Trends in the Development of Bioresorbable Polymers for Medical Applications

Journal of Biomaterials Applications

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1992, Pages 216-250

  Pulapura, Satish ^a   Kohn, Joachim ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING--SURGICAL IMPLANTS; CELLULOSE; COLLAGEN; POLYCARBONATES; POLYESTERS;

MICROBIAL POLYESTERS; ORTHOPEDIC POLYMERIC IMPLANTS; POLYCAPROLACTONE; POLYDIOXANONE; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; POLYLACTIC ACID;

BIOMATERIALS;

BIOMATERIAL; POLYMER;

ABSORPTION; BIODEGRADATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; HUMAN; ORTHOPEDIC EQUIPMENT; PROSTHESES AND ORTHOSES; REVIEW;

ABSORPTION; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; BIODEGRADATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; HUMAN; ORTHOPEDIC EQUIPMENT; POLYMERS; PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0026611828     PISSN: 08853282     EISSN: 15308022     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/088532829200600303     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Lyman, D.J. 1983. “Polymers in Medicine-An Overview,” in Polymers in Medicine. Biomedical and Pharmacological Applications, E. Chiellini and P. Giusti, eds., New York: Plenum Press, pp. 215-218.
2. Frommelt, H. 1987. Polymers for Medical Applications; Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp, 12: 281-301.
3. Silver, F.H. and C.J. Doillon. 1989. Biocompatibility: Interactions of Biological and Implantable Materials, Vol. 1, New York: VCH Publishers, Inc.
4. Wu, S., C.P.A.T. Klein, H.B.M. van der Lubbe, K. de Groot and A. van den Hooff. 1990. “Histological Evaluation of Biocompatible Orthopaedic Polymer,” Biomaterials, 11: 491-494.
5. Langer, R. 1990. “Novel Drug Delivery Systems” Chemistry in Britain, 26(3):232-236.
6. Kambic, H.E., S. Murabayashi and Y. Nose. 1986. “Biomaterials in Artificial Organs,” C&E News, (April 14):31-48.
7. Langer, R. 1990. New Methods of Drug Delivery; Science, (September 28):1527-1533.
8. King, S.B. 1989. Vascular Stents and Atherosclerosis; Circulation, 79(2):460-462.
9. Kreamer, J.W. Intraluminal Graft; U.S. Patent 4,740,207, issued 1988.
10. Hench, L.L. and E.C. Ethridge. 1982. “Biomaterials-An Interfacial Approach,” in Biophysics and Bioengineering Series, A. Noordergraaf, ed., New York: Academic Press.
11. Törmälä, P., J. Vasenius, S. Vainionpää, J. Laiho, T. Pohjonen and P. Rokkanen. 1991. Ultrahigh Strength Absorbable Self Reinforced Polyglycolide (SR-PGA) Composite Rods for Internal Fixation of Bone Fractures: In vitro and in vivo Study; J. Biomed. Mater. Res.; 25: 1-22.
12. Engelberg, I. and J. Kohn. 1991. “Physico-Mechanical Properties of Degradable Polymers Used in Medical Applications: A Comparative Study,” Biomaterials, 12: 292-304.
13. Kulkarni, R.K., K.C. Pani, C. Neuman and F. Leonard. 1966. “Polylactic Acid for Surgical Implants,” Arch. Surg, 93: 839-843.
14. Kulkarni, R.K., E.G. Moore, A.F. Hegyeli and F. Leonard. 1971. “Biode. gradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Pblymers;” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 5: 169-181.
15. Cutright, D.E., E.E. Hunsuck and J.D. Beasley. 1971. “Fracture Reduction Using a Biodegradable Material, Polylactic Acid;” J Oral Surg., 29: 393-397.
16. Cutright, D.E. and E.E. Hunsuck. 1972. “The Repair of Fractures of the Orbital Floor Using Biodegradable Polylactic Acid,” Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 33: 28-34.
17. Vert, M., P. Christel, F. Chabot and J. Leray 1984. “Bioresorbable Plastic Materials for Bone Surgery,” in Macromolecular Biomaterials, G.W. Hastings and P. Ducheyne, eds., Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc., pp. 119-142.
18. Doddi, N., C.C. Versfelt and D. Wasserman. “Synthetic Absorbable Surgical Devices of Poly-Dioxanone,” U.S. Patent 4,052,988, issued 1977.
19. Ray, J.A., N. Doddi, D. Regula, J.A. Williams and A. Melveger. 1981. Polydioxanone (PDS), A Novel Monofilament Synthetic Absorbable Suture; Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 153: 497-507.
20. Hay, D.L., J.A. von Fraunhofer, N. Chegini and B.J. Masterson. 1988. “Locking Mechanism Strength of Absorbable Ligating Devices,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 22: 179-190.
21. Mäkelä, E.A., S. Vainionpää, K. Vihtonen, M. Mero, P. Helevirta, P. Törmälä and P. Rokkanen. 1989. “The Effect of a Penetrating Biodegradable Implant on the Growth Plate; An Experimental Study on Growing Rabbits with Special Reference to Polydioxanone,” Clin. Orthopaed. (United States), 241: 300-308.
22. Daniels, A.U., M.K.O. Chang, K.P. Andriano and J. Heller. 1990. “Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Polymers and Composites Proposed for Internal Fixation of Bone,” J. Appl. Biomaterials, 1: 57-78.
23. Törmälä, P., P. Rokkanen, J. Laiho and M. Tamminmäki. “Material for Osteosynthesis Devices,” Finnish Patent 85/1828, filed 1985.
24. Vainionpää, S., J. Kilpikari; J. Laiho, P. Helevirta, P. Rokkanen and P. Törmälä. 1987. “ Strength and Strength Retention in vitro, of Absorbable, Self-Reinforced Polyglycolide (PGA) Rods for Fracture Fixation,” Biomaterials, 8: 46-48.
25. Lob, G., T. Metzger, H. Hertlein and G.O. Hofmann. 1990. “Biodegradable Implants in Traumatology-A Review on the State-of-the-Art,” in 18th World Congress of the Societe Internationale de Chirurgie Orthopedique et de Traumatologie (SICOT), Montreal, Canada, p. 190.
26. Böstman, O.M. 1991. “Absorbable Implants for the Fixation of Fractures,” J. Bone Joint Surg., 73(1):148-153.
27. Kohn, J. 1990. “Pseudo-Poly(Amino Acids),” in Biodegradable Plolymers in Drug Delivery Systems, R. Langer and M. Chasin, eds., New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 195-229.
28. Kohn, J. and R. Langer. 1986. “Poly(Iminocarbonates) as Potential New Biomaterials,” Biomaterials, 7: 176-181.
29. Schnell, H. 1964. Chemistry and Physics of Polycarboizates, New York: Interscience Publishers.
30. 1981-82. Registry of 7bxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Washington, DC: National Institute of Safety and Occupational Health, p. 70.
31. Kohn, J., S.M. Niemi, E.C. Albert, J.C. Murphy, R. Langer and J.G. Fox. 1986. “Single-Step Immunization Using a Controlled Release, Biodegradable Polymer with Sustained Adjuvant Activity,” J. Immunol. Meth., 95: 31-38.
32. Li, C. and J. Kohn. 1989. “Synthesis of Poly(Iminocarbonates): Degradable Polymers with Potential Applications as Disposable Plastics and as Biomaterials,” Macromolecules, 22(5):2029-2036.
33. Pulapura, S. and J. Kohn. In press. “Tyrosine Derived Polycarbonates: Backbone Modified, “Pseudo”-Poly(Amino Acids) Designed for Biomedical Applications,” Biopolymers.
34. Pulapura, S., C. Li and J. Kohn. 1990. “Structure-Property Relationships for the Design of Polyiminocarbonates,” Biomaterials, 11: 666-678.
35. Silver, F.H., M. Marks, Y.P. Kato, C. Li, S. Pulapura and J. Kohn. In press. “Tissue Compatibility of Tyrosine Derived Polycarbonates and Polyiminocarbonates: An Initial Evaluation,” J. Long-Term Effects Med. Implants.
36. Lin, S., S. Krebs and J. Kohn. 1991. “Characterization of a New, Degradable Polycarbonate,” in The 17th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biomaterials, Scattsdale, AZ, p. 187.
37. Sparer, R.V., C. Shih, C.D. Ringeisen and K.J. Himmelstein. 1984. “Controlled Release from Erodible Poly(Ortho Ester) Drug Delivery Systems,” J. Control. Rel., 1: 23-32.
38. Andriano, K.P., A.U. Daniels and J. Heller. “Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of a Totally Absorbable Composite Material for Orthopedic Fixation Devices,” manuscript submitted.
39. Pachence, J.M., R.A. Berg and F.H. Silver. 1987. “Collagen: Its Place in the Medical Device Industry,” Med. Dev. Diagn. Ind., 9(1):49-55.
40. Alvarez, O.M. and D.G. Biozes. 1984. “Cultured Epidermal Autografts,” Clin. Dermatol., 2: 54-67.
41. Eisinger, M. 1985. “Regeneration of Epidermis by Cells Grown in Tissue Culture,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 12: 402-408.
42. Chibata, I. and T. Tosa. 1980. “Immobilized Microbial Cells and Their Applications,” Trends Biochem. Sci., 5: 88-90.
43. Klein, A.W. 1983. “Implantation Techniques for Injectable Collagen,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 9: 224-228.
44. Peacock, E.E., H.F. Seigler and P.W. Biggers. 1965. “Use of Tanned Collagen Sponges in the Treatment of Liver Injuries,” Ann. Surg., 161: 238-247.
45. Hollen-Allen, R.T.J. 1984. Porcine Dermal Collagen Implants in Man; J. Royal Col. Surg. Edin., 29: 151-153.
46. Kaisary, A.V., R.J. Luck and J.E. Pendower. 1984. “Use of Collagen Implant for Posterior Rectopexy in Complete Rectal Prolapse: Preliminary Communication,” J. Royal Soc. Med., 77: 201-203.
47. Shakespeare, P.G. and R.W. Griffiths. 1980. “Dermal Collagen Implants in Man,” Lancet, 1: 795-796.
48. Doillon, C.J. 1988. “Porous Collagen Sponge Wound Dressings: In vivo and in vitro Studies,” J. Biamater. Appl., 2: 562-578.
49. Leipziger, L.S., V. Glushko, B. DiBernardo, F. Shafaie, J. Noble, J. Nichols and O.M. Alvarez. 1985. “Dermal Wound Repair: Role of Collagen Matrix Implants and Synthetic Polymer Dressings,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 12: 409-419.
50. Chandy, T. and C.P. Sharma. 1990. “Chitosan-As, a Biomaterial,” Biomat., Art. Cells, Art Org., 18(1):1-24.
51. Muzzarelli, R., G. Biagini, A. Pugnaloni, O. Filippini, V. Baldassarre, C. Castaldini and C. Rizzoli. 1989. “Reconstruction of Paradontal Tissue with Chitosan,” Biomaterials, 10: 598-603.
52. Kiffune, K., Y. Yamaguchi and S. Kishimito. 1988. “Wound Healing Effect of Chitin Surgical Dressings,” Trans. Soc. Biomat., 11: 216.
53. Ouchi, T. and T. Banba. 1988. “Fixation of 5-Fluorouracil to Chitosan and its Anti-Tumor Activity,” Trans. Soc. Biomat., 11: 232.
54. Aubert, N., M. Mauzac and J. Jozefonvicz. 1987. “Anticoagulant Hydrogels Derived from Crosslinked Dextran. Part 1: Synthesis, Characterization and Antithrombic Activity,” Biomaterials, 8: 24-29.
55. Heller, J., S.H. Pangburn and K.V. Roskos. 1990. Development of Enzymatically Degradable Protective Coatings for Use in Triggered Drug Delivery Systems: Derivatized Starch Hydrogels; Biomaterials, 11: 345-351.
56. Miyamoto, T., S. Takahashi, H. Ito, H. Inagaki and Y. Noishiki. 1989. Tissue Biocompatibility of Cellulose and Its Derivatives; J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23: 125-133.
57. Beyger, J.W. and J.G. Nairn. 1986. “Some Factors Affecting the Microencapsulation of Pharmaceuticals with Cellulose Acetate Phthalate,” J. Pharm. Sci., 75(6):573-578.
58. Devi, K.S., T.J.M. Sinha and P. Vasudevan. 1986. Biosoluble Surgical Material from 2,3-Dialdehyde Cellulose; Biomaterials, 7: 193-196.
59. Ito, H., T. Miyamoto, H. Inagaki, Y. Noishiki, H. Iwata and T. Matsuda. 1986. In vitro and in vivo Blood Compatibility of Polyelectrolyte Complexes Formed between Cellulose Derivatives; J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 32: 3413-3421.
60. Ellis, H. 1982. The Causes and Prevention of Intestinal Adhesions; Brit. J. Surg., 69: 241-243.
61. Soules, M.R., L. Dennis, A. Bosarge and D.E. Moore. 1982. “The Prevention of Postoperative Pelvic Adhesions: An Animal Study Comparing Barrier Methods with Dextran 70,” Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 143: 829-834.
62. Holtz, G. 1980. “Prevention of Postoperative Adhesions,” J. Reprod. Med., 24: 141-146.
63. Grainger, D.A., W.R. Meyer, A.H. DeCherney and M.P. Diamond. 1991. “ The Use of Hyaluronic Acid Polymers to Reduce Postoperative Adhesions,” J. Gynecol. Surg, 7(2):97-101.
64. Weiss, C., H.J. Levy, J. Denlinger, J.M. Suros and H.E. Weiss. 1986. “The Role of Na-Hylan in Reducing Postsurgical Tendon Adhesions,” Bull. Hosp. Joint Dis. Orthop. Instit., 47: 9-15.
65. Diamond, M.P., C.B. Linsky, T. Cunningham, B. Constantine, G.S. diZerega and A.H. DeCherney. 1987. “A Model for Sidewall Adhesions in the Rabbit: Reduction by an Absorbable Barrier,” Microsurgery, 8: 197-200.
66. Linsky, C.B., M.P. Diamond, T. Cunningham, B. Constantine, A.H. DeCherney and G. diZerega. 1987. “Adhesion Reduction in the Rabbit Uterine Horn Model Using an Absorbable Barrier-TC7,” J. Reprod. Med., 32: 17-20.
67. INTERCEED (TC7) Adhesion Barrier Study Group. 1989. Prevention of Postsurgical Adhesions by INTERCEED (TC7), an Absorbable Adhesion Barrier: A Prospective, Randomized Multicenter Clinical Study; Fertil. and Steril., 51: 933-938.
68. Meislin, R.J., D.M. Wiscman, H. Alexander, T. Sunningham, C. Linsky, C. Carlstedt, M. Pitman and R. Casar. 1990. A Biomechanical Study of Tendon Adhesion Reduction Using a Biodegradable Barrier in a Rabbit Model; J. of Appl. Biomat., 1: 13-19.
69. Manske, P.R., G.T. Jones and D. Wiseman. 1990. “Comment on 'A Biomechanical Study of Tendon Adhesion Reduction Using a Biodegradable Barrier in a Rabbit Model',” J. Appl. Biomat., 1: 255.
70. Miller, N.D. and D.F. Williams. 1987. On the Biodegradation of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) Homopolymer and Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate-Hydroxyvalerate Copolymers; Biomaterials, 8: 129-137.
71. Holmes, P.A. 1985. “Applications of PHB-A Microbially Produced Biodegradable Thermoplastic,” Phys. Technol., 16: 32-36.
72. Dawes, E.A. and P.J. Senior. 1973. “The Role and Regulation of Energy Reserve Polymers in Microorganisms,” Adv. Microb. Physiol., 10: 135-266.
73. Williamson, D.H. and J.F. Wilkinson. 1958. The Isolation and Estimation of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Inclusions of Bacillus Species; J. Gen. Microbiol., 19: 198-209.
74. Senior, P.J., G.A. Beech, G.A. Ritchie and E.A. Dawes. 1972. The Role of Oxygen Limitation in the Formation of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate during Batch and Continuous Culture of Azotobacter Beijerinckii; Biochem. J., 128: 1193-1201.
75. Holland, S.J., A.M. Jolly, M. Yasin and B.J. Tighe. 1987. “Polymers for Biodegradable Medical Devices II. Hydroxybutyrate- Hydroxyvalerate Copolymers: Hydrolytic Degradation Studies,” Biomaterials, 8: 289-295.
76. Doi, Y., Y. Kanesawa, M. Kunioka and T. Saito. 1990. “Biodegradation of Microbial Copolyesters: Poly(3-Hydroxyhutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) and Pbly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-4-Hydroxyvalerate) ” Macromolecules, 23: 26-31.
77. Yasin, M., S.J. Holland, A.M. Jolly and B.J. Tighe. 1989. Polymers for Biodegradable Medical Devices VI. Hydroxybutyrate-Hydroxyvalerate Copolymers: Accelerated Degradation of Blends with Polysaccharides; Biomaterials, 10: 400-412.
78. Barham, P.J., A. Keller, E.L. Otun and P.A. Holmes. 1984. “Crystallization and Morphology of a Bacterial Thermoplastic: Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate,” J. Mater. Sci., 19: 2781-2794.
79. Frazza, E.J. and E.E. Schmitt. 1971. A New Absorbable Suture; J. Biomed Mater. Res., 1: 43-58.
80. Reed, A.M. and D.K. Gilding. 1981. “Biodegradable Polymers for Use in Surgery-Poly(GlycolicyPoly(Lactic Acid) Homo- and Copolymers: 2. In vitro Degradation,” Polymer, 22: 494-498.
81. Gilding, D.K. and A.M. Reed. 1979. “Biodegradable Polymers for Use in Surgery-Poly(Glycolic)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Homo- and Copolymers: 1.” Polymer, 20: 1459-1464.
82. Wasserman, D. and C.C. Versfeit. “Use of Stannous Octoate Catalyst in the Manufacture of L(-)Lactide-Glycolide Copolymer Sutures,” U.S. Patent 3,839,297, issued 1975.
83. Christel, P., F. Chabot, J.L. Leray, C. Morin and M. Vert. 1982. Biodegradable Composites for Internal Fixation; in Advances in Biomaterials (Vol. 3), G.D. Winter, D.F. Gibbon and H. Plenk, eds., New York: Wiley & Sons, pp. 271-280.
84. Leenslag, J.W., A.J. Pennings, R.R. Bos, F.R. Rozema and G. Boering. 1987. Resorbable Materials of Poly(L-Lactide). VI. Plates and Screws for Internal Fracture Fixation; Biomaterials, 8: 70-73.
85. Lewis, D.H. 1990. “Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents from Lactide/Glycolide Polymers,” in Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems, M. Chasin and R. Langer, eds., New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 1-41.
86. Pennings, A.J., K.E. Knol, H.J. Hoppen, J.W. Leenslag and B. van der Lei. 1990. “A Two-Ply Artificial Blood Vessel of Polyurethane and Poly(L-Lactide),” Colloid Polym. Sci., 268: 2-11.
87. Nakamura, T., T. Shimamoto, S. Watanabe, Y. Shimizu, S-H. Hyon and Y. Ikada. 1988. “On the Application of in vivo Decomposable Polymers in Thorax Surgery,” Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp, 19: 201-208.
88. van Natta, F.J., J.W. Hill and W.H. Carothers. 1934. “Studies of Polymerization and Ring Formation. XXIII. e-Caprolactone and Its Polymers,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56: 455-457.
89. Huang, S. 1985. “Biodegradable Polymers,” in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Volume 2, F.H. Mark, N.M. Bikales, C.G. Overberger, G. Menges and J.I. Kroshwitz, eds., New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 220-243.
90. Pitt, C.G. 1990. Poly-e-Caprolactone and Its Copolymers; in Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems, M. Chasin and R. Langer, eds., New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 71-120.
91. Pitt, C.G., F.I. Chasalow, Y.M. Hibionada, D.M. Klimas and A. Schindler. 1981. “Aliphatic Polyesters. 1. The Degradation of e-Caprolactone in vivo,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26: 3779-3787.
92. Koleske, J.V. 1978. “Blends Containing Poly(e-Caprolactone) and Related Polymers,” in Polymer Blends, Volume 2, D.R. Paul and S. Newman, eds., New York: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 369-389.
93. Pitt, C.G., M.M. Gratzl, A.R. Jeffcoat, R. Zweidinger and A. Schindler. 1979. “Sustained Drug Delivery Systems II: Factors Affecting Release Rates from Poly(e-Caprolactone) and Related Biodegradable Polyesters,” J. Pharm. Sci., 68(12):1534-1538.
94. Heller, J., R.V. Sparer and G.M. Zentner. 1990. “Poly(Ortho Esters),” in Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems, M. Chasin and R. Langer, eds., New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 121-162.
95. Heller, J. 1988. “Synthesis and Use of Poly(Ortho Esters) for the Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Agents,” J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 3(2):97-105.
96. Heller, J., D.W.H. Penhale, R.F. Helwing and B.K. Fritzinger. 1983. “Controlled Release of Norethindrone from Poly(Ortho Esters),” in Controlled Release Delivery Systems, T.J. Roseman and S.Z. Mansdorf, eds., New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 91-105.
97. Heller, J., B.K. Fritzinger, S.Y. Ng and D.W.H. Penhale. 1985. “In vitro and in vivo Release of Levonorgestrel from Poly(Ortho Esters)-I. Linear Polymers,” J. Control. Rel., 1: 225-232.
98. Heller, J., S.Y. Ng, D.W.H. Penhale, B.K. Fritzinger, L.M. Sanders, R.A. Bruns, M.G. Gaynon and S.S. Bhosale. 1987. “Use of Poly(Ortho Esters) for the Controlled Release of 5-Fluorouracil and a LH-RH Analog,” J. Control. Rel., 6: 217-224.
99. Cho, N.S. and J. Heller. U.S. Patent 4,079,038, issued 1978.
100. Heller, J., D.W.H. Penhale and R.F. Helwing. 1980. “Preparation of Poly-(Ortho Esters) by the Reaction of Diketene Acetals and Polyols,” J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Lett. Ed.), 18: 619-624.
101. Heller, J. 1985. “Controlled Drug Release from Poly(Ortho Esters)-A Surface Eroding Polymer,” J. Control. Rel., 2: 167-177.
102. Heller, J., D.W.H. Penhale, R.F. Helwing and B.K. Fritzinger. 1981. “Release of Norethindrone from Poly(Ortho Esters),” Polym. Eng. Sci., 21(11):727-731.
103. Heller, J., D.W.H. Penhale, B.K. Fritzinger and J.E. Rose. 1983. Synthesis and Release of Contraceptive Steroids from Bioerodible Poly(Ortho Ester)s; in Polymers in Medicine. Biomedical and Pharmacological Applications, E. Chiellini and P. Giusti, eds., New York: Plenum Press, pp. 169-178.
104. Hill, J.W. and W.H. Carothers. 1932. “Studies of Polymerizations and Ring Formations (XIV): A Linear Superpolyanhydride and a Cyclic Dimeric Anhydride from Sebacic Acid,” J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 54: 1569-1579.
105. Conix, A. 1958. “Aromatic Polyanhydrides, a New Class of High Melting Fibre-Forming Polymers,” J. Polym. Sci., 29: 343-353.
106. Rosen, H.R., J. Chang, G.E. Wnek, R.J. Linhardt and R. Langer. 1983. Bioerodible Polyanhydrides for Controlled Drug Delivery; Biomaterials, 4: 131-133.
107. Domb, A.J., C.F. Gallardo and R. Langer. 1989. Poly(Anhydrides). 3. Poly(Anhydrides) Based on Aliphatic-Aromatic Diacids; Macromolecules, 22: 3200-3204.
108. Domb, A.J. and R. Langer. 1987. “Polyanhydrides. 1. Preparation of High Molecular Weight Polyanhydrides,” J. Polym. Sci.: Part A: Polym. Chem., 25: 3373-3386.
109. Domb, A., E. Ron and R. Langer. 1988. “Poly(Anhydrides). 2. One-Step Polymerization Using Phosgene or Diphosgene as Coupling Agents,” Macromolecules, 21: 1925-1929.
110. Leong, K.W., P.D. D'amore, M. Marletta and R. Langer. 1986. “Bio. erodible Polyanhydrides as Drug-Carrier Matrices. II: Biocompatibility and Chemical Reactivity,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 20: 51-64.
111. Laurencin, C., A. Domb, C. Morris, V. Brown, M. Chasin, R. McConnel, N. Lange and R. Langer. 1990. “Poly(Anhydride) Administration in High Doses in vivo: Studies of Biocompatibility and Toxicology,” J Biomed. Mater. Res., 24: 1463-1481.
112. Mathiowitz, E., W.M. Saltzman, A. Domb, P. Dor and R. Langer. 1988. “Polyanhydride Microspheres as Drug Carriers. II. Microencapsulation by Solvent Removal,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 35: 755-774.
113. Chasin, M., A. Domb, E. Ron, E. Mathiowitz, R. Langer, K. Leong, C. Laurencin, H. Brem and S. Grossman. 1990. Polyanhydrides as Drug Delivery Systems; in Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems, M. Chasin and R. Langer, eds., New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 43-70.
114. Howard, M.A., A. Gross, M.S. Grady, R. Winn and M.R. Mayberg. 1988. “Regional Polymeric Drug Delivery in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease,” Surg. Forum, 39: 486-488.
115. Langer, R., L.G. Cima, J.A. Tamada and E. Wintermantel. 1990. “Future Directions in Biomaterials,” Biomaterials, 11: 738-745.
116. Anderson, J.M., K.L. Spilizewski and A. Hiltner. 1985. “Poly-α Amino Acids as Biomedical Polymers,” in Biocompatibility of Tissue Analogs, Volume 1, D.F. Williams, ed., Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc., pp. 67-88.
117. Bamford, C.H., A. Elliot and W.E. Hanby. 1956. “Synthetic Polypeptides. Preparation, Structure and Properties” in Physical Chemistry-A Series of Monographs, Vol. 5, E. Hutchinson, ed., New York: Academic Press Inc.
118. Spira, M., J. Fissette, C.W. Hall, S.B. Hardy and F.J. Gerow. 1969. “Evaluation of Synthetic Fabrics as Artificial Skin Grafts to Experimental Burn Wounds,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 3: 213-234.
119. McCormickThomson, L.A. and R. Duncan. 1989. “Poly(Amino Acid) Copolymers as a Potential Soluble Drug Delivery System. 1. Pinocytic Uptake and Lysosomal Degradation Measured in vitro,” J. Bioact. Biocompat. Polym., 4: 242-251.
120. Aiba, S., N. Minoura, Y. Fujiwara, S. Yamada and T. Nakagawa. 1985. “Laminates Composed of Polypeptides and Elastomers as a Burn Wound Covering. Physicochemical Properties,” Biomaterials, 6: 290-296.
121. Mitra, S., M. van Dress, J.M. Anderson, R.V. Peterson, D. Gregonis and J. Feijen. 1979. “Pro-Drug Controlled Release from Poly(Glutamic Acid),” Polymer Preprints, 20: 32-35.
122. Campbell, P., G.I. Glover and J.M. Gunn. 1980. “Inhibition of Intracellular Protein Degradation by Pepstatin, Poly(L-Lysine) and Pepstatinyl-Poly(L-Lysine),” Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 203: 676-680.
123. van Heeswijk, W.A.R., C.J.T. Hoes, T. Stoffer, M.J.D. Eenink, W. Pot-man and J. Feijen. 1985. “The Synthesis and Characterization of Polypeptide-Adriamycin Conjugates and Its Complexes with Adriamycin. Part 1,” J. Control. Rel., 1: 301-315.
124. Sidman, K.R., A.D. Schwope, W.D. Steber, S.E. Rudolph and S.B. Paulin. 1980. “Biodegradable Implantable Sustained Release Systems Based on Glutamic Acid Copolymers,” J. Membr. Sci., 7: 277-291.
125. Kohn, J. and R. Langer. 1984. “A New Approach to the Development of Bioerodible Polymers for Controlled Release Applications Employing Naturally Occurring Amino Acids,” in Proceedings of the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials, Science and Engineering, Volume 51, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, pp. 119-121.
126. Lescure, F., R. Gurny, E. Doelker, M.L. Pelaprat, D. Bichon and J.M. Anderson. 1989. “Acute Histopathological Response to a New Biodegradable Polypeptidic Polymer for Implantable Drug Delivery System,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23: 1299-1313.
127. Kohn, J. and R. Langer. 1987. “Polymerization Reactions Involving the Side Chains of α-L-Amino Acids,” J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 109: 817-820.
128. Spatola, A.F. 1983. “Peptide Backbone Modifications: A Structure-Activity Analysis of Peptides Containing Amide Bond Surrogates, Conformational Constraints and Related Backbone Replacements,” in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, B. Weinstein, ed., New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 267-357.
129. Kohn, J. and R. Langer. 1985. “Non-Peptide Poly(Amino Acids) for Biodegradable Drug Delivery Systems,” in 12th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials, Geneva, Switzerland, N.A. Peppas and R.J. Haluska, eds., Lincolnshire, IL: Controlled Release Society, pp. 51-52.
130. Yu, H., J. Lin and R. Langer. 1987. “Preparation of Hydroxyproline Polyesters,” in 14th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials, Toronto, Canada, P.I. Lee and B.A. Leonhardt, eds., Lincolnshire, IL: Controlled Release Society, pp. 109-110.
131. Yu, H. 1988. “Pseudopoly(Amino Acids): A Study of the Synthesis and Characterization of Polyesters Made from α-L-Amino Acids,” Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
132. Yu-Kwon, H. and R. Langer. 1989. Pseudopoly(Amino Acids): A Study of the Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Trans-4-Hydroxy-N-Acyl-L-Proline Esters); Macromolecules, 22: 3250-3255.
133. Zhou, Q.-X. and J. Kohn. 1990. “Preparation of Poly(L-Serine Ester): A Structural Analogue of Conventional Poly(L-Serine),” Macromolecules, 23: 3399-3406.