Influence of Residual Gases on Cathode Spot Behavior

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 1991, Pages 705-712

  Anders, Simone ^a   Jüttner, Burkhard ^a  

^a Central Institute of Electron Physics ^*  (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATHODES--SURFACES; ELECTRIC ARCS; GASES;

CATHODE SPOTS; CURRENT DENSITY; RESIDUAL GASES;

ELECTRIC DISCHARGES;

EID: 0026243248     PISSN: 00933813     EISSN: 19399375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/27.108402     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. A. Eberhagen, “Die Anderung der Austrittsarbeit von Metallen durch Gasadsorption,” Fortsch. Phys., vol. 8, pp. 245–294, 1960.
2. J. Halbritter, “On contamination on electrode surfaces and electric field limitation,” IEEE Trans. Elec. Insul. vol. EI-20, pp. 671–681, 1985.
3. J. Halbritter, “Resonant emission of secondary electrons,” Scan. Electron Microscopy, pt. 2, pp. 511–519, 1983.
4. B. M. Smirnov, Negative Ions. Moscow: Atomizdat, 1978, p. 176.
5. R. V. Latham, High Voltage Vacuum Insulation: The Physical Basis. London: Academic, 1981, chap. 8, pp. 221–227.
6. R. E. Hurley and P. J. Dooley, “Vacuum breakdown from electroluminescent minescent impurities on metallic cathode surfaces,” Vacuum, vol. 28, pp. 147–149, 1978.
7. Yu. B. Yankelevich, “The thinfilm metal-insulator-metal system used as a non-heated source of electrons,” Vacuum, vol. 30, pp. 97–107, 1980.
8. B. Jüttner and E. Freund, “Uber die Ledensdauer von elektrischen Gleichstrombögen im Ultrahochvakuum,” Beitr. Plasmaphys., vol. 15, pp. 47–61, 1975.
9. I. G. Kesaev, Cathode Processes in Electric Arcs. Moscow: Nauka, 1968.
10. R. P. P. Smeets, “The origin of current chopping in vacuum arcs,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 17, pp. 303–310, 1989.
11. G. Härtler Statistische Methoden für die Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse. Berlin: Verlag Technik, 1983, chap. 2.4, pp. 47–50.
12. G. Ecker, “Unified analysis of the metal vapor arc,” Z. Naturforsch. A„ vol. 28a, pp. 417–428, 1973.
13. G. Ecker, “Das Chopping-Phänomen,” Beitr. Plasmaphys., vol. 14, pp. 67–78, 1974.
14. D. Schuöcker and W. Reif, “Einfluß von Umgebungsdruck and Elektrodenabstand auf den Abrei3strom des Vakuumbogens,” Appl. Phys., vol. 7, pp. 279–285, 1975.
15. J. E. Daalder, “Diameter and current density of single and multiple cathode discharges in vacuum,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS 93, pp. 1747–1757, 1974.
16. B. Jüttner, “Erosion craters and arc cathode spots in vacuum,” Beitr. Plasmaphys., vol. 19, pp. 25–48, 1979.
17. B. E. Djakov and R. Holmes, “Cathode spot structure and dynamics in low-current vacuum arcs,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 7, pp. 569–580, 1974.
18. L. P. Harris, “Arc cathode phenomena,” in Vacuum Arcs. Theory and Application, J. M. Lafferty, Ed. New York: Wiley—Interscience, 1980, pp. 120 -168.
19. L. A. Sena, “Fission of the cathode spot of a low-pressure arc,” Sov. Phys.—Tech. Phys., vol. 40, pp. 1513–1515, 1970.
20. E. K. Chekalin, “The structure of moving cathode spots in a rarefied gas,” in Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Phenomena in Ionized Gases (Düsseldorf), 1983, pp. 272–273.
21. P. R. Emtage, “Interaction of the cathode spot with low pressures of ambient gas,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 46, pp. 3809–3816, 1975.
22. D. R. Porto, C. W. Kimblin, and D. T. Tuma, “Experimental observation of cathode spot surface phenomena i n the transition region from a vacuum metal vapor arc to a nitrogen arc,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 53, pp. 4740–4749, 1982.
23. C. W. Kimblin, “Cathode spot erosion and ionization phenomena in the transition from vacuum to atmospheric pressure arcs,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 45, pp. 5235–5244, 1974.
24. S. Anders and B. Jüttner, “Arc cathode processes in the transition region between vacuum arcs and gaseous arcs,” Contrib. Plasma Phys., vol. 27, pp. 223–236, 1987.
25. E. Gebauer, “Verhalten des Lichtbogens und des Elektrodenabbrandes in einem Druckbereich von 10– 6 Torr bis Atmosphärendruck,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Switching Arc Phenom. (Lodz), 1970, pp. 156–163.
26. A. E. Guile and A. H. Hitchcock, “The erosion of copper cathodes from vacuum to atmospheric pressure arcs,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 49, pp. 4275–4276, 1978.
27. S. Anders, B. Jüttner H. Pursch, and P. Siemroth, “Investigation of the current density in the cathode spot of a vacuum arc,” Contrib. Plasma Phys., vol. 25, pp. 467–473, 1985.
28. B. Jüttner, H. Pursch, and S. Anders, “On the current density at the cathode of vacuum arcs,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 17, pp. L111-L114, 1984.
29. B. Jüttner, “On the plasma density of metal vapor arcs,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 18, pp. 2221–2231, 1985.
30. B. Jüttner, “Vacuum arcs,” in Proc. XVIIth Int. Conf. Phenomena in Ionized Gases (Budapest), 1985, pp. 262–276.
31. V. A. Ivanov et al. “On the energy of electrons and ions of a pulsed metal vapor arc in vacuum,” Central Inst. Electron Phys. of the Acad. of Sciences of the GDR, ZIE preprint 904, 1990.
32. V. A. Ivanov, S. Anders, B. Jüttner, and H. Pursch, “Ion and electron acceleration in metal vapor arc plasmas,” in Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Disch. Electr. Insul. in Vacuum (Santa Fe), 1990, pp. 192–197.
33. B. Jüttner, H. Pursch, and P. Siemroth, “Uber die Gasabgabe beim Lichtbogen in Vakuumbogenlöschkammern,” Wissensch. Mitteil. d. Inst. “Prüffeld für elektr. Hochleistungstechn.,” no. 19, pp. 5–8, 1978.
34. I. I. Aksenov and L. F. Shpilinskii, “On the cathode erosion of a low-pressure pressure arc,” Teplofiz. Vysok Temp., vol. 26, pp. 441–444, 1988.
35. J. -L. Meunier and M. G. Drouet, “Experimental study of the effect of gas pressure on arc cathode erosion and redeposition in He, Ar, and SF6 from vacuum to atmospheric pressure,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. PS-15, pp. 515–519, 1987.
36. J. E. Daalder, “Random walk of cathode arc spots in vacuum,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 16, pp. 17–27, 1983.
37. E. Hantzsche, B. Jüttner, and H. Pursch, “On the random walk of arc cathode spots in vacuum,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 16, pp. L173—L177, 1983.
38. B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature. New York: Freeman, 1982, ch. 25, pp. 248–259.
39. L. Peitronero and H. J. Wiesmann, “Stochastic model for dielectric breakdown,” J. Stat. Phys., vol. 36, pp. 909–916, 1984.
40. L. Niemeyer, L. Pietronero, and H. J. Wiesmann, “Fractal dimension of dielectric breakdown,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 52, pp. 1033–1036, 1984.
41. A.I. Bushik, B. Jüttner, and H. Pursch, “On the nature and on the motion of arc cathode spots in UHV,” Beitr. Plasmaphys., vol. 19, pp. 177–188, 1979.
42. V. A. Shilov, A. I. Bushik, H. Pursch, and B. Jüttner, “Electrode spots of electrical arcs at various gas pressures,” Central Instit. Electron Phys. of the Acad. of Sciences of the GDR, ZIE-Preprint 86–5, 1986.
43. M. G. Drouet, “The physics of the retrograde motion of the electric arc,” in Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Disch. Electr. Insul. in Vacuum (Berlin), 1984, pp. 107–114.
44. A. E. Robson and A. von Engel, “Motion of a short arc in a magnetic field,” Phys. Rev., vol. 104, pp. 15–16, 1956.
45. R. P. Carter and D. L. Murphree, “Arc motion reversal in crossed electric and magnetic fields in an argon atmosphere from 200 to 900 Torr,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 44, pp. 5190–5191, 1973.
46. A. E. Robon, “The motion of a low-pressure arc i n a strong magnetic field,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 11, pp. 1917–1923, 1978.
47. P. D. Swift, D. R. McKenzie, I. S. Falconer, and P. J. Martin, “Cathode spot phenomena in titanium vacuum arcs,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 66, pp. 505–512, 1989.
48. N. Vogel, “Burning voltage in atmospheric and vacuum short arcs of vanishing length,” Contrib. Plasma Phys., vol. 29, pp. 11–24, 1989.