HIV-associated disease of the nervous system: Review of nomenclature and proposal for neuropathology-based terminology

Brain Pathology

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 1991, Pages 143-152

  Budka, Herbert ^a   Wiley, Clayton A ^b   Kleihues, Paul ^c   Artigas, Juan ^d   Asbury, Arthur K ^e   Cho, Eun Sook ^f   Cornblath, David R ^g   Dal Canto, Mauro C ^h   DeGirolami, Umberto ⁱ   Dickson, Dennis ^j   Epstein, Leon G ^k   Esiri, Margaret M ^l   Giangaspero, Felice ^m   Gosztonyi, Georg ⁿ   Gray, Francoise ^o   Griffin, John W ^g   Hénin, Dominique ^p   Iwasaki, Yuzo ^q   Janssen, Robert S ^r   Johnson, Richard T ^g   Lantos, Peter L ^s   Lyman, William D ^j   McArthur, Justin C ^g   Nagashima, Kazuo ^t   Peress, Nancy ^u   Petito, Carol K ^v   Price, Richard W ^w   Rhodes, Roy H ^x   Rosenblum, Marc ^y   Said, Gérard ^z   Scaravilli, Francesco ^aa   Sharer, Leroy R ^f   Vinters, Harry V ^ab   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^d Vivantes Auguste Viktoria Klinikum   (Germany)

^e HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^f RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^g JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^j ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^m UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

ⁿ FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^o HENRI MONDOR HOSPITAL   (France)

^p BEAUJON HOSPITAL   (France)

^q TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^r CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^s KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^t HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^u STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^v WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^w UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^x METROHEALTH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^y MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^z BICÊTRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^aa UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^ab UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MICROBIOLOGY; MUSCLE DISEASE; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; PATHOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; REVIEW;

AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX; ENCEPHALITIS; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMAN; MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC; MUSCULAR DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 0026134426     PISSN: 10156305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00653.x     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Janssen RS, Cornblath DR, Epstein LG, McArthur J, Price RW (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the nervous system: Report from the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force. Neurology 39: 119-122
2. Janssen RS, Cornblath DR, Epstein LG, Foa RR McArthur JC, Price RW, Asbury AK, Beckett A, Benson DF, Bridge TP, Leventhal CM, Satz P, Saykin AJ, Sidtis JJ, and Tross S (1991) Nomenclature and research case definitions for neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Report of a Working Group of the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force. Neurology 41/5 (in press)
3. Cornblath DR, Asbury AK, Albers JW, Feasby TE, Hahn AF, McLeod JG, Mendell JR, Pollard JD, Thomas PK (1991) Criteria for diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Report from an Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force. Neurology 41/5 (in press)
4. Levy RM, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML (1985) Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 62:475-495
5. Lipkin WI, Parry G, Kiprov D, Abrams D (1985) Inflammatory neuropathy in homosexual men with lymphadenopathy. Neurology 35: 1479-1483
6. Cornblath DR, McArthur JC, Kennedy PGE, Witte AS, Griffin JW (1987) Inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathies associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection. Ann Neurol 21: 32-40
7. Bailey RO, Baltch AL, Venkatesh R, Singh JK, Bishop MB (1988) Sensory motor neuropathy associated with AIDS. Neurology 38: 886-891
8. Mah V, Vartavarian LM, Akers MA, Vinters HV (1988) Abnormalities of peripheral nerve in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Neurol 24: 713-717
9. Miller RG, Parry GJ, Pfaeffl W, Lang W, Lippert R, Kiprov D (1988) The spectrum of peripheral neuropathy associated with ARC and AIDS. Muscle Nerve 11: 857-863
10. Monte SM de la, Gabudza DH, Ho DD, Brown RH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Schooley RT, Hirsch MS, Bhan AK (1988) Peripheral neuropathy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 23: 485-492
11. Chaunu MP, Ratinahirana H, Raphael M, Henin D, Leport C, Brun-Vezinet F, Leger JM, Brunet P, Hauw JJ (1989) The spectrum of changes on 20 nerve biopsies in patients with HIV infection. Muscle Nerve 12: 452-459
12. Leger JM, Bouche P, Bolgert F, Chaunu MP, Rosenheim M, Catalha HP, Gentilini M, Hauw JJ, Brunet P (1989) The spectrum of polyneuropathies in patients infected with HIV. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 52: 1369-1374
13. Michaels J, Sharer LR, Epstein LG (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the nervous system: a review. Immunodefic Rev 1: 71-104
14. Petito CK (1988) Review of the central nervous system pathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Neurol 23 Suppl: S54-S57
15. Lantos PL, McLaughlin JE, Scholtz CL, Berry CL, Tighe JR (1989) Neuropathology of the brain in HIV infection. Lancet I: 309-311
16. Budka H (1990) Neuropathology of AIDS. In: Advances in Neurology, Proc XIVth World Congr Neurol, Chopra JS (ed), Int Congr Ser 883, pp. 193-202, Elsevier: Amsterdam
17. Chrysikopoulos HS, Press GA, Grafe MR, Hesselink JR, Wiley CA (1990) Encephalitis caused by human immunodeficiency virus: CT and MR imaging manifestations with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiology 175: 185-191
18. DeGirolami U, Smith TW, Henin D, Hauw J-J (1990) Neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114: 643-655
19. Petito CK, Cho E-S, Lemann W, Navia BA, Price RW (1986) Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): An autopsy review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45: 635-646
20. Sharer LR, Epstein LG, Cho E-S, Joshi VV, Meyenhofer MF, Rankin LF, Petito CK (1986) Pathologic features of AIDS encephalopathy in children: Evidence for LAV/HTLV-III infection of brain. Hum Pathol 17: 271-284
21. Budka H, Costanzi G, Cristina S, Lechi A, Parravicini C, Trabattoni R, Vago L (1987) Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol 75: 185-198
22. Kato T, Hirano A, Llena JF, Dembitzer HM (1987) Neuropathology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 53 autopsy cases with particular emphasis on microglial nodules and multinucleated giant cells. Acta Neuropathol 73: 287-294
23. Monte SM de la, Ho DD, Schooley RT, Hirsch MS, Richardson EP Jr (1987) Subacute encephalomyelitis of AIDS and its relation to HTLV-III infection. Neurology 37: 562-569
24. Rhodes RH (1987) Histopathology of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 18: 636-643
25. Vazeux R, Brousse N, Jarry A, Henin D, Marche C, Vedrenne C, Mikol J, Wolff M, Michon C, Rozenbaum W, Bureau J-F, Montagnier L, Brahic M (1987) AIDS subacute encephalitis. Identification of HIV-infected cells. Am J Pathol 126: 403-410
26. Gray F, Gherardi R, Scaravilli F (1988) The neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A review. Brain 11: 245-266
27. Gray F, Gherardi R, Keohane C, Favolini M, Sobel A, Poirier J (1988) Pathology of the central nervous system in 40 cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14: 365-380
28. Michaels J, Price RW, Rosenblum MK (1988) Microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection and fusion. Acta Neuropathol 76: 373-379
29. Price RW, Brew B, Sidtis J, Rosenblum M, Scheck AC, Cleary P (1988) The brain in AIDS: Central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complex. Science 239: 586-592
30. Budka H (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced disease of the central nervous system: Pathology and implications for pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 77: 225-236
31. Esiri MM, Scaravilli F, Millard PR, Harcourt-Webster JN (1989) Neuropathology of HIV infection in haemophiliacs: Comparative necropsy study. Brit Med J 299: 1312-1315
32. Henin D, Hauw J-J (1989) The neuropathology of AIDS. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol 12 (56), McKendall RR (ed.), pp. 507-524, Elsevier: Amsterdam
33. Lang W, Miklossy J, Deruaz JP, Pizzolato GP, Probst A, Schaffner T, Gessaga E, Kleihues P (1989) Neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): A report of 135 consecutive autopsy cases from Switzerland. Acta Neuropathol 77: 379-390
34. Vinters HV, Anders KH (1990) Neuropathology of AIDS. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL
35. Sharer LR, Cho E-S, Epstein LG (1985) Multinucleated giant cells and HTLV-III in AIDS encephalopathy. Hum Pathol 16: 760
36. Budka H (1986) Multinucleated giant cells in brain: A hallmark of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol 69: 253-258
37. Budka H (1991) The definition of HIV-specific neuropathology. Acta Pathol Japon 41: 182-191
38. Clague CPT, Ostrowski MA, Deck JHN, Harnish DG, Colley EA, Stead RH (1988) Severe diffuse necrotizing cortical encephalopathy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 47: 346 (abstr)
39. Giangaspero F, Scanabissi E, Baldacci MC, Betts CM (1989) Massive neuronal destruction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis. A clinico-pathological study of a pediatric case. Acta Neuropathol 78: 662-665
40. Smith TW, DeGirolami U, Henin D, Bolgert F, Hauw J-J (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leukoencephalopathy and the microcirculation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 49: 357-370
41. Kleihues P, Lang W, Burger PC, Budka H, Vogt M, Maurer R, Lüthy R, Siegenthaler W (1985) Progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol 68: 333-339
42. Gray F, Gherardi R, Baudrimont M, Gaulard P, Meyrignac C, Vedrenne C, Poirier J (1987) Leucoencephalopathy with multinucleated giant cells containing human immune deficiency virus-like particles and multiple opportunistic cerebral infections in one patient with AIDS. Acta Neuropathol 73: 99-104
43. Navia BA, Cho E-S, Petito CK, Price RW (1986) The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 19: 525-535
44. Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho ES, Jordan BD, George DC, Price RW (1985) Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 312: 874-879
45. Anders KH, Guerra WF, Tomiyasu U, Verity MA, Vinters HV (1986) The neuropathology of AIDS. UCLA experience and review. Am J Pathol 124: 537-558
46. McArthur JC (1987) Neurologic manifestations of AIDS. Medicine 66: 407-437
47. Budka H, Maier H, Pohl P (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus in vacuolar myelopathy of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 319: 1667-1668
48. Eilbott DJ, Peress N, Burger H, LaNeve D, Orenstein J, Gendelman HE, Seidman R, Weiser B (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus type I in spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with myelopathy: Expression and replication in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3337-3341
49. Grafe MR, Wiley CA (1989) Spinal cord and peripheral nerve pathology in AIDS: The roles of cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Neurol 25: 561-566
50. Maier H, Budka H, Lassmann H, Pohl P (1989) Vacuolar myelopathy with multinucleated giant cells in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Light and electron microscopic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens. Acta Neuropathol 78: 497-503
51. Rosenblum M, Scheck AC, Cronin K, Brew BJ, Khan A, Paul M, Price RW (1989) Dissociation of AIDS-related vacuolar myelopathy and productive HIV-1 infection of the spinal cord. Neurology 39: 892-896
52. Artigas J, Grosse G, Niedobitek F (1990) Vacuolar myelopathy in AIDS. A morphological analysis. Pathol Res Pract 186: 228-237
53. Sharer LR, Dowling PC, Michaels J, Cook SD, Menonna J, Blumberg BM, Epstein LG (1990) Spinal cord disease in children with HIV-1 infection: A combined biological and neuropathological study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 16: 317-331
54. Weiser B, Peress N, La Neve D, Eilbott DJ, Seidman R, Burger H (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in the central nervous system correlates directly with extent of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3997-4001
55. Kamin SS, Petito CK (1988) Idiopathic Myelopathies in non-AIDS Patients. Human Pathol (in press)
56. Monte SM de la, Moore T, Hedley-Whyte ET (1986) Vacuolar encephalopathy of AIDS. N Engl J Med 315: 1549-1550
57. Schmidbauer M, Budka H, Okeda R, Cristina S, Lechi A, Trabattoni GR (1990) Multifocal vacuolar leukoencephalopathy: A distinct HIV-associated lesion of the brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 16: 437-443
58. Giangaspero F, Foschini MP (1988) Diffuse axonal swellings in a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 1259-1262
59. Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT, Kaplan JC, Allan JD, Groopman JE, Resnick L, Felsenstein D, Andrews CA, Hirsch MS (1985) Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 313: 1493-1497
60. Gabuzda DH, Hirsch MS (1987) Neurologic manifestations of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical features and pathogenesis. Ann Int Med 107: 383-391
61. Ciardi A, Sinclair E, Scaravilli F, Harcourt-Webster NJ, Lucas S (1990) The involvement of the cerebral cortex in human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy: A morphological and immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol 81: 51-59
62. Ketzler S, Weis S, Haug H, Budka H (1990) Loss of neurons in the frontal cortex in AIDS brains. Acta Neuropathol 80: 92-94
63. Schwenk J, Cruz-Sanchez F, Gosztonyi G, Cervos-Navarro J (1987) Spongiform encephalopathy in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol 74: 389-392
64. Artigas J, Niedobitek F, Grosse G, Heise W, Gosztonyi G (1989) Spongiform encephalopathy in AIDS dementia complex: report of five cases. J AIDS 2: 374-381
65. Mizusawa H, Hirano A, Llena JF, Shintaku M (1988) Cerebrovascular lesions in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol 76: 451-457
66. Yankner BA, Skolnik PR, Shoukimas GM, Gabuzda DH, Sobel RA, Ho DD (1986) Cerebral granulomatous angiitis associated with isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 20: 362-364
67. Behar R, Wiley C, McCutchan JA (1987) Cytomegalovirus polyradiculoneuropathy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Neurology 37: 557-561
68. Fuller GN, Jacobs JM, Guiloff RJ (1989) Association of painful peripheral neuropathy in AIDS with cytomegalovirus infection. Lancet II: 937-941
69. Robert ME, Geraghty JJ, Miles SA, Cornford ME, Vinters HV (1989) Severe neuropathy in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Evidence for widespread cytomegalovirus infection of peripheral nerve and human immunodeficiency virus-like immunoreactivity of anterior horn cells. Acta Neuropathol 79: 255-261
70. Dubinski RM, Yarchoan R, Dalakas M, Broder S (1989) Reversible axonal neuropathy from the treatment of AIDS and related disorders with 2′3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC). Muscle Nerve 12: 856-860
71. Mishra BB, Sommers W, Koski CK, Greenstein JI (1985) Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 17: 131-132
72. Dalakas MC, Pezeshkpour GH (1988) Neuromuscular diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Neurol 23 Suppl: S38-S48
73. Parry GJ (1988) Peripheral neuropathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Neurol 23 Suppl: S49-S53
74. Wiley CA (1989) Neuromuscular diseases of AIDS. FASEB J 3: 2503-2511
75. Gibbels E, Diederich N (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related chronic relapsing inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with multifocal unusual onion bulbs in sural nerve biopsy. A clinicomorphological study with quantitative and qualitative light and electron microscopy. Acta Neuropathol 75: 529-534
76. Lange DL, Britton CB, Younger DS, Hays AP (1988) The neuromuscular manifestations of human-immunodeficiency virus infections. Arch Neurol 45: 1084-1088
77. Miller RG, Kiprov DD, Parry G, Bredesen DE (1988) Peripheral nervous system dysfunction in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: AIDS and the Nervous System, Rosenblum ML, Levy RM, Bredesen DE (eds.), pp. 65-78, Raven Press: New York
78. Dalakas M, Wichman A, Sever J (1989) AIDS and the nervous system. J Am Med Assoc 261: 2396-2399
79. Cornblath DR, McArthur JC (1988) Predominantly sensory neuropathy in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Neurology 38: 794-796
80. Rance NE, McArthur JC, Cornblath DR, Landstrom DL, Griffin JW, Price DL (1988) Gracile tract degeneration in patients with sensory neuropathy and AIDS. Neurology 38: 265-271
81. Elder G, Dalakas M, Pezeshkpour G, Sever J (1986) Ataxic neuropathy due to ganglioneuronitis after probable acute human immunodeficiency virus infection (letter). Lancet II: 1275-1276
82. Said G, Lacroix-Ciaudo C, Fujimara H, Blas C, Faux N (1988). The peripheral neuropathy of necrotizing arteritis: A clinico-pathological study. Ann Neurol 23: 461-465
83. Vinters HV, Guerra WF, Eppolito L, Keith PE III (1988) Necrotizing vasculitis of the nervous system in a patient with AIDS-related complex. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14: 417-424
84. Gherardi R, Lebargy F, Gaulard P, Mhiri C, Bernaudin JF, Gray F (1989) Necrotizing vasculitis and HIV replication in peripheral nerves. N Engl J Med 321: 685-686
85. Simpson DM, Bender AN (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated myopathy: analysis of 11 patients. Ann Neurol 24: 79-84
86. Wrzolek MA, Sher JH, Kozlowski PB, Rao C (1990) Skeletal muscle pathology in AIDS: an autopsy study. Muscle Nerve 13: 508-515
87. Dalakas MC, London WT, Gravell M, Sever JL (1986) Polymyositis in an immunodeficiency disease in monkeys induced by a type D retrovirus. Neurology 36: 569-572
88. Nordstrom DM, Petropolis AA, Giorno R, Gates RH, Reddy VB (1989) Inflammatory myopathy and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 32: 475-479
89. Chad DA, Smith TW, Blumenfeld A, Fairchild PG, DeGirolami U (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated myopathy: Immunocytochemical identification of an HIV antigen (gp 41) in muscle macrophages. Ann Neurol 28: 579-582
90. Till M, MacDonell KB (1990) Myopathy with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: HIV-1 or zidovudine? Ann Intern Med 113: 492-494
91. Dalakas MC, Pezeshkpour GH, Gravell M, Sever JL (1986) Polymyositis associated with AIDS retrovirus. J Am Med Assoc 256: 2381-2383
92. Bailey RO, Turok DI, Jaufmann BP, Singh JK (1987) Myositis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 18: 749-751
93. Curtis M, Gill MJ, Brownell AKW (1989) Polymyositis-like syndromes in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Neurol 46: 841
94. Dalakas MC, Pezeshkpour GH, Flaherty M (1987) Progressive nemaline (rod) myopathy associated with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 317: 1602-1603
95. Gonzales MF, Olney RK, So YT, Greco CM, McQuinn BA, Miller RG, DeArmond SJ (1988) Subacute structural myopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 45: 585-587
96. Panegyres PK, Papadimitriou JM, Hollingsworth PN, Armstrong JA, Kakulas BA (1990) Vesicular changes in the myopathies of AIDS. Ultrastructural observations and their relationship to zidovudine treatment. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiat 53: 649-655
97. Dalakas MC, Illa I, Pezeshkpour GH, Laukaitis JP, Cohen B, Griffin JL (1990) Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N Engl J Med 322: 1098-1105
98. Wiley CA, Nelson JA (1988) Role of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus in AIDS encephalitis. Am J Pathol 133: 73-81