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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1991, Pages 557-588
What is a virus? The case of tobacco mosaic disease
Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]
Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; MICROBIOLOGY;
EID: 0026403531     PISSN: 00393681     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0039-3681(91)90034-P     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)
References (210)
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    • In 1932, Thomas Rivers concluded that filterable viruses were “usually characterized by three negative properties, namely, invisibility by ordinary microscopic methods, failure to be retained by filters impervious to well-known bacteria, and inability to propagate themselves in the absence of susceptible cell.” See T. M. Rivers, ‘The Nature of Viruses’, Physiological Reviews12 (1932), 423–452, p. 423; A. P. Waterson, op. cit., note 1, p. 78. It is to be noted that these properties of the viruses are negative with respect to the paradigm of bacteriology; infectivity of an ultrafiltrate is in itself a positive characteristic.
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    • The articles of Mayer (1886), Ivanovski (1892), Beijerinck (1898) and Baur (1904) on tobacco mosaic disease and variegation (vide infra) are inclu ded in English in, Cayuga Press, Ithaca, N.Y
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    • Excerpts of the articles of Mayer (1886), Beijerinck (1898), Holmes (1929), Stanley (1935), Fraenkel-Conrat and Williams (1955) and Gierer and Schramm (1956) on tobacco mosaic disease and virus (vide infra) are reprinted in English with comments in, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
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    • The Development of the Virus Concept as Reflected in Corpora of Studies on Individual Pathogens: 3. Lessons of the Plant Viruses: Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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    • To me, a reason seems to be that in the second phase of Beijerinck's scientific career “the plate culture was his proper field of operations.”, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Hence it may be that the very impossibility of cultivating TMV in artificial media made further experimentation infeasible for him.
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    • Ivanovski referred to, This paper was presented on 12 February 1892 to the scientific academy of St. Petersburg but was only published in 1894. Based on the differences in interpretation that Beijerinck and Ivanovski gave to the nature of tobacco mosaic virus, Thomas Rivers and Louis Kunkel differed on who was the real founder of virus research. Kunkel gave priority to Ivanovski while Rivers reserved this honour for Beijerinck.
    • (1894) Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg , vol.3 , Issue.35 , pp. 67-70
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    • Under the influence of thrombin, proserozyme was transformed into serozyme, which, together with cytozyme, combined to form thrombin, which in turn caused the clotting of blood.
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    • Introduction
    • cited in, M.K. Corbett, H.D. Sisler, University of Florida Press, Gainesville
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    • Studies on the Nature of the Virus of Tobacco Mosaic
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    • Das Virus der Hühnerpest ein Globulin
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    • Effects of Various Salts, Acids, Germicides, etc. upon the Infectivity of the Virus Causing the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco
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    • Das Virus der Hühnerpest ein Globulin
    • Abt. I, Orig.
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    • Mrowka1
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    • Das Virus der Hühnerpest ein Globulin
    • respectively
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    • Precipitation of the Virus of Tobacco Mosaic
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    • Mosaic Disease of Tobacco I Progress in Freeing the Virus of Accompanying Solids
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    • Possible Chemical Nature of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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    • Isolation of a Crystalline Protein Possessing the Properties of Tobacco-Mosaic Virus
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    • Stanley1
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    • W.M. Stanley's Crystallization of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, 1930–1940
    • See
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    • Kay1
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    • Plant Virus Research at Cambridge
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    • Smith1
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    • Plant Virus Research at Cambridge
    • (1948) Nature , vol.161 , pp. 777
    • Smith1
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    • W.M. Stanley's Crystallization of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, 1930–1940
    • For a further discussion on the institutional context see also
    • (1986) Isis , vol.77 , pp. 450-472
    • Kay1
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    • Isolation of a Crystalline Protein from Pancreas and its Conversion into a New Crystalline Proteolytic Enzyme by Trypsin
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    • Kunitz1    Northrop2
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    • The Isolation of Crystalline Trypsinogen and its Conversion into Crystalline Trypsin
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    • Herriott1    Northrop2
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    • Chemical Nature and Mode of Formation of Pepsin, Trypsin and Bacteriophage
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    • W.M. Stanley's Crystallization of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, 1930–1940
    • esp. note 28
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    • T. van Helvoort, ‘Reproduction at the Edge of Life: Multiplication or Synthesis?’, submitted for publication.
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    • Chemical Studies on the Virus of Tobacco Mosaic: VI. The Isolation from Diseased Turkish Tobacco Plants of a Crystalline Protein Possessing the Proper ties of Tobacco-Mosaic Virus
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    • Isolation of a Crystalline Protein Possessing the Properties of Tobacco-Mosaic Virus
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    • Stanley1
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    • The Plant Virus Proteins
    • cf., T. Svedberg, K.O. Pedersen et al., Clarendon Press, Oxford, The particle weight of TMV was later estimated as about 40 million.
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    • McFarlane1
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    • The Isolation and Some Properties of Liquid Crystalline Substances from Solanaceous Plants Infected with Three Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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    • Bawden1    Pirie2
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    • Bawden expressed his approval of the notion of Jules Bordet, who maintained that the multiplication of bacteriophage was the result of a change in the behaviour of cells which meant that, instead of normal metabolic products, phage was produced. Cf. F. C. Bawden, op. cit., note 3, pp. 262–264.
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    • The Viruses
    • Two articles which were finished after Bawden's death also point to the complexity of plant virus infections.
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    • Pirie1
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    • Furthermore, Pirie was influenced by the work of his wife, ‘Tony' Pirie, who worked on Rous sarcoma virus and then on bacteriophage. Those circumstances meant that Bill Pirie had many conversations with William Gye who worked on ‘viruses and cancer’. See N. W. Pirie (1986), op. cit., note 50, pp. 493–494 and p. 501; N. W. Pirie, ‘Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947)’, in G. Semenza (ed.), Selected topics in the History of Biochemistry: Personal Recollections: I (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1983), pp. 103–128.
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    • The Establishment and Development of Infection
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    • Bawden1
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    • see p. 508, Allen Lane, London, In this book, Bawden is not indexed. Pirie argued that the susceptibility of plants to environmental conditions was disadvantageous if standard conditions were required. But if one wanted to study the influences of factors that regulate the reaction between host and infectious agent, this characteristic of environmental susceptibility was extremely useful. Such factors included the influence of the seasons: variations in light, temperature and food; the influence of chemical substances; the influence of an infection on the host metabolism; etc.
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    • Werskey1
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    • The second hypothesis postulated by Crick in this article is the famous ‘Central Dogma’. As was emphasized by, the Central Dogma states that “once ‘information’ has passed into protein it cannot get out again.” [Italics in the original.]
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    • In general, the term ‘Central Dogma of Molecular Biology’ is used for the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein. The catchphrase ‘Central Dogma’ is not only used in this sense in, W.A. Benjamin, New York
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    • Watson1
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    • Former plant virologist Arthur Knight presented the following summary of essential contributions to the notion that nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information: (a) bacterial transformation is caused by DNA (1944); (b) analysis of spontaneous mutants of TMV seemed to suggest a role for RNA (1947); (c) particles of turnip yellow mosaic virus without nucleic acid were found to be non-infectious (1949); (d) the infection of bacteria by certain coliphages appeared to be the result of the injection of viral DNA into the bacterial cells (1952); (e) the genetic role of RNA from tobacco mosaic virus could be shown directly (1956). See C.A. Knight, Molecular Virology (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), pp. 61–64. Cf. R. Olby, op. cit., note 38.
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    • Contributions of Early Research on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
    • Lauffer's use of the term ‘molecular weight’ here is incorrect; viruses (with the exception of viroids) have a particle weight.
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    • Portraits of Viruses: Tobacco Necrosis Virus and its Satellite Virus
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    • Tobacco Rattle Virus
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    • Lister1
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    • Speculations in the Origins and Nature of Viruses
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    • Defective Viral Particles and Viral Disease Processes
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    • Stanley and his co-workers also applied the physicochemical approach to the study of animal viruses, viz. influenza virus; see T. van Helvoort, op. cit., note 88.
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    • The Impact of Wendell M. Stanley on the Biochemical Sciences
    • On research styles and research groups see note 4; of the influence of Stanley in the establishment of a ‘school’ of molecular virology (later on changed to molecular biology) see
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    • Fraenkel-Conrat1
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    • The chasm between a physiochemical and a biochemical approach possibly also played a role in the discussion between Robert Gallo et al. and Peter Duesberg on the question whether the Human Immunodeficiency Virus is the cause of AIDS. See H. Rubin, ‘Is HIV the Causative Factor in AIDS?’, Nature334 (1988), 201.

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