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2
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0026460813
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The phrase “small earthquakes” is used here to mean earthquakes with source radius less than one-half of the fault width; the fault width is typically 15 to 20 km in continental crust but can be 50 to 100 km in the case of major subduction zones. In terms of moment magnitude M (13), this corresponds to M ≤ 6.5 for the continental crust and M ≲ 7.5 for major subduction zones. Consistent with (5), a large earthquake will mean M ≳ 7.5.
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(1992)
Geophys. Res. Lett
, vol.19
, pp. 481
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Romanowicz, B.1
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21
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0002126364
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Seismic moment is the product of the average fault slip ū over the faulted area A times the shear modulus μ of the source region, Mo = μūA. This fundamental measure of source strength is a development more recent than Eqs. 2a and 2b, as originally formulated
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(1966)
Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst
, vol.44
, pp. 73
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Aki, K.1
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24
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85027790267
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Hanks [in (9)] derived Eq. 4a for small earthquakes (b = 1) from Eqs. 1a, 2a, and 3, although Kanamori and Anderson [in (9)], by assuming that N would scale as reciprocal faulting area (Eqs. 4a and 4b), showed that b should be equal to 1 with respect to Ms. Similarly assuming the validity of Eq. 4b, used Eqs. 1a, 1b, 2b, and 3 to derive b=1.5 for large earthquakes, which has been recently confirmed observationally (5)
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(1989)
J. Geophys. Res
, vol.94
, pp. 12377
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Rundle, J.B.1
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25
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77950806371
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Other studies that have developed Eqs. 1 through 4 to serve one purpose or another include
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(1979)
J. Geophys. Res
, vol.84
, pp. 2235
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Hanks, T.C.1
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30
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0026048897
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Readers who execute the algebra to reach Eq. 4b will note that N, ΔN ~ (lw)-1 w-1. Because w is customarily taken as a constant, this large-earthquake scaling reduces in fact to reciprocal fault-length scaling
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(1991)
J. Geophys. Res
, vol.96
, pp. 6291
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Frankel, A.1
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35
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0000667897
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Equations 1 through 4 speak to quasistatic, spatial heterogeneity with respect to earthquake occurrence. The dynamic faulting process that accompanies crustal earthquakes large and small is built from dynamic, temporal heterogeneities that are comparably well behaved
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(1981)
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am
, vol.71
, pp. 2071
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Hanks, T.C.1
McGuire, R.K.2
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40
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0000111280
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Whether f max arises from source or site, however, has not yet been decided. Aki (3) has championed the source-effect explanation; I am inclined to the influence of recording-site phenomena
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(1982)
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am
, vol.72
, pp. 1867
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Hanks, T.C.1
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