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1
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0020372450
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Thai girls and Farang men: The edge of ambiguity
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International sex tourism in Bangkok has been addressed by
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(1982)
Annls Tourism Res.
, vol.9
, pp. 403-428
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Cohen1
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2
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84908401374
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Lovelorn farangs the correspondence between foreign men and Thai girls
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(1986)
Anthropological Quarterly
, vol.59
, pp. 115-127
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3
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84915969700
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Personal communication, H. P. Phillips, May 1989.
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4
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84915969699
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At least two anthropology doctoral students are currently completing doctoral research on prostitution in Thailand: Cleo Odzer (CUNY), and Mary Beth Mills (UC Berkeley).
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5
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84915969698
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Chiang Mai is the second city of Thailand; it lies some 500 files north of and is directly linked to the capital city Bangkok. Until the end of the 19th century it was independent of Siam (called Thailand since 1932) and pre-eminent in the Lannathai Kingdom that, at different times, extended into Laos and Burma as well as Northern Thailand. This history makes the Northern Region culturally distinct from Central and the rest of Thailand.
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6
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0003571322
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“Reproductive success” among the urban poor: a micro-level study of infant survival and child growth in Northern Thailand
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University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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(1976)
Ph.D. dissertation
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Muecke1
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7
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0006741812
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Thai conjugal family relationships and the Hsu hypothesis
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(1983)
J. Siam. Society
, vol.73
, pp. 25-41
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Muecke1
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8
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84968163177
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Make money not babies Changing status markers of Northern Thai women
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(1984)
Asian Survey
, vol.24
, pp. 459-470
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Muecke1
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9
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33748390036
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The trannational sex-exploitation of Thai women
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Institute of Social Studies, The Hague
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(1983)
M.S. thesis
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Skrobanek1
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14
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84915969697
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The current prevalence of this practice is, however, unstudied. It is rare enough to be reportable in Thai newspapers, but sufficiently routine to be part of street knowledge.
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16
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84915969695
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Krabuan kaanklaai pen mo̧o̧ nuat: ko̧ranii su̵ksaa yingbo̧rikaan nai sathaan bo̧rikaan aab ob nuat
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Faculty of Sociology and Anthropology, Thammasat University, Bangkok
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(1987)
Master's thesis
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Suliman1
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17
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84915969694
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Krabuan kaanklaai pen phanakhngaan aab ob nuat
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Paper presented at Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai
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(1988)
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Sulimon1
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22
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11544309955
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AIDS? What AIDS?
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The Ministry of Public Health recently estimated there are 80,000 prostitutes in the country, but “the police reckon there are at least eight times that number.”
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(1990)
The Economist
, pp. 36
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23
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84915969691
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The focus of this article is limited to female prostitution because of lack of both fieldwork and scholarly data on the history of male prostitution and its relations to Thai values. The contrast in public reaction to female versus male prostitution suggests that traditional codes of morality are highly gendered and more tolerant of the expression of sexuality by males. Male homosexuality and transvertism appear to have deep roots in Thai society, are widely tolerated, and, particularly in commercial and tourist centers, appear increasingly prevalent. But with the exception of tourist magazines that lure gay internationals to male health clubs, male cocktail lounges, and escort services with ‘Thailand's most handsome boys,’ there is a lack of literature, popular or academic, on male prostitutes. Although homosexuality and transvertism both commonly involve behaviors that involve high risk for HIV transmission, they are rarely so addressed in Thailand.
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24
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85027829817
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The role of Thai women in dramatic arts and social development: Problems concerning child prostitution in Thailand: a case study accompanied by a vide o-tape on the lives of child prostitutes
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Chulalongkorn University, Thai Studies Program, Bangkok
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(1984)
Customs and Tradition, the Role of Thai Women
, pp. 2
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Rutnin1
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25
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84908988281
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Nuns, mediums and prostitutes in Chiengmai: a study of some marginal categories of women
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C.W. Watsonp, University of Kent, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Canterbury
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(1983)
Women and Development in Southeast Asia I
, pp. 34
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Khin1
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31
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0007135471
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Prostitution in Thailand
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Monash Papers on southeast Asia, No. 18, Monash University, Clayton, In 1980 Bangkok had 117 massage parlors which means approximately 20,000–25,000 masseuses. However, masseuses form only a minority of women engaged in prostitution. In addition Bangkok had 94 nightclubs and bars, 269 short-term (that is prostitution-oriented) hotels, 123 second-class hotels where prostitutes are commonly available, and 51 tea houses clustered around the Chinatown area. Besides, a number of whore-houses were believed to operate in moderate or high secrecy, either because they provided virgins who were mostly deceived or forced to receive customers, or because the women were high-class and occasional prostitutes.
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(1988)
Development and Displacement: Women in Southeast Asian
, pp. 20
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Hantrakul1
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32
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84953041991
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It has been reported that in December 1989 there were 190 brothels in Chiang Mai, employing some 4000 women.
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(1990)
The Nation
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33
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84915969688
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Prostitution was made illegal in 1960 by the Anti-Prostitution Act as part of Prime Minister Marshall Sarit's drive to cleanse the public image of the country.
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34
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0346797654
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(Originally published London 1884.), White Orchid Press, Bangkok, A Norwegian natural scientist who travelled in what is now Laos and Northern Thailand in the 1880s reported that “princes and officials who can afford to do so have a number of concubines who can be sold or otherwise disposed of when they are tired of them.”
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(1985)
Temples and Elephants
, pp. 186
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Bock1
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36
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84981945805
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Text and context Buddhist sex roles/the culture of gender revisited
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Keyes has argued the contrary.
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(1985)
American Ethnologist
, vol.12
, pp. 302-320
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Kirsch1
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37
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84981890646
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Mother or mistress but never a monk Buddhist notions of female gender in rural Thailand
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Two male American anthropologists have discussed this view. Kirsch has supported it.
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(1984)
American Ethnologist
, vol.11
, pp. 223-241
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Keyes1
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38
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84915969687
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This belief pervades Thai society. For example, essays written by fourth graders in three Chiang Mai public schools for an essay contest I held cited ‘mother’ as the person the child loved the most and explained that this was because of the great suffering she had endured in giving birth to the child.
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40
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0003423999
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The Guilford Press, New York, In dissociation, a person experiences amnesia for self- referential information. The vast majority of dissociative disorders are induced by overwhelming trauma, such as wartime amnesic syndromes, and childhood sexual abuse.
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(1989)
Diagnosis & Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder
, pp. 6-7
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Putnam1
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42
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84915969686
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‘Laundering’ occurs to the extent that merit accumulated through merit-making activities balances out the demerit accrued from acts of prostitution. According to both folk and doctrinal Buddhism, wrong actions such as prostitution can be compensated for but not be erased.
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43
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84915969685
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Meesaa kamsaruan khabuankannu̵;ng nu̵;a khu̵u̵;n thin
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(1985)
Matichon
, vol.8
, pp. 16-17
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Praphot1
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44
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84915998312
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Krabuan kaan khaa ying nai prathet thai
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T. Thajiin, P. Trakunsatjjawat, Social Research Institute (CUSRI), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Almost every article in the Thai media and academic literature that mentions the prior residence of prostitutes cites the Northern Region, particularly the provinces of Chiangrai, Chiang Mai, Phayao, Lamphun and Lampang. Reasons for the geographical specificity are not clear. It has been suggested that the development of communications and rail transportation between Bangkok and Chiang Mai under King Rama V made the export of women from the north possible earlier than in other regions of the country. This author's (MAM) informants usually cited the greater beauty and whiter skin of Northern than other Thai girls, as well as their being more easily influenced (jai o̧o̧n) and more interested in having a good time. Because light skin is so highly valued, darker skinned prostitutes usually do not [[Truncated]], The Problem of Selling Women and Strategies for Solving the Problem
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(1984)
Panhaa Kaan Khaa Ying Lae' Yutthasaat Kaan Kae Panhaa
, pp. 1-33
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Skrobanek1
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45
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84915969684
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The government's AIDS control focus upon female rather than on male prostitutes or on clients seems skewed in light of data that show high prevalence rates among male prostitutes. The Provincial Health Office of Chiang Mai Province reported the following prevalence rates among male and female prostitutes as of December 1990: 23.2% among undisguised females; 8.4% among disguised or ‘hidden’ females (those working in nightclubs, bars, escort services, massage parlors, and the like); and 14.0% among males.
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47
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84928454436
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Sensuality and veniality in Bangkok the dynamics of crosscultural mapping of prostitution
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(1987)
Deviant Behavior
, vol.8
, pp. 223-224
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Cohen1
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49
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84915969682
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Foundation for women
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(In Thai.)
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(1988)
Khamlaa
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51
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84915969680
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Women factory and construction workers generally earn some 700–1500 Baht (U.S. $28–60) a month.
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52
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84915969679
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Soopheenii chaw khaaw phamaa mai mii kamphaeng khaa sawaat baam chaatphan
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(1985)
Matichon
, pp. 17-19
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Aung'at1
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58
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0007135471
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Prostitution in Thailand
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G. Chandler et al., Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, No. 18, Monash University, Clayton, According to the Law of the Three Seals [Kotmaai traa saam duang], a woman did not have the right to file a complaint against a man who molested her, she should let not more than one man ever have access to her sexually, and she should tolerate her husband having other wives.
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(1983)
Development and Displacement: Women in Southeast Asia
, pp. 115-136
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Sukanya1
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59
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84915969677
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Polygamy was made illegal in 1935 as part of King Rama VI's efforts to bring his country in line with western values. Neither it nor prostitution has been curtailed by the laws.
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60
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84915969676
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The principal groups concerned with prostitution as a social problem are headquartered in Bangkok. They include the following (dates indicate year of founding, if known): Centre of Protection of Children's Rights; Child Welfare Association in Thailand; Empower (suun phithaksit ying bo̧rikaan), 1981; Foundation for Women (muuniti phuu ying), 1986; Friends of Women (phu̵;an ying), 1980; The Friedrich Naumann Stiftung Foundation; Women's Information Center (suun khaaw phuu ying); Women Lawyers Association; YMCA. Academics concerned with prostitution as one dimension of Women's Studies tend to be associated with the Universities of Thammasat, Chulalongkorn, Khon Kaen, and Chiang Mai, and the private Payab University in Chiang Mai.
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61
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84915969675
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The Child Welfare Association in Thailand, funded by western nongovernmental organizations, has been active in defining and disseminating child labor and welfare laws.
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64
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0038095964
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The ‘maiden tribute of modern Babylon’ re-examined: child prostitution and the idea of childhood in late-Victorian England
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(1978)
Victorian Stud.
, vol.21
, pp. 353-369
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Gorham1
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66
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84915969674
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Samnakkhaaw prachachon tulaakhom
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(1980)
, pp. 1-2
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67
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84915969673
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Men from the tightly controlling government of Singapore and from the Muslim countries Malaysia and Indonesia find in nearby Thailand a release from stringent codes of sexual decorum.
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69
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84915943860
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The role of Thai women in dramatic arts and social development problems concerning child prostitution in Thailand: a case study accompanied by a video -tape on the lives of child prostitutes
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Chulalongkorn University, Thai Studies Program, Bangkok
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(1984)
Customs and Tradition, the Role of Thai Women
, pp. 8-9
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Mattani Mojdara1
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70
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84915969672
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“The mother of the [15 year old] prostitute who was burnt to death in the Phuket fire after having received 6000 Baht [U.S. $243.] as compensation for the loss of her daughter from the brothel owner, did not wish to make legal case for further claims, even when a lawyer willingly offered his service free of charge, for fear of the Mafia's influence and disapproval of the village headman… It came as no surprise…when the daughter of the village headman directed us to a brothel behind her house under the supervision of her father.” Note 60, p.11.
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74
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84915969671
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Mechai warns of “dead city”
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Speaking to some 1000 members of the business community of one of Thailand's major sex tourism centers, Pattaya, in September 1989, “a panel of prominent doctors…told the audience that one woman can potentially spread the disease to 600 customers.”
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(1989)
Bangkok Post
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75
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84915969670
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Deputy MOPH Minister Suthas Ngernmuen at a press conference, in which he also reported that Ministry projections showed that “about 1500 men will contract the deadly virus, most likely from prostitutes, in the next six months.” 3,000 prostitutes carrying AIDS [sic].
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(1989)
The Nation
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77
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84915969669
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Waugh M. A. and Spicer R. D. Newborn circumcision: A longterm strategy for AIDS prevention. J. R. Soc. Med.83, 4, 278.
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79
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6044260464
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This figure was quoted from Deputy Minister of MOPH, Suthas Ngern-muen. AIDS virus has hit 3000 prostitutes, survey finds.
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(1989)
Bangkok Post
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80
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84915969668
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Khwaam Ruu Ruang Rook AIDS Samrap Prachaachon
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Faculty of Medicine, Chinag Mai University, In June 1990, 72% of prostitutes tested in Chiang Mai were found to be HIV positive.
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(1990)
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Vithayasai1
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81
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84915969667
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Narumon reports prostitutes saying that it's better to give up virginity for money than to a boyfriend who drops you anyway and pays nothing. Note [15].
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84
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84915969665
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There was strong negative sanction against premarital sex in urban Chiang Mai during my fieldwork of 1972–1974. I was told of three instances where even though the ancestral spirits were no longer nourished in the family, when sexual contact between an unmarried daughter and a young man was discovered, the young woman was banished from her parents' home to stay with a relative who lived beyond the range of neighborhood gossip, for up to 3 months, a period said to be long enough to allow neighbours to forget, but (coincidentally?) long enough to assess pregnancy status. The single woman were held responsible for the breach of ethic, and the offending young men were not even reprimanded.
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85
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0040537972
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Matrilineal descent groups and spirit cults of the Thai-Yuan in Northern Thailand
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(1972)
J. Siam Society
, vol.60
, pp. 232
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Turton1
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