메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 2, 1991, Pages 136-145

Toward a Conceptual Model of Cooperative Research: Patterns of Development and Success in University-Industry Alliances

Author keywords

cooperative research; industrial competitiveness; Industry University Cooperative Research Centers (IUCR's); life cycle; stage model of development; success factors; University industry alliances

Indexed keywords

ENGINEERING RESEARCH;

EID: 0026151535     PISSN: 00189391     EISSN: 15580040     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/17.78410     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (43)
  • 1
    • 80053296509 scopus 로고
    • Emerging policies and strategies
    • A. Furino, Ed., Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, also “Final report of the seventy-fourth American assembly, ” inGlobal Competitiveness: Getting the U.S. Back on Track, M. K. Starr, Ed., New York, W. W. Norton.
    • A. Furino, and G. Kozmetsky, “Emerging policies and strategies”, in Cooperation and Competition in the Global Economy, A. Furino, Ed., Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988, pp. 257–58, also “Final report of the seventy-fourth American assembly”, in Global Competitiveness: Getting the U.S. Back on Track, M. K. Starr, Ed., New York, W. W. Norton, 1988, pp. 299–310.
    • (1988) Cooperation and Competition in the Global Economy , pp. 257-258
    • Furino, A.1    Kozmetsky, G.2
  • 2
    • 0001094057 scopus 로고
    • The global logic of strategic alliances
    • Mar./Apr., also H. W. Tanaka, “The two U.S.-Japan relationships: Public- and private-sector responses to the new global economy, ”The Fletcher Forum, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Winter 1988, and L. D. Tyson, “Making policy for national competitiveness in a changing world, ” inCooperation and Competition in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988, pp. 19–50.
    • K. Ohmae, “The global logic of strategic alliances”, Harvard Business Review, pp. 143–154, Mar./Apr. 1989, also H. W. Tanaka, “The two U.S.-Japan relationships: Public- and private-sector responses to the new global economy”, The Fletcher Forum, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Winter 1988, and L. D. Tyson, “Making policy for national competitiveness in a changing world”, in Cooperation and Competition in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988, pp. 19–50.
    • (1989) Harvard Business Review , pp. 143-154
    • Ohmae, K.1
  • 3
    • 84942210227 scopus 로고
    • A national research strategy
    • Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, also E. Bloch, “Some comments concerning industry-university relationships in the 80's”, Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3–6, Summer 1984.
    • E. Bloch, “A national research strategy”, in Cooperation and Competition in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988, pp. 85–100, also E. Bloch, “Some comments concerning industry-university relationships in the 80's”, Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3–6, Summer 1984.
    • (1988) Cooperation and Competition in the Global Economy , pp. 85-100
    • Bloch, E.1
  • 4
    • 84942216491 scopus 로고
    • The fourth industrial revolution and American society
    • Also A. H. Teich, and R. Thornton, Science, Technology and the Issues of the Eighties: Policy Outlook. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
    • W. W. Rostow, “The fourth industrial revolution and American society”, in Cooperation and Competition in the Global Economy, pp. 88–89, also A. H. Teich, and R. Thornton, Science, Technology and the Issues of the Eighties: Policy Outlook. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982.
    • (1982) Cooperation and Competition in the Global Economy , pp. 88-89
    • Rostow, W.W.1
  • 5
    • 0020492727 scopus 로고
    • The academic-industrial complex
    • May 28
    • B. J. Culliton, “The academic-industrial complex”, Science, vol. 216, pp. 960–962, May 28, 1982.
    • (1982) Science , vol.216 , pp. 960-962
    • Culliton, B.J.1
  • 6
    • 33846842798 scopus 로고
    • University-Industry Interaction Patterns
    • Dec. 1
    • R. Rustrum, “University-Industry Interaction Patterns”, Science, vol. 178, Dec. 1, 1972.
    • (1972) Science , vol.178
    • Rustrum, R.1
  • 7
    • 84942212736 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • R. W. Smilor, G. Kozmetsky, and D. V. Gibson, Eds., Cambridge, MA: Ballinger
    • D. V. Gibson, G. Kozmetsky, E. M. Rogers, and R. W. Smilor, “Introduction” in Creating the Technopolis, R. W. Smilor, G. Kozmetsky, and D. V. Gibson, Eds., Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, pp. Xvii-xxi, 1988.
    • (1988) Creating the Technopolis , pp. 17-19
    • Gibson, D.V.1    Kozmetsky, G.2    Rogers, E.M.3    Smilor, R.W.4
  • 8
    • 84942216492 scopus 로고
    • Implementing a high tech center strategy
    • Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
    • J. K. Ryans Jr., and W. L. Shanklin, “Implementing a high tech center strategy” in Creating the Technopolis. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988, pp. 210–212.
    • (1988) Creating the Technopolis , pp. 210-212
    • Ryans, J.K.1    Shanklin, W.L.2
  • 9
    • 84942212408 scopus 로고
    • The Cambridge phenomenon
    • Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
    • N. S. Segal, “The Cambridge phenomenon”, in Creating the Technopolis. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988, pp. 81–90.
    • (1988) Creating the Technopolis , pp. 81-90
    • Segal, N.S.1
  • 10
    • 0020492727 scopus 로고
    • The academic industrial complex
    • May 28
    • B. J. Culliton, “The academic industrial complex”, Science, vol. 216, pp. 960, May 28, 1982.
    • (1982) Science , vol.216 , pp. 960
    • Culliton, B.J.1
  • 11
    • 0001152568 scopus 로고
    • The university, industry, and cooperative research
    • Dec. 24
    • A. B. Giamatti, “The university, industry, and cooperative research”, Science, vol. 218, pp. 1278–1280, Dec. 24, 1982.
    • (1982) Science , vol.218 , pp. 1278-1280
    • Giamatti, A.B.1
  • 12
    • 84909835978 scopus 로고
    • Status report on the NSF university-industry cooperative research centers
    • Nov./Dec. And R. Colton, “Analysis of Five NSF Experiments to Stimulate Increased Technological Innovation in the Private Sector”, National Science Foundation, 1982
    • R. Colton, “Status report on the NSF university-industry cooperative research centers”, Research Management, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 25–31, Nov./Dec. 1985, and R. Colton, “Analysis of Five NSF Experiments to Stimulate Increased Technological Innovation in the Private Sector”, National Science Foundation, 1982.
    • (1985) Research Management , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 25-31
    • Colton, R.1
  • 13
    • 0009269678 scopus 로고
    • NSF's industry-university cooperative research centers program and the innovation process: Evaluation-based lessons
    • D. O. Gray, T. Solomon, and W. Hetzner, Eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland.
    • D. O. Gray, W. Hetzner, J. D. Eveland, and T. Gidley, “NSF's industry-university cooperative research centers program and the innovation process: Evaluation-based lessons”, in Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership, D. O. Gray, T. Solomon, and W. Hetzner, Eds., Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland, 1986.
    • (1986) Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership
    • Gray, D.O.1    Hetzner, W.2    Eveland, J.D.3    Gidley, T.4
  • 14
    • 0001816285 scopus 로고
    • University-industry relations: A review of major issues
    • A. Link and G. Tassey, Eds., Boston, MA.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, also D. Snyder and D. Blevins, “Business and university technical research cooperation: Some important issues, ”Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 3, no. Pp. 136–144, 1986, and M. Danzig, “Potential pitfalls of industry-university cooperative research centers, ”Food Technology, pp. 105–106, Dec. 1986, also D. R. Snyder and D. E. Blevins, “Business and university technical research cooperation: Some important issues”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 3, pp. 136–144, 1986.
    • E. Geisler, and A. Rubenstein, “University-industry relations: A review of major issues”, Cooperative Research and Development: The Industry University-Government Relationship, A. Link and G. Tassey, Eds., Boston, MA.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989 pp. 43–64, also D. Snyder and D. Blevins, “Business and university technical research cooperation: Some important issues”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 136–144, 1986, and M. Danzig, “Potential pitfalls of industry-university cooperative research centers”, Food Technology, pp. 105–106, Dec. 1987, also D. R. Snyder and D. E. Blevins, “Business and university technical research cooperation: Some important issues”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 3, pp. 136–144, 1986.
    • (1989) Cooperative Research and Development: The Industry University-Government Relationship , pp. 43-64
    • Geisler, E.1    Rubenstein, A.2
  • 15
    • 0009269678 scopus 로고
    • NSF's industry-university cooperative research centers program and the innovation process: Evaluation-based lessons
    • D. O. Gray, T. Solomon and W. Hetzner, Eds., Amsterdam, Elsevier North-Holland
    • D. O. Gray et al. “NSF's industry-university cooperative research centers program and the innovation process: Evaluation-based lessons”, in Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership, D. O. Gray, T. Solomon and W. Hetzner, Eds., Amsterdam, Elsevier North-Holland, pp. 187, 1986.
    • (1986) Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership , pp. 187
    • Gray, D.O.1
  • 16
    • 84942216493 scopus 로고
    • A study of the historical profiles of the university-industry cooperative research center
    • E. Geisler, A. Furino, and T. Kiresuk, “A study of the historical profiles of the university-industry cooperative research center”, El-tech Inc., 1988.
    • (1988) El-tech Inc.
    • Geisler, E.1    Furino, A.2    Kiresuk, T.3
  • 17
    • 47949103721 scopus 로고
    • The critical incident technique
    • J. C. Flanagan, “The critical incident technique”, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 51, pp.327–355, 1954.
    • (1954) Psychological Bulletin , vol.51 , pp. 327-355
    • Flanagan, J.C.1
  • 18
    • 0019332154 scopus 로고
    • Research, innovation, and university-industry linkages
    • Jan. Also B. Culliton, “The academic-industrial complex”, Science, vol. 216, p. 2, May 28 1982 and R. Rustum, “University-industry interaction patterns”, Science no. 4064, Dec, 1972.
    • D. J. Prager and G. S. Omenn, “Research, innovation, and university-industry linkages”, Science, vol. 207, no. 4429, Jan. 1980, also B. Culliton, “The academic-industrial complex”, Science, vol. 216, p. 2, May 28, 1982, and R. Rustum, “University-industry interaction patterns”, Science, vol. 178, no. 4064, Dec. 1972.
    • (1980) Science , vol.207 , Issue.4429
    • Prager, D.J.1    Omenn, G.S.2
  • 19
    • 0004771940 scopus 로고
    • The role of industrial advisory boards in technology transfer between universities and industry
    • Spring
    • E. Geisler, “The role of industrial advisory boards in technology transfer between universities and industry”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 33–42, Spring, 1986.
    • (1986) The Journal of Technology Transfer , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 33-42
    • Geisler, E.1
  • 20
    • 84942216494 scopus 로고
    • Eds., Washington, D.C.: NSF, 2nd ed. Nov. Also J. D. Eveland, and W. HetznerUniversity-industry cooperative research centers: Dimensions of initial development”, paperpresented at the TIMS/ORSA Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, Oct. 26
    • J. D. Eveland, W. Hetzner, and L. Tomatzky, Eds., Development of University-Industry Cooperative Research Centers: Historical Profiles, Washington, D.C.: NSF, 2nd ed. Nov. 1984, also J. D. Eveland, and W. Hetzner, “University-industry cooperative research centers: Dimensions of initial development”, paper presented at the TIMS/ORSA Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, Oct. 26, 1982.
    • (1984) Development of University-Industry Cooperative Research Centers: Historical Profiles
    • Eveland, J.D.1    Hetzner, W.2    Tomatzky, L.3
  • 21
    • 84942216495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural information for 1987 – 1988 of industry/university cooperative research centers
    • Final Report to NSF, NCSU, Table 3, Feb.
    • D. Gray, M. Stewart, N. Koester, and T. Gidley, “Structural information for 1987–1988 of industry/university cooperative research centers”, final Report to NSF, NCSU, Table 3, Feb. 1989.
    • Gray, D.1    Stewart, M.2    Koester, N.3    Gidley, T.4
  • 22
    • 0009269678 scopus 로고
    • NSF's industry-university cooperative research centers program and the innovation process: Evaluation-Based Lessons
    • D. O. Gray, T. Solomon, and W. Hetzner, Eds., Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland.
    • D. O. Gray et al. “NSF's industry-university cooperative research centers program and the innovation process: Evaluation-Based Lessons”, Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership, D. 0. Gray, T. Solomon, and W. Hetzner, Eds., Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland, 1986, pp. 177-178.
    • (1986) Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership , pp. 177-178
    • Gray, D.O.1
  • 23
    • 84942212794 scopus 로고
    • Research funding for 1989 won't even reach $131 Billion
    • Jan
    • R. Cassidy, “Research funding for 1989 won't even reach $131 Billion”, Research 8t Development, pp. 47-50, Jan. 1989
    • (1989) Research 8t Development , pp. 47-50
    • Cassidy, R.1
  • 24
    • 0006969411 scopus 로고
    • Industry-university collaboration: How to make it work
    • P. Abelson, “Differing values in academe and industry”, Science, vol. 217, pp. 4656; Sept. 1987, E. Geisler, and A. H. Rubenstein, Cooperative Research and Development: The Industry-Government Relationship. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
    • L. Azaroff, “Industry-university collaboration: How to make it work”, Research Management, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 31-34, May, 1982, P. Abelson, “Differing values in academe and industry”, Science, vol. 217, pp. 4656; Sept. 1987, E. Geisler, and A. H. Rubenstein, Cooperative Research and Development: The Industry-Government Relationship. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
    • (1982) Research Management , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 31-34
    • Azaroff, L.1
  • 26
    • 0010009948 scopus 로고
    • The use of indicators and measures of the R&D process in evaluating science and technology programs
    • D. Roessner, Ed., New York: St. Martin's Press.
    • A. H. Rubenstein and E. Geisler, “The use of indicators and measures of the R&D process in evaluating science and technology programs”, in Government Innovation Policy, D. Roessner, Ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 185-203, 1988.
    • (1988) Government Innovation Policy , pp. 185-203
    • Rubenstein, A.H.1    Geisler, E.2
  • 27
    • 84942216496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In some of the mature centers we traced the origins of several structured interactions to the “initial generation” stages. Such interactions included, for example, the communication mechanism between center personnel and industrial sponsors, as well as elements of the process such as frequency and content of the communication. Clearly these early patterns set the stage for the future prospects of the transfer of technology between the center and its industrial sponsors.
    • In some of the mature centers we traced the origins of several structured interactions to the “initial generation” stages. Such interactions included, for example, the communication mechanism between center personnel and industrial sponsors, as well as elements of the process such as frequency and content of the communication. Clearly these early patterns set the stage for the future prospects of the transfer of technology between the center and its industrial sponsors.
  • 28
    • 84942211990 scopus 로고
    • University-industry research cooperation: An industrial view
    • Fall, J. D. Sparks, “The creative connection: University-industry relations, ” Research Management, pp. 19-21, Nov./Dec. 1985, (the perspective of Whirlpools CEO), D. R. Fowler, “University-industry research relationships”, Research Management, pp. 35-41, Jan./Feb. 1984.
    • K. W. McHenry, “University-industry research cooperation: An industrial view”, Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 31-43, Fall, 1985, J. D. Sparks, “The creative connection: University-industry relations, ” Research Management, pp. 19-21, Nov./Dec. 1985, (the perspective of Whirlpools CEO), D. R. Fowler, “University-industry research relationships”, Research Management, pp. 35-41, Jan./Feb. 1984.
    • (1985) Journal of the Society of Research Administrators , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 31-43
    • McHenry, K.W.1
  • 29
    • 0012308740 scopus 로고
    • Making Industry-university-government collaboration work
    • Sept., K. A. Smith, “Industry-university research programs”, Physics Today, pp. 24-29, Feb. 1984, D. W. McDonald and S. M. Gieser, “Making cooperative research relationships work”, Research Management, pp. 38-42, July/Aug. 1987, W. Lepkowski, “Academic values tested by MIT's new center”, Chemical & Engineering News, pp. 7-12, Mar. 15, 1982, J. Walsh, “New R&D centers will test university ties”, Science, vol. 227, pp. 150-152, Jan. 11, 1985, K. Tamaribuchi, “Effectively linking industry with a university resource: A survey of university industry liaison programs”, paper presented at WPIINSF Conf. On Management of Technological Innovation, Washington, D.C., May, 1983, B. Giamatti, “The university, industry, and cooperative research”, Science, vol. 218, pp. 1278-1280. Dec. 24, 1982.
    • J. J. Dietrich and R. K. Sen, “Making Industry-university-government collaboration work”, Research Management, pp. 23-25, Sept. 1981, K. A. Smith, “Industry-university research programs”, Physics Today, pp. 24-29, Feb. 1984, D. W. McDonald and S. M. Gieser, “Making cooperative research relationships work”, Research Management, pp. 38-42, July/Aug. 1987, W. Lepkowski, “Academic values tested by MIT's new center”, Chemical & Engineering News, pp. 7-12, Mar. 15, 1982, J. Walsh, “New R&D centers will test university ties”, Science, vol. 227, pp. 150-152, Jan. 11, 1985, K. Tamaribuchi, “Effectively linking industry with a university resource: A survey of university industry liaison programs”, paper presented at WPIINSF Conf. On Management of Technological Innovation, Washington, D.C., May, 1983, B. Giamatti, “The university, industry, and cooperative research”, Science, vol. 218, pp. 1278-1280. Dec. 24, 1982.
    • (1981) Research Management , pp. 23-25
    • Dietrich, J.J.1    Sen, R.K.2
  • 30
    • 0002618699 scopus 로고
    • Marketing and technology: A strategic coalignment
    • July, D. S. Oliver, “Some aspects of technology transfer”, Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, vol. 14, pp. 5-16, Summer, 1982.
    • N. Capon and R. Glazer, “Marketing and technology: A strategic coalignment”, Journal of Marketing, vol. 51, pp. 1-14, July, 1987, D. S. Oliver, “Some aspects of technology transfer”, Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, vol. 14, pp. 5-16, Summer, 1982.
    • (1987) Journal of Marketing , vol.51 , pp. 1-14
    • Capon, N.1    Glazer, R.2
  • 31
    • 84942216497 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a Program of technology transfer in Central America
    • USAID/ROCAP
    • E. Geisler, W. Hetzner, and A. H. Rubenstein, “Evaluation of a Program of technology transfer in Central America”, USAID/ROCAP, 1977
    • (1977)
    • Geisler, E.1    Hetzner, W.2    Rubenstein, A.H.3
  • 32
    • 38249027527 scopus 로고
    • Linking university and industry: An organizational experience in Mexico
    • M. Kenney, Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1986, and R. D. Varrin, and D. S. Kukich, “Guidelines for industry sponsored research at universities”, Science, vol. 227, pp. 385-388, Jan. 1985.
    • M. Waissbluth, G. Cadena, and J. L. Sollero, “Linking university and industry: An organizational experience in Mexico”, Research Policy, vol. 17, pp. 341-347, 1988, M. Kenney, Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1986, and R. D. Varrin, and D. S. Kukich, “Guidelines for industry sponsored research at universities”, Science, vol. 227, pp. 385-388, Jan. 1985.
    • (1988) Research Policy , vol.17 , pp. 341-347
    • Waissbluth, M.1    Cadena, G.2    Sollero, J.L.3
  • 33
    • 84918683489 scopus 로고
    • University/industry cooperative research centers are proving themselves
    • Mar./Apr.
    • R. M. Colton, “University/industry cooperative research centers are proving themselves”, Research Management, pp. 34-37, Mar./Apr. 1987.
    • (1987) Research Management , pp. 34-37
    • Colton, R.M.1
  • 34
    • 84942216498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some state support is provided through interest free loans. University contributions are sometimes in the form of reduced overhead, use of facilities and other “in kind” support.
    • Some state support is provided through interest free loans. University contributions are sometimes in the form of reduced overhead, use of facilities and other “in kind” support.
  • 35
    • 84942216499 scopus 로고
    • State Government strategies for self-assessment of science and technology programs for economic development
    • A Report of a Workshop, Apr. 10, F. Mosteller, “Innovation and evaluation”, Science, vol. 211, no. 4485, Feb. 27, 1981, and S. Wilkinson, “It's review time for the NSF's research centers”, Chemical Week, vol. 141, pp. 18-20, Sept. 9, 1987, and, R. Rhein, “Engineering research centers: The jury is still out”, Chemical Engineering, pp. 41-46, May 1989.
    • National Academy of Sciences, “State Government strategies for self-assessment of science and technology programs for economic development”, A Report of a Workshop, Apr. 10, 1987, F. Mosteller, “Innovation and evaluation”, Science, vol. 211, no. 4485, Feb. 27, 1981, and S. Wilkinson, “It's review time for the NSF's research centers”, Chemical Week, vol. 141, pp. 18-20, Sept. 9, 1987, and, R. Rhein, “Engineering research centers: The jury is still out”, Chemical Engineering, pp. 41-46, May 1989.
    • (1987) National Academy of Sciences
  • 36
    • 84942211835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technological institutes: Methodology and evaluation, Final Report to the Inter American Development Bank
    • IASTA Inc.
    • A. H. Rubenstein and E. Geisler, “Technological institutes: Methodology and evaluation, Final Report to the Inter American Development Bank, IASTA Inc., Apr. 1981.
    • Rubenstein, A.H.1    Geisler, E.2
  • 37
    • 0347112504 scopus 로고
    • A view of what can happen when behavioral expectation scales are developed in one setting and used in another
    • Also H. Bemardin, K. Alvarez, and C. J. Cranny, “A recomparison of behavioral expectation scales to summated scales, ”Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 63, pp. 75–79, 1978
    • W. L. Borman and W. Vallon, “A view of what can happen when behavioral expectation scales are developed in one setting and used in another”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 59, pp. 197–201, 1975, also H. Bemardin, K. Alvarez, and C. J. Cranny, “A recomparison of behavioral expectation scales to summated scales”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 63, pp. 75–79, 1978.
    • (1975) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.59 , pp. 197-201
    • Borman, W.L.1    Vallon, W.2
  • 38
    • 84986980031 scopus 로고
    • Expectations of behaviorally anchored ratings scales
    • Also W. Kirchner and M. D. Dunnette, “Using critical incidents to measure job proficiency factors, ”Personnel, vol. 34, pp. 54–59, 1957
    • R. Jacobs, D. Refry, and D. Zadech, “Expectations of behaviorally anchored ratings scales”, Personnel Psychology, vol. 33, pp. 595–640, 1980, also W. Kirchner and M. D. Dunnette, “Using critical incidents to measure job proficiency factors”, Personnel, vol. 34, pp. 54–59, 1957.
    • (1980) Personnel Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 595-640
    • Jacobs, R.1    Refry, D.2    Zadech, D.3
  • 39
    • 84970462583 scopus 로고
    • Measuring the degree of program implementation: A methodological review
    • Also R. L. Olson, “Database of the largest congregations in the U.S.: An empirical study of church growth and decline”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. And P. Smith and L. Kendall, “Retranslation of expectations: An approach to the construction of unambiguous anchors for rating scales”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 47, 1963, pp. 144–155
    • M. Scheirer and E. Rezmovic, “Measuring the degree of program implementation: A methodological review”, Evaluation Review, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 599–633, 1983, also R. L. Olson, “Database of the largest congregations in the U.S.: An empirical study of church growth and decline”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. June 1988, and P. Smith and L. Kendall, “Retranslation of expectations: An approach to the construction of unambiguous anchors for rating scales”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 47, 1963, pp. 144–155.
    • (1983) Evaluation Review , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 599-633
    • Scheirer, M.1    Rezmovic, E.2
  • 41
    • 0000094811 scopus 로고
    • Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm
    • D. J. Kiesler, “Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm”, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 65, pp. 110–136, 1966.
    • (1966) Psychological Bulletin , vol.65 , pp. 110-136
    • Kiesler, D.J.1
  • 43
    • 0001662274 scopus 로고
    • Relation of dominant problems to stages of growth in technology-based new ventures
    • June
    • R. K. Kazanjian, “Relation of dominant problems to stages of growth in technology-based new ventures”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 257–279, June 1988.
    • (1988) Academy of Management Journal , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 257-279
    • Kazanjian, R.K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.