effective strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii with increased nodulation competitiveness. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:98-103
213. Triplett, E. W., Barta, T. M. 1987. Trifolitoxin production and nodulation are necessary for the expression of superior nodulation competitiveness by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain T24 on clover. Plant Physiol. 85:335-42
214. Triplett, E. W., Lethbridge, B., Midland, S. L., Tate, M. E., Sims, J. J. 1988. Cloning of genes from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii T24 responsible for the production of trifolitoxin, an anti-rhizobial peptide involved in nodulation competitiveness. See Ref. 16a, p. 788
215. Triplett, E. W., Schink, M. J., Noeldner, K. L. 1989. Mapping and subcloning of the trifolitoxin production and resistance genes from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii T24. Mol. Plant-Microb. Interact. 2:202-8
216. Triplett, E. W., Vogelzang, R. D. 1989. A rapid bioassay for the activity of the anti-rhizobial peptide, trifolitoxin. J. Microbiol. Methods 10:177-82
217. Truchet, G., Debelle, G. F., Vasse, J., Terzaghi, B., Garnerone, A., et al. 1985. Identification of a Rhizobium meliloti pSym 2011 region controlling the host specificity of root curling and nodulation. J. Bacteriol. 164:1200-10
218. van Brussel, A., Recourt, K., Pees, E., Spaink, H. P., Tak, T., et al. 1990. A biovar specific signal of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae induces increased nodulation gene-inducing activity in root exudate of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra. J. Bacteriol. 172:5394-5401
219. van Rensburg, J., Strijdom, B. W. 1982. Root surface association in relation to nodulation of Medicago sativa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:93-97
220. Vest, G. 1970. Rj3 - a gene conditioning ineffective nodulation in soybean. Crop Sci. 10:34-35
221. Vest, G., Caldwell, B. E. 1972. Rj4 - a gene conditioning ineffective nodulation in soybean. Crop Sci. 12:692-93
222. Vest G., Weber, D. F., Sloger, C. 1973. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation. In Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses, Agronomy No. 16, ed. B. Caldwell, pp. 353-90. Madison, WI: Am. Soc. Agronomy
223. Vincent, J. M. 1980. Factors controlling the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. In Nitrogen Fixation, ed. W. E. Newton, W. H. Orme-Johnson, 2:103-29. Baltimore: University Park Press
224. Wang, S.-P., Stacey, G. 1991. Studies of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodD1 promoter: a repeated structure for the nod box. J. Bacteriol. 173:3356-65
225. Weaver, R. W., Frederick, L. R. 1974. Effect of inoculum rate on competitive nodulation of Glycine max L. Merrill. I. Greenhouse studies. Agron. J. 66:229-32
226. Weaver, R. W., Frederick, L. R. 1974. Effect of inoculum rate on competitive nodulation of Glycine max L. Merrill. II. Field studies. Agron. J. 66:233-36
227. Wheatcroft, R., Watson, R. J. 1988. A positive strain identification method for Rhizobium meliloti. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:574-76
228. Wijffelman, C. A., Pees, E., van Brussel, A. A. Priem, M., Okker, R., Lugtenberg, B. J. 1985. Analysis of the nodulation region of the Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL1JI. See Ref. 58a, p. 127
229. Williams, M. K., Cannon, F., McLean, P., Beynon, J. 1988. Vector for the integration of genes into a defined site in the Rhizobium meliloti genome. In Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions - 1988, ed. R. Palacios, D. P. S. Verma, pp. 198-99. St. Paul, MN: APS Press
230. Williams, L. F., Lynch, D. L. 1954. Inheritance of non-nodulating character in the soybean. Agron. J. 46:28-29
231. Williams, L. F., Phillips, D. A. 1983. Increased soybean productivity with a Rhizobium japonicum mutant. Crop Sci. 23:246-50
232. Wilson, J. K. 1926. Legume bacteria population of the soil. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 18:911-19
233. Winarno, R., Lie, T. A. 1979. Competition between Rhizobium strains in nodule formation: interaction between nodulating and non-nodulating strains. Plant Soil 51:135-42
234. Woomer, P., Singleton, P. W., Bohlool, B. B. 1988. Ecological indicators of native rhizobia in tropical soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 1112-16
235. Yanofsky, M. F., Nester, E. W. 1986. Molecular characterization of a host-range determining locus from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 168: 244-50
236. Young, J. P. W., Johnston, A. W. B., Brewin, N. J. 1982. A search for peas (Pisum sativum L.) showing strain specificity for symbiotic Rhizobium leguminosarum. Heredity 50:197-201
237. Zaat, S. A. J., Wijffelman, C. A., Spaink, H. P., van Brussel, A. A. N., Okker, R. J. H., Lugtenberg, B. J. J. 1987. Induction of the nodA promoter of Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL1JI by plant flavanones and flavones. J. Bacteriol. 169:198-204
238. Zdor, R. E., Pueppke, S. G. 1988. Early infection and competition for nodulation of soybean by Bradyrhizobium japonicum 123 and 138. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1996-2002
239. Zdor, R. E., Pueppke, S. G. 1991. Nodulation competitiveness of Tn5-induced mutants of Rhiozbium fredii 208 that are altered in motility and extracellular polysaccharide production. Can. J. Microbiol. 37:52-58