메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 1-16

Electrotactile and Vibrotactile Displays for Sensory Substitution Systems

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING--PATIENT REHABILITATION; DISPLAY DEVICES; PROSTHETICS--SENSORY FEEDBACK; REMOTE SENSING; VISION--SENSORY AIDS;

EID: 0026096943     PISSN: 00189294     EISSN: 15582531     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/10.68204     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (621)

References (150)
  • 1
    • 0021286715 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysical response to electrocutaneous stimulation
    • G. L. Aiello and M. A. Valenza, “Psychophysical response to electrocutaneous stimulation,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-31, pp. 558–560, 1984.
    • (1984) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-31 , pp. 558-560
    • Aiello, G.L.1    Valenza, M.A.2
  • 2
    • 0014751873 scopus 로고
    • Information transmission by phantom sensations
    • D. S. Alles, “Information transmission by phantom sensations,” IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst., vol. MMS-11, pp. 85–91, 1970.
    • (1970) IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst. , vol.MMS-11 , pp. 85-91
    • Alles, D.S.1
  • 3
    • 0017516311 scopus 로고
    • Human ability to discriminate various parameters in afferent electrical nerve stimulation with particular reference to prostheses sensory feedback
    • A. B. Anani, K. Ikelda, and L. M. Komer, “Human ability to discriminate various parameters in afferent electrical nerve stimulation with particular reference to prostheses sensory feedback,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. vol. 15, pp. 363–372, 1977.
    • (1977) Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. , vol.15 , pp. 363-372
    • Anani, A.B.1    Ikelda, K.2    Komer, L.M.3
  • 4
    • 38149110997 scopus 로고
    • A tactile vision substitution system based on sensory plasticity
    • T. D. Sterling, J. E. A. Bering, S. V. Pollack, and J. H. G. Vaughan, Eds. New York: Academic
    • P. Bach-y-Rita, “A tactile vision substitution system based on sensory plasticity,” in Visual Prosthesis: The Interdisciplinary Dialogue, T. D. Sterling, J. E. A. Bering, S. V. Pollack, and J. H. G. Vaughan, Eds. New York: Academic, 1971, pp. 281–290.
    • (1971) Visual Prosthesis: The Interdisciplinary Dialogue , pp. 281-290
    • Bach-y-Rita, P.1
  • 6
    • 0016260366 scopus 로고
    • Visual information through the skin-A tactile vision substitution system
    • “Visual information through the skin-A tactile vision substitution system,” Trans. Amer. Acad. Opthalmol. Otolaryngol., vol. 78, pp. OP-729-OP-739, 1974.
    • (1974) Trans. Amer. Acad. Opthalmol. Otolaryngol. , vol.78 , pp. OP-729-OP-739
    • Bach-y-Rita, P.1
  • 8
    • 0000566354 scopus 로고
    • Sensory substitution for space gloves and for space robots
    • Jet Propulsion Lab.
    • P. Bach-y-Rita, J. G. Webster, W. J. Tompkins, and T. Crabb, “Sensory substitution for space gloves and for space robots,” in Proc. Workshop Space Telerobot., vol. 2, Jet Propulsion Lab., 1987, pp. 51–57.
    • (1987) Proc. Workshop Space Telerobot. , vol.2 , pp. 51-57
    • Bach-y-Rita, P.1    Webster, J.G.2    Tompkins, W.J.3    Crabb, T.4
  • 9
    • 84955035435 scopus 로고
    • Human skin perception of traveling waves similar to those of the cochlea
    • G. V. Bekesy, “Human skin perception of traveling waves similar to those of the cochlea,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 27, pp. 830–841, 1955.
    • (1955) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.27 , pp. 830-841
    • Bekesy, G.V.1
  • 10
    • 84955040595 scopus 로고
    • Sensations on the skin similar to directional hearing, beats, and harmonics of the ear
    • “Sensations on the skin similar to directional hearing, beats, and harmonics of the ear,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 29, pp. 489–501, 1957.
    • (1957) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.29 , pp. 489-501
    • Bekesy, G.V.1
  • 13
    • 0001498926 scopus 로고
    • Responses to electrical stimulation of single sensory units of skin
    • G. H. Bishop, “Responses to electrical stimulation of single sensory units of skin,” J. Neurophysiol., vol. 6, pp. 361–382, 1943.
    • (1943) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.6 , pp. 361-382
    • Bishop, G.H.1
  • 14
    • 0022054122 scopus 로고
    • A wearable multiple-electrode electrotactile speech processor for the profoundly deaf
    • P. J. Blamey and G. M. Clark, “A wearable multiple-electrode electrotactile speech processor for the profoundly deaf,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 77, pp. 1619–1621, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.77 , pp. 1619-1621
    • Blamey, P.J.1    Clark, G.M.2
  • 15
    • 0023256252 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysical studies relevant to the design of a digital electrotactile speech processor
    • P. J. Blamey and G. M. Clark, “Psychophysical studies relevant to the design of a digital electrotactile speech processor, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 82, pp. 116–125, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.82 , pp. 116-125
    • Blamey, P.J.1    Clark, G.M.2
  • 16
    • 0040066194 scopus 로고
    • Summary of three Optacon-related cutaneous experiments
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., sychonomic Society
    • J. C. Bliss, “Summary of three Optacon-related cutaneous experiments,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 84–94.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 84-94
    • Bliss, J.C.1
  • 19
    • 0024022454 scopus 로고
    • Spatial, tactile presentation of voice fundamental frequency as a supplement to lip-reading: Results of extended training with a single subject
    • A. Boothroyd and T. Hnath-Chisolm, “Spatial, tactile presentation of voice fundamental frequency as a supplement to lip-reading: Results of extended training with a single subject,” J. Rehab. Res. Dev., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 51–56, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Rehab. Res. Dev. , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 51-56
    • Boothroyd, A.1    Hnath-Chisolm, T.2
  • 20
    • 0017560351 scopus 로고
    • Skin resistance during square-wave electrical pulses of 1 to 10 mA
    • A. v. Boxtel, “Skin resistance during square-wave electrical pulses of 1 to 10 mA,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., vol. 15, pp. 679–687, 1977.
    • (1977) Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. , vol.15 , pp. 679-687
    • Boxtel, A.V.1
  • 21
    • 0022447915 scopus 로고
    • The development and evaluation of a tactile vocoder for the profoundly deaf
    • P. L. Brooks and B. J. Frost, “The development and evaluation of a tactile vocoder for the profoundly deaf,” Can. J. Pub. Health, vol. 77, pp. 108- 113, 1986.
    • (1986) Can. J. Pub. Health , vol.77 , pp. 108-113
    • Brooks, P.L.1    Frost, B.J.2
  • 22
    • 0022575872 scopus 로고
    • Continuing evaluation of the Queen's University tactile vocoder I: Identification of open set words
    • P. L. Brooks, B. J. Frost, J. L. Mason, and D. M. Gibson, “Continuing evaluation of the Queen's University tactile vocoder I: Identification of open set words,” J. Rehab, Res. Dev., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 119–128, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Rehab, Res. Dev. , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-128
    • Brooks, P.L.1    Frost, B.J.2    Mason, J.L.3    Gibson, D.M.4
  • 23
    • 0018040937 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous nerve stimulation—I: Model and experiment
    • R. Butikofer and P. D. Lawrence, “Electrocutaneous nerve stimulation—I: Model and experiment,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol, BME-25, pp. 526–531, 1978.
    • (1978) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-25 , pp. 526-531
    • Butikofer, R.1    Lawrence, P.D.2
  • 24
    • 0018331035 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous nerve stimulation—II: Stimulus waveform selection
    • “Electrocutaneous nerve stimulation—II: Stimulus waveform selection,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-26, pp. 69–75, 1979.
    • (1979) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-26 , pp. 69-75
    • Butikofer, R.1    Lawrence, P.D.2
  • 25
    • 0014749675 scopus 로고
    • Tactile television—mechanical and electrical image projection
    • C. C. Collins, “Tactile television—mechanical and electrical image projection,” IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst., vol. MMS-11, pp. 65–71, 1970.
    • (1970) IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst. , vol.MMS-11 , pp. 65-71
    • Collins, C.C.1
  • 26
    • 0002308839 scopus 로고
    • On mobility aids for the blind
    • D. H. Warren and E. R. Strelow, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Matinus Nijhoff
    • C. C. Collins, “On mobility aids for the blind,” in Electronic Spatial Sensing for the Blind, D. H. Warren and E. R. Strelow, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Matinus Nijhoff, 1985, pp. 35–64.
    • (1985) Electronic Spatial Sensing for the Blind , pp. 35-64
    • Collins, C.C.1
  • 27
    • 0015548324 scopus 로고
    • Transmission of pictorial information through the skin
    • C. C. Collins and P. Bach-y-Rita, “Transmission of pictorial information through the skin,” Adv. Biol. Med. Phys., vol. 14, pp. 285–315, 1973.
    • (1973) Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. , vol.14 , pp. 285-315
    • Collins, C.C.1    Bach-y-Rita, P.2
  • 29
    • 0005963530 scopus 로고
    • Pictorial display by direct electrical stimulation of the skin
    • C. C. Collins and F. A. Saunders, “Pictorial display by direct electrical stimulation of the skin,” J. Biomed. Syst., vol. 1, pp. 3–16, 1970.
    • (1970) J. Biomed. Syst. , vol.1 , pp. 3-16
    • Collins, C.C.1    Saunders, F.A.2
  • 30
    • 37249040267 scopus 로고
    • Pictorial and abstract cutaneous displays
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • J. C. Craig, “Pictorial and abstract cutaneous displays,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 78–83.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 78-83
    • Craig, J.C.1
  • 31
    • 0019225796 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral neural representation of the spatial frequency of a grating moving across the monkey's finger paid
    • I. Darian-Smith and L. E. Oke, “Peripheral neural representation of the spatial frequency of a grating moving across the monkey's finger paid,” J. Physiol., vol. 309, pp. 117–133, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Physiol. , vol.309 , pp. 117-133
    • Darian-Smith, I.1    Oke, L.E.2
  • 33
    • 0001210407 scopus 로고
    • Amodal information and transmodal perception
    • D. H. Warren and E. R. Strelow, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Matinus Nijhoff
    • W. Epstein, “Amodal information and transmodal perception,” in Electronic Spatial Sensing for the Blind, D. H. Warren and E. R. Strelow, Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Matinus Nijhoff, 1985, pp. 421–430.
    • (1985) Electronic Spatial Sensing for the Blind , pp. 421-430
    • Epstein, W.1
  • 34
    • 78651154342 scopus 로고
    • The action potential in the myelinated nerve fiber of Xenopus Laevis as computed on the basis of voltage clamp data
    • B. Frankenhauser and A. F. Huxley, “The action potential in the myelinated nerve fiber of Xenopus Laevis as computed on the basis of voltage clamp data,” J. Physiol. (London), vol. 171, pp. 302–315, 1964.
    • (1964) J. Physiol. (London) , vol.171 , pp. 302-315
    • Frankenhauser, B.1    Huxley, A.F.2
  • 35
    • 38549106282 scopus 로고
    • Cortical neuronal mechanisms underlying the perception of motion across the skin
    • C. v. Euler, O. Franzen, U. Lindblom, and D. Ottoson, Eds. London: MacMillan
    • E. P. Gardner, “Cortical neuronal mechanisms underlying the perception of motion across the skin,” in Somatosensory Mechanisms, C. v. Euler, O. Franzen, U. Lindblom, and D. Ottoson, Eds. London: MacMillan, 1984, pp. 93–112.
    • (1984) Somatosensory Mechanisms , pp. 93-112
    • Gardner, E.P.1
  • 36
    • 0015428890 scopus 로고
    • Sensory Funneling. I. Psychophysical observations of human subjects and responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents in the cat to patterned skin stimuli
    • E. P. Gardner and W. A. Spencer, “Sensory Funneling. I. Psychophysical observations of human subjects and responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents in the cat to patterned skin stimuli,” J. Neurophysiol., vol. 35, pp. 925–953, 1972.
    • (1972) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.35 , pp. 925-953
    • Gardner, E.P.1    Spencer, W.A.2
  • 39
    • 0000380572 scopus 로고
    • Some neglected possibilities of communication
    • F. A. Geldard, “Some neglected possibilities of communication,” Science, vol. 131, pp. 1583–1588, 1960.
    • (1960) Science , vol.131 , pp. 1583-1588
    • Geldard, F.A.1
  • 40
    • 0345389133 scopus 로고
    • Body english
    • “Body english,” Psych. Today, vol. 2, pp. 43–47, 1968.
    • (1968) Psych. Today , vol.2 , pp. 43-47
    • Geldard, F.A.1
  • 42
    • 0021924534 scopus 로고
    • The mutability of time and space on the skin
    • “The mutability of time and space on the skin,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 77, pp. 233–237, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.77 , pp. 233-237
    • Geldard, F.A.1
  • 43
    • 0014749549 scopus 로고
    • Some comparisons between touch and hearing
    • G. A. Gescheider, “Some comparisons between touch and hearing,” IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst., vol. MMS-11, pp. 28–35, 1970.
    • (1970) IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst. , vol.MMS-11 , pp. 28-35
    • Gescheider, G.A.1
  • 44
    • 0021880225 scopus 로고
    • Vibrotactile forward masking: Psychophysical evidence for a triplex theory of cutaneous mechanoreception
    • G. A. Gescheider, B. F. Sklar, C. L. V. Doren, and R. T. Verrillo, “Vibrotactile forward masking: Psychophysical evidence for a triplex theory of cutaneous mechanoreception,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 78, pp. 534–543, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.78 , pp. 534-543
    • Gescheider, G.A.1    Sklar, B.F.2    Doren, C.L.V.3    Verrillo, R.T.4
  • 45
    • 0003890370 scopus 로고
    • Vibrotactile frequency characteristics as determined by adaptation and masking procedures
    • D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. New York: Plenum
    • G. A. Gescheider and R. T. Verrillo, “Vibrotactile frequency characteristics as determined by adaptation and masking procedures,” in Sensory Functions of the Skin of Humans, D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. New York: Plenum, 1978, pp. 183–203.
    • (1978) Sensory Functions of the Skin of Humans , pp. 183-203
    • Gescheider, G.A.1    Verrillo, R.T.2
  • 46
    • 0011102010 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of pain and touch
    • D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
    • R. H. Gibson, “Electrical stimulation of pain and touch,” in The Skin Senses, D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1968, pp. 223–260.
    • (1968) The Skin Senses , pp. 223-260
    • Gibson, R.H.1
  • 48
    • 0021989521 scopus 로고
    • Tactile aids for profoundly deaf children
    • M. H. Goldstein and A. Proctor, “Tactile aids for profoundly deaf children,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 77, pp. 258–265, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.77 , pp. 258-265
    • Goldstein, M.H.1    Proctor, A.2
  • 49
    • 0019484387 scopus 로고
    • Metal electrodes in bioengineering
    • W. Greatbatch, “Metal electrodes in bioengineering,” CRC Crit. Rev. Bioeng., vol. 5, pp. 1–36, 1981.
    • (1981) CRC Crit. Rev. Bioeng. , vol.5 , pp. 1-36
    • Greatbatch, W.1
  • 50
    • 0020620342 scopus 로고
    • Electrovibration, cutaneous sensation of microampere current
    • S. Grimnes, “Electrovibration, cutaneous sensation of microampere current,” Acta Physiol. Scand., vol. 118, pp. 19–25, 1983.
    • (1983) Acta Physiol. Scand. , vol.118 , pp. 19-25
    • Grimnes, S.1
  • 51
    • 0020858348 scopus 로고
    • Skin impedance and electro-osmosis in the human epidermis
    • S. Grimnes, “Skin impedance and electro-osmosis in the human epidermis,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., vol. 21, pp. 739–749, 1983.
    • (1983) Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. , vol.21 , pp. 739-749
    • Grimnes, S.1
  • 52
    • 0021236368 scopus 로고
    • Pathways of ionic flow through human skin in vivo
    • S. Grimnes, “Pathways of ionic flow through human skin in vivo,” Acta. Derm. Venerol., Stockholm, vol. 64, 1984, pp. 93–98.
    • (1984) Acta. Derm. Venerol., Stockholm , vol.64 , pp. 93-98
    • Grimnes, S.1
  • 54
    • 0005926504 scopus 로고
    • Tactile adaptation
    • D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
    • J. F. Hahn, “Tactile adaptation,” in The Skin Senses, D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1968, pp. 322–326.
    • (1968) The Skin Senses , pp. 322-326
    • Hahn, J.F.1
  • 55
    • 0005924536 scopus 로고
    • Vibratory adaptation
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • J. F. Hahn, “Vibratory adaptation,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 6–8.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 6-8
    • Hahn, J.F.1
  • 56
    • 0015938880 scopus 로고
    • Electrically induced A and C fiber responses in intact human skin nerves
    • R. G. Hallin and H. E. Torebjork, “Electrically induced A and C fiber responses in intact human skin nerves,” Exp. Brain Res., vol. 16, pp. 309–320, 1973.
    • (1973) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.16 , pp. 309-320
    • Hallin, R.G.1    Torebjork, H.E.2
  • 57
    • 0020754970 scopus 로고
    • Temporal and spatial integration for electrocutaneous-stimulation
    • A. Higashiyama and T. Tashiro, “Temporal and spatial integration for electrocutaneous-stimulation,” Percept. Psychophys., vol. 33, pp. 437–442, 1983.
    • (1983) Percept. Psychophys. , vol.33 , pp. 437-442
    • Higashiyama, A.1    Tashiro, T.2
  • 58
    • 0040562119 scopus 로고
    • Limited field of view in reading lettershapes with the fingers
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • J. W. Hill, “Limited field of view in reading lettershapes with the fingers,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 95–105.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 95-105
    • Hill, J.W.1
  • 59
    • 0020804856 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of reading rate and manual scanning patterns of blind Optacon readers
    • D. W. Hislop, x201C;Characteristics of reading rate and manual scanning patterns of blind Optacon readers,” Hum. Fact., vol. 25, pp. 379–389, 1983.
    • (1983) Hum. Fact. , vol.25 , pp. 379-389
    • Hislop, D.W.1
  • 60
    • 0020585399 scopus 로고
    • Tactile guidance of movement
    • G. Jansson, “Tactile guidance of movement,” Int. J. Neurosci., vol. 19, pp. 37–46, 1983.
    • (1983) Int. J. Neurosci. , vol.19 , pp. 37-46
    • Jansson, G.1
  • 61
    • 0009514228 scopus 로고
    • Tactile afferent units with small and well demarcated receptive fields in the glabrous skin area of the human hand
    • D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. New York: Plenum
    • R. J. Johansson, “Tactile afferent units with small and well demarcated receptive fields in the glabrous skin area of the human hand,” in Sensory Functions of the Skin of Humans, D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. New York: Plenum, 1978, pp. 129–145.
    • (1978) Sensory Functions of the Skin of Humans , pp. 129-145
    • Johansson, R.J.1
  • 62
    • 0018651918 scopus 로고
    • Detection of tactile stimuli. Thresholds of afferent units related to psychophysical thresholds in the human hand
    • R. S. Johansson and A. B. Vallbo, “Detection of tactile stimuli. Thresholds of afferent units related to psychophysical thresholds in the human hand,” J. Physiol., vol. 297, pp. 405–422, 1979.
    • (1979) J. Physiol. , vol.297 , pp. 405-422
    • Johansson, R.S.1    Vallbo, A.B.2
  • 63
    • 0018865895 scopus 로고
    • Thresholds of mechanosensitive afferents in the human hand as measured with von Frey hairs
    • R. S. Johansson, A. B. Vallbo, and G. Westling, “Thresholds of mechanosensitive afferents in the human hand as measured with von Frey hairs,” Brain Res., vol. 184, pp. 343–351, 1980.
    • (1980) Brain Res. , vol.184 , pp. 343-351
    • Johansson, R.S.1    Vallbo, A.B.2    Westling, G.3
  • 64
    • 0023154439 scopus 로고
    • Signals in tactile afferents from the fingers eliciting adaptive motor responses during precision grip
    • R. S. Johansson and G. Westling, “Signals in tactile afferents from the fingers eliciting adaptive motor responses during precision grip,” Exp. Brain Res., vol. 66, pp. 141–154, 1987.
    • (1987) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.66 , pp. 141-154
    • Johansson, R.S.1    Westling, G.2
  • 65
    • 0019786447 scopus 로고
    • Tactile spatial resolution. I. Two-point discrimination, gap detection, grating resolution, and letter recognition
    • K. O. Johnson and J. R. Phillips, “Tactile spatial resolution. I. Two-point discrimination, gap detection, grating resolution, and letter recognition,” J. Neurophys., vol. 46, pp. 1177–1191, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Neurophys. , vol.46 , pp. 1177-1191
    • Johnson, K.O.1    Phillips, J.R.2
  • 66
    • 0003825567 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and nonspatial neural mechanisms underlying tactile spatial discrimination
    • C. v. Euler, O. Fanzen, U. Lindblom, and D. Ottoson, Eds. London: Macmillan
    • K. O. Johnson and J. R. Phillips, “Spatial and nonspatial neural mechanisms underlying tactile spatial discrimination,” in Somatosensory Mechanisms, C. v. Euler, O. Fanzen, U. Lindblom, and D. Ottoson, Eds. London: Macmillan, 1984, pp. 237–248.
    • (1984) Somatosensory Mechanisms , pp. 237-248
    • Johnson, K.O.1    Phillips, J.R.2
  • 67
    • 0024765619 scopus 로고
    • Voltage-current characteristics of the electrotactile skin-electrode interface
    • Seattle, WA, Y. Kim and F. A. Spelman, Eds. IEEE
    • K. A. Kaczmarek, “Voltage-current characteristics of the electrotactile skin-electrode interface,” in Proc. Annu. Intnl. Conf. IEEE EMBS, Seattle, WA, Y. Kim and F. A. Spelman, Eds., vol. 11, IEEE, 1989, pp. 1526–1527.
    • (1989) Proc. Annu. Intnl. Conf. IEEE EMBS , vol.11 , pp. 1526-1527
    • Kaczmarek, K.A.1
  • 68
    • 84953692658 scopus 로고
    • The cochlear model in skin stimulation
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • W. F. Keidel, “The cochlear model in skin stimulation,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 27–32.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 27-32
    • Keidel, W.F.1
  • 69
    • 0023246304 scopus 로고
    • The information capacity of the human fingertip
    • K. J. Kokjer, “The information capacity of the human fingertip,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern., vol. SMC-17, pp. 100–102, 1987.
    • (1987) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern. , vol.SMC-17 , pp. 100-102
    • Kokjer, K.J.1
  • 70
    • 0037576097 scopus 로고
    • Design considerations for the construction of a vibrotactile array
    • M.S. Thesis, Biomed. Eng., Ohio State Univ., Columbus
    • M. W. Kovach, “Design considerations for the construction of a vibrotactile array,” M.S. Thesis, Biomed. Eng., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, 1985.
    • (1985)
    • Kovach, M.W.1
  • 71
    • 4244210105 scopus 로고
    • Intensive and temporal determinants of thermal pain
    • D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. New York: Plenum
    • R. H. LaMotte, “Intensive and temporal determinants of thermal pain,” in Sensory Functions of the Skin of Humans, D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. New York: Plenum, 1978, pp. 327–358.
    • (1978) Sensory Functions of the Skin of Humans , pp. 327-358
    • LaMotte, R.H.1
  • 72
    • 0021460475 scopus 로고
    • Strength/duration relationships for electrocutaneous sensitivity: Stimulation by capacitive discharges
    • W. D. Larkin and J. P. Reilly, “Strength/duration relationships for electrocutaneous sensitivity: Stimulation by capacitive discharges,” Percept. Psychophys., vol. 36, pp. 68–78, 1984.
    • (1984) Percept. Psychophys. , vol.36 , pp. 68-78
    • Larkin, W.D.1    Reilly, J.P.2
  • 74
    • 0040897167 scopus 로고
    • Electrodes for Sensory Substitution
    • M. S. Thesis, Elect. Eng., Univ. Wisconsin-Madison
    • C. Lin, “Electrodes for Sensory Substitution,” M. S. Thesis, Elect. Eng., Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, 1984.
    • (1984)
    • Lin, C.1
  • 75
    • 0013797265 scopus 로고
    • Properties of touch receptors in distal glabrous skin of the monkey
    • U. Lindblom, “Properties of touch receptors in distal glabrous skin of the monkey,” J. Neurophysiol., vol. 28, pp. 966–985, 1965.
    • (1965) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.28 , pp. 966-985
    • Lindblom, U.1
  • 76
    • 0014749730 scopus 로고
    • The afferent discharge elicited by vibrotactile stimulation
    • U. Lindblom, “The afferent discharge elicited by vibrotactile stimulation,” IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst., vol. MMS-11, pp. 2–5, 1970.
    • (1970) IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst. , vol.MMS-11 , pp. 2-5
    • Lindblom, U.1
  • 77
    • 0018224033 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity to shifts of a point stimulus: An instance of tactile hyperacuity
    • J. M. Loomis and C. C. Collins, “Sensitivity to shifts of a point stimulus: An instance of tactile hyperacuity,” Percept. Psychophys., vol. 24, pp. 487–492, 1978.
    • (1978) Percept. Psychophys. , vol.24 , pp. 487-492
    • Loomis, J.M.1    Collins, C.C.2
  • 78
    • 0023962317 scopus 로고
    • A miniature electrooptical force transducer
    • N. Maalej and J. G. Webster, “A miniature electrooptical force transducer,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 35, pp. 93–98, 1988.
    • (1988) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.35 , pp. 93-98
    • Maalej, N.1    Webster, J.G.2
  • 79
    • 0014747486 scopus 로고
    • Kinesthetic sensing for the EMG controlled ‘Boston Arm
    • R. W. Mann and S. D. Reimers, “Kinesthetic sensing for the EMG controlled ‘Boston Arm,”’ IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst., vol. MMS-11, pp. 110–115, 1970.
    • (1970) IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst. , vol.MMS-11 , pp. 110-115
    • Mann, R.W.1    Reimers, S.D.2
  • 80
    • 0017096719 scopus 로고
    • Pain sensations associated with electrocutaneous stimulation
    • J. L. Mason and N. A. M. Mackay, “Pain sensations associated with electrocutaneous stimulation,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-23, pp. 405–409, 1976.
    • (1976) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-23 , pp. 405-409
    • Mason, J.L.1    Mackay, N.A.M.2
  • 81
    • 0014981629 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous stimulation in a reading aid for the blind
    • R. D. Melen and J. D. Meindl, “Electrocutaneous stimulation in a reading aid for the blind,” IEEE Trans. Biomed, Eng., vol. BME-18, pp. 1–3, 1971.
    • (1971) IEEE Trans. Biomed, Eng. , vol.BME-18 , pp. 1-3
    • Melen, R.D.1    Meindl, J.D.2
  • 82
    • 39749093168 scopus 로고
    • The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information
    • G. A. Miller, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information,” Psychol. Rev., vol. 63, pp. 81–97, 1956.
    • (1956) Psychol. Rev. , vol.63 , pp. 81-97
    • Miller, G.A.1
  • 83
    • 0000508621 scopus 로고
    • Motor Prostheses
    • Motor Control Part I, V. B. Brooks, Ed. Bethesda, MD: Amer. Physiol. Soc.
    • J. T. Mortimer, “Motor Prostheses,” in Handbook of Physiology, Section I, The Nervous System, Vol. II. Motor Control Part I, V. B. Brooks, Ed. Bethesda, MD: Amer. Physiol. Soc., 1981, pp. 155–187.
    • (1981) Handbook of Physiology, Section I, The Nervous System , vol.2 , pp. 155-187
    • Mortimer, J.T.1
  • 84
    • 0024731119 scopus 로고
    • Ability of the Lapicque and Blair strength-duration curves to fit experimentally obtained data from the dog heart
    • G. A. Mouchawar, L. A. Geddes, J. D. Bourland, and J. A. Pearch, “Ability of the Lapicque and Blair strength-duration curves to fit experimentally obtained data from the dog heart,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 36, pp. 971–974, 1989.
    • (1989) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.36 , pp. 971-974
    • Mouchawar, G.A.1    Geddes, L.A.2    Bourland, J.D.3    Pearch, J.A.4
  • 86
    • 0024392205 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tactile stimulation pulse characteristics on sensation threshold and power consumption
    • E. Nunziata, C. Perez, E. Jarmul, L. E. Lipetz, and H. R. Weed, “Effect of tactile stimulation pulse characteristics on sensation threshold and power consumption,” Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 17, pp. 423–435, 1989.
    • (1989) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.17 , pp. 423-435
    • Nunziata, E.1    Perez, C.2    Jarmul, E.3    Lipetz, L.E.4    Weed, H.R.5
  • 87
    • 0037671253 scopus 로고
    • Electrical safety
    • J. G. Webster, Ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
    • W. H. Olsen, “Electrical safety,” in Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, J. G. Webster, Ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978, pp. 667–707.
    • (1978) Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design , pp. 667-707
    • Olsen, W.H.1
  • 88
    • 0014359816 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of sensory nerves with skin electrodes for research, diagnosis, communication and behavioral conditioning: A survey
    • E. A. Pfeiffer, “Electrical stimulation of sensory nerves with skin electrodes for research, diagnosis, communication and behavioral conditioning: A survey,” Med. Biol. Eng., vol. 6, pp. 637–651, 1968.
    • (1968) Med. Biol. Eng. , vol.6 , pp. 637-651
    • Pfeiffer, E.A.1
  • 89
    • 0023708868 scopus 로고
    • Sensory feedback control of upper- and lower-extremity motor prostheses
    • R. R. Hansebout, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • C. A. Phillips, “Sensory feedback control of upper- and lower-extremity motor prostheses,” CRC Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 16, issue 2, R. R. Hansebout, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988, pp. 105–140.
    • (1988) CRC Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 105-140
    • Phillips, C.A.1
  • 90
    • 0021991074 scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of scanned and stationary touch
    • J. R. Phillips and K. O. Johnson, “Neural mechanisms of scanned and stationary touch,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 77, pp. 220–224, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.77 , pp. 220-224
    • Phillips, J.R.1    Johnson, K.O.2
  • 91
    • 0023984816 scopus 로고
    • Modeling the excitation of fibers under surface electrodes
    • F. Rattay, “Modeling the excitation of fibers under surface electrodes,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 35, pp. 199–202, 1988.
    • (1988) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.35 , pp. 199-202
    • Rattay, F.1
  • 92
    • 0024693339 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of models for extracellular fiber stimulation
    • “Analysis of models for extracellular fiber stimulation,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 36, pp. 676–682, 1989.
    • (1989) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.36 , pp. 676-682
    • Rattay, F.1
  • 93
    • 0020136668 scopus 로고
    • Research on tactile communication of speech: A review
    • C. M. Reed, N. I. Durlach, and L. D. Bradia, “Research on tactile communication of speech: A review,” AHSA Monographs, vol. 20, pp. 1–23, 1982.
    • (1982) AHSA Monographs , vol.20 , pp. 1-23
    • Reed, C.M.1    Durlach, N.I.2    Bradia, L.D.3
  • 94
    • 0023409428 scopus 로고
    • Application of a neuroelectric model to electrocutaneous sensory sensitivity: Parametervariation study
    • I. P. Reilly and R. H. Bauer, “Application of a neuroelectric model to electrocutaneous sensory sensitivity: Parametervariation study,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-34, pp. 752–754, 1987.
    • (1987) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-34 , pp. 752-754
    • Reilly, I.P.1    Bauer, R.H.2
  • 95
    • 0024637201 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral nerve stimulation by induced electric currents: Exposure to time-varying magnetic fields
    • J. P. Reilly, “Peripheral nerve stimulation by induced electric currents: Exposure to time-varying magnetic fields,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., vol. 27, pp. 101–110, 1989.
    • (1989) Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. , vol.27 , pp. 101-110
    • Reilly, J.P.1
  • 96
    • 0005995112 scopus 로고
    • Sensory augmentation for enhanced control of FNS systems
    • A. Mitai, Ed. New York: Taylor and Francis
    • R. R. Riso, “Sensory augmentation for enhanced control of FNS systems,” in Ergonomics in Rehabilitation, A. Mitai, Ed. New York: Taylor and Francis, 1988, pp. 253–271.
    • (1988) Ergonomics in Rehabilitation , pp. 253-271
    • Riso, R.R.1
  • 97
    • 0006626309 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous sensations elicited using subdermally located electrodes
    • R. R. Riso, A. R. Ignagni, and M. W. Keith, “Electrocutaneous sensations elicited using subdermally located electrodes,” Automed., vol. 11, pp. 25–42, 1989.
    • (1989) Automed. , vol.11 , pp. 25-42
    • Riso, R.R.1    Ignagni, A.R.2    Keith, M.W.3
  • 98
    • 0022303553 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous sensory augmentation affords more precise shoulder position command for control of FNS orthoses
    • Memphis, TN
    • R. R. Riso and A. R. Ignagni, “Electrocutaneous sensory augmentation affords more precise shoulder position command for control of FNS orthoses,” in Proc. RESNA 8th. Anna. Conf., Memphis, TN, 1985, pp. 228–230.
    • (1985) Proc. RESNA 8th. Anna. Conf. , pp. 228-230
    • Riso, R.R.1    Ignagni, A.R.2
  • 101
    • 0014752770 scopus 로고
    • Choice of stimulator frequency for tactile arrays
    • C. H. Rogers, “Choice of stimulator frequency for tactile arrays,” IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst., vol. MMS-11, pp. 5–11, 1970.
    • (1970) IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst. , vol.MMS-11 , pp. 5-11
    • Rogers, C.H.1
  • 102
    • 0038837139 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous stimulation
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • G. B. Rollman, “Electrocutaneous stimulation,” in Proc. Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 38–51.
    • (1973) Proc. Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 38-51
    • Rollman, G.B.1
  • 104
    • 0010454923 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous displays
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • F. A. Saunders, “Electrocutaneous displays,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 20–26.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 20-26
    • Saunders, F.A.1
  • 105
    • 0342487737 scopus 로고
    • Recommended procedures for electrocutaneous displays
    • F. T. Hambrecht and J. B. Reswick, Eds. New York: Marcel Dekker
    • “Recommended procedures for electrocutaneous displays,” in Functional Electrical Stimulation: Applications in Neural Prostheses, F. T. Hambrecht and J. B. Reswick, Eds. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977, pp. 303–309.
    • (1977) Functional Electrical Stimulation: Applications in Neural Prostheses , pp. 303-309
    • Saunders, F.A.1
  • 106
    • 0020614490 scopus 로고
    • Information transmission across the skin: High-resolution tactile sensory aids for the deaf and the blind
    • F. A. Saunders, “Information transmission across the skin: High-resolution tactile sensory aids for the deaf and the blind,” Intern. J. Neurosci., vol. 19, pp. 21–28, 1983.
    • (1983) Intern. J. Neurosci. , vol.19 , pp. 21-28
    • Saunders, F.A.1
  • 107
    • 70249086065 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of the sense of touch
    • F. A. Saunders and C. C. Collins, “Electrical stimulation of the sense of touch,” J. Biomed. Syst., vol. 2, pp. 27–37, 1971.
    • (1971) J. Biomed. Syst. , vol.2 , pp. 27-37
    • Saunders, F.A.1    Collins, C.C.2
  • 108
    • 0019786547 scopus 로고
    • A wearable tactile sensory aid for profoundly deaf children
    • F. A. Saunders, W. A. Hill, and B. Franklin, “A wearable tactile sensory aid for profoundly deaf children,” J. Med. Syst., vol. 5, pp. 265–270, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Med. Syst. , vol.5 , pp. 265-270
    • Saunders, F.A.1    Hill, W.A.2    Franklin, B.3
  • 109
    • 0015721592 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of human hair follicles via microelectrodes
    • B. Scharf, J. Hyvarinen, A. Poranen, and M. M. Merzenich, “Electrical stimulation of human hair follicles via microelectrodes,” Percept. Psychophys., vol. 14, pp. 273–276, 1973.
    • (1973) Percept. Psychophys. , vol.14 , pp. 273-276
    • Scharf, B.1    Hyvarinen, J.2    Poranen, A.3    Merzenich, M.M.4
  • 110
    • 0002439416 scopus 로고
    • Somatovisceral sensibility
    • R. F. Schmidt, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag
    • R. F. Schmidt, “Somatovisceral sensibility,” in Fundamentals of Sensory Physiology, R. F. Schmidt, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986, pp. 30–61.
    • (1986) Fundamentals of Sensory Physiology , pp. 30-61
    • Schmidt, R.F.1
  • 111
    • 84946964512 scopus 로고
    • Current prospects for cutaneous communication
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • C. E. Sherrick, “Current prospects for cutaneous communication,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 106–109.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Devices , pp. 106-109
    • Sherrick, C.E.1
  • 112
    • 0021423087 scopus 로고
    • Basic and applied research on tactile aids for deaf people: Progress and prospects
    • C. E. Sherrick, “Basic and applied research on tactile aids for deaf people: Progress and prospects,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 75, pp. 1325–1342, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.75 , pp. 1325-1342
    • Sherrick, C.E.1
  • 115
    • 0017461913 scopus 로고
    • Electrotactile two-point discrimination as a function of frequency, body site, laterality, and stimulation codes
    • M. Solomonow, J. Lyman, and A. Freedy, “Electrotactile two-point discrimination as a function of frequency, body site, laterality, and stimulation codes,” Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 5, pp. 47–60, 1977.
    • (1977) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.5 , pp. 47-60
    • Solomonow, M.1    Lyman, J.2    Freedy, A.3
  • 116
    • 0020247446 scopus 로고
    • Electrotactile sensation and pain thresholds and ranges as a function of body site, laterality and sex
    • M. Solomonow and M. Preziosi, “Electrotactile sensation and pain thresholds and ranges as a function of body site, laterality and sex,” in Proc. IEEE Frontiers Eng. Health Care Conf., 1982, pp. 329–331.
    • (1982) Proc. IEEE Frontiers Eng. Health Care Conf. , pp. 329-331
    • Solomonow, M.1    Preziosi, M.2
  • 117
    • 0018733559 scopus 로고
    • The identification of the direction of electrocutaneous stimulation along lineal multistimulator arrays
    • D. W. Sparks, “The identification of the direction of electrocutaneous stimulation along lineal multistimulator arrays,” Percept. Psychophys., vol. 25, pp. 80–87, 1979.
    • (1979) Percept. Psychophys. , vol.25 , pp. 80-87
    • Sparks, D.W.1
  • 118
    • 0018352403 scopus 로고
    • Investigating the MESA (multipoint electrotactile speech aid): The transmission of connected discourse
    • D. W. Sparks, L. A. Ardell, M. Bourgeois, B. Wiedmer, and P. K. Kuhl, “Investigating the MESA (multipoint electrotactile speech aid): The transmission of connected discourse,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 65, pp. 810–815, 1979.
    • (1979) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.65 , pp. 810-815
    • Sparks, D.W.1    Ardell, L.A.2    Bourgeois, M.3    Wiedmer, B.4    Kuhl, P.K.5
  • 119
    • 0017877657 scopus 로고
    • Investigating the MESA (multipoint electrotactile speech aid): The transmission of segmental features of speech
    • D. W. Sparks, P. K. Kuhl, A. E. Edmonds, and G. P. Gray, “Investigating the MESA (multipoint electrotactile speech aid): The transmission of segmental features of speech,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 63, pp. 246–257, 1978.
    • (1978) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.63 , pp. 246-257
    • Sparks, D.W.1    Kuhl, P.K.2    Edmonds, A.E.3    Gray, G.P.4
  • 120
    • 0002380727 scopus 로고
    • The psychophysics of sensory function
    • W. Rosenblith, Ed. Cambridge: M.I.T.
    • S. S. Stevens, “The psychophysics of sensory function,” in Sensory Communication, W. Rosenblith, Ed. Cambridge: M.I.T., 1962, pp. 1–33.
    • (1962) Sensory Communication , pp. 1-33
    • Stevens, S.S.1
  • 122
    • 0022414598 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between pulse rate and pulse width for a constant-intensity level of electrocutaneous stimulation
    • A. Y. J. Szeto, “Relationship between pulse rate and pulse width for a constant-intensity level of electrocutaneous stimulation,” Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 13, pp. 373–383, 1985.
    • (1985) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.13 , pp. 373-383
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1
  • 123
    • 0024076497 scopus 로고
    • Technological devices for deaf-blind children: Needs and potential impact
    • “Technological devices for deaf-blind children: Needs and potential impact,” IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 25–29, 1988.
    • (1988) IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 25-29
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1
  • 124
    • 0022920972 scopus 로고
    • Effects of training on human tracking of electrocutaneous signals
    • A. Y. J. Szeto and Y. Chung, “Effects of training on human tracking of electrocutaneous signals,” Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 14, pp. 369–381, 1986.
    • (1986) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.14 , pp. 369-381
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1    Chung, Y.2
  • 125
    • 0017588045 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of codes for sensory feedback using electrocutaneous tracking
    • A. Y. J. Szeto and J. Lyman, “Comparison of codes for sensory feedback using electrocutaneous tracking,” Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 5, pp. 367–383, 1977.
    • (1977) Ann. Biomed. Eng. , vol.5 , pp. 367-383
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1    Lyman, J.2
  • 126
    • 0018463773 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous pulse rate and pulse width psychometric functions for sensory communications
    • A. Y. J. Szeto, J. Lyman, and R. E. Prior, “Electrocutaneous pulse rate and pulse width psychometric functions for sensory communications,” Hum. Fact., vol. 21, pp. 241–249, 1979.
    • (1979) Hum. Fact. , vol.21 , pp. 241-249
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1    Lyman, J.2    Prior, R.E.3
  • 127
    • 0018330921 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous tracking: A methodology for evaluating sensory feedback codes
    • A. Y. J. Szeto, R. E. Prior, and J. Lyman, “Electrocutaneous tracking: A methodology for evaluating sensory feedback codes,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-26, pp. 47–49, 1979.
    • (1979) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-26 , pp. 47-49
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1    Prior, R.E.2    Lyman, J.3
  • 128
    • 0002860054 scopus 로고
    • Sensory feedback using electrical stimulation
    • R. V. Smith and J. H. Leslie, Jr. Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • A. Y. J. Szeto and R. R. Riso, “Sensory feedback using electrical stimulation,” in Rehabilitation Engineering, R. V. Smith and J. H. Leslie, Jr. Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1990.
    • (1990) Rehabilitation Engineering
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1    Riso, R.R.2
  • 129
    • 0020116505 scopus 로고
    • Electrocutaneous stimulation for sensory communication in rehabilitation engineering
    • A. Y. J. Szeto and F. Saunders, “Electrocutaneous stimulation for sensory communication in rehabilitation engineering,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-29, pp. 300–308, 1982.
    • (1982) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-29 , pp. 300-308
    • Szeto, A.Y.J.1    Saunders, F.2
  • 131
    • 84946964166 scopus 로고
    • A power minimizing stimulus for electromechanical vibrators used in a portable tactile vision substitution system
    • M. S. Thesis, Biomed. Eng., Ohio State Univ., Columbus
    • P. Taige, “A power minimizing stimulus for electromechanical vibrators used in a portable tactile vision substitution system,” M. S. Thesis, Biomed. Eng., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, 1986.
    • (1986)
    • Taige, P.1
  • 132
    • 0014265408 scopus 로고
    • The sense of flutter-vibration: Comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand
    • W. H. Talbot, I. Darian-Smith, H. H. Kornhuber, and V. B. Mountcastle, “The sense of flutter-vibration: Comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand,” J. Neurophys., vol. 31, pp. 301–334, 1968.
    • (1968) J. Neurophys. , vol.31 , pp. 301-334
    • Talbot, W.H.1    Darian-Smith, I.2    Kornhuber, H.H.3    Mountcastle, V.B.4
  • 133
    • 0019756555 scopus 로고
    • The perceptual properties of electrocutaneous stimulation: Sensory quality, subjective intensity, and intensity-duration relation
    • T. Tashiro and A. Higashiyama, “The perceptual properties of electrocutaneous stimulation: Sensory quality, subjective intensity, and intensity-duration relation,” Percept. Psychophys., vol. 30, pp. 579–586, 1981.
    • (1981) Percept. Psychophys. , vol.30 , pp. 579-586
    • Tashiro, T.1    Higashiyama, A.2
  • 134
    • 0021368388 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral neural correlates of magnitude of cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia: Simultaneous recordings in humans of sensory Judgements of pain and evoked responses in nociceptors with C-fibers
    • H. E. Torebjork, R. H. LaMotte, and C. J. Robinson, “Peripheral neural correlates of magnitude of cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia: Simultaneous recordings in humans of sensory Judgements of pain and evoked responses in nociceptors with C-fibers,” J. Neurophysiol., vol. 51, pp. 325–339, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.51 , pp. 325-339
    • Torebjork, H.E.1    LaMotte, R.H.2    Robinson, C.J.3
  • 135
    • 0021233527 scopus 로고
    • Sensory correlates of somatic afferent fiber activation
    • H. E. Torebjork, W. Schady, and J. Ochoa, “Sensory correlates of somatic afferent fiber activation,” Human Neurobiol., vol. 3, pp. 15–20, 1984.
    • (1984) Human Neurobiol. , vol.3 , pp. 15-20
    • Torebjork, H.E.1    Schady, W.2    Ochoa, J.3
  • 136
    • 1942543722 scopus 로고
    • Some experience with flight-related electrocutaneous and vibrotactile displays
    • F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society
    • T. J. Triggs, W. H. Levison and R. Sanneman, “Some experience with flight-related electrocutaneous and vibrotactile displays,” in Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices, F. A. Geldard, Ed., Psychonomic Society, 1973, pp. 57–64.
    • (1973) Conf. Cutaneous Commun. Syst. Devices , pp. 57-64
    • Triggs, T.J.1    Levison, W.H.2    Sanneman, R.3
  • 137
    • 0015343356 scopus 로고
    • Reliability and interjudgement predictability of subjective judgements of electrocutaneous stimulation
    • B. Tursky and D. O’Connell, “Reliability and interjudgement predictability of subjective judgements of electrocutaneous stimulation,” Psychophysiol., vol. 9, pp. 290–295, 1972.
    • (1972) Psychophysiol. , vol.9 , pp. 290-295
    • Tursky, B.1    O’Connell, D.2
  • 138
    • 0019431097 scopus 로고
    • Sensations evoked from the glabrous skin of the human hand by electrical stimulation of unitary mechanosensitive afferents
    • A. B. Vallbo, “Sensations evoked from the glabrous skin of the human hand by electrical stimulation of unitary mechanosensitive afferents,” Brain Res., vol. 215, pp. 359–363, 1981.
    • (1981) Brain Res. , vol.215 , pp. 359-363
    • Vallbo, A.B.1
  • 139
    • 0042228626 scopus 로고
    • Tactile sensation related to activity in primary afferents with special reference to detection problems
    • C. v. Euler, O. Franzen, U. Lindblom and D. Ottoson, Eds. London: MacMillan
    • A. B. Vallbo, “Tactile sensation related to activity in primary afferents with special reference to detection problems,” in Somatosensory Mechanisms, C. v. Euler, O. Franzen, U. Lindblom and D. Ottoson, Eds. London: MacMillan, 1984, pp. 163–172.
    • (1984) Somatosensory Mechanisms , pp. 163-172
    • Vallbo, A.B.1
  • 140
    • 0021154799 scopus 로고
    • Properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human hand related to touch sensation
    • A. B. Vallbo and R. S. Johansson, “Properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human hand related to touch sensation,” Human Neurobiol., vol. 3, pp. 3–14, 1984.
    • (1984) Human Neurobiol. , vol.3 , pp. 3-14
    • Vallbo, A.B.1    Johansson, R.S.2
  • 141
    • 0024118971 scopus 로고
    • Influences of stimulation conditions on recruitment of myelinated nerve fibers: A model study
    • P. H. Veltink, J. A. V. Alste, and H. B. K. Boom, “Influences of stimulation conditions on recruitment of myelinated nerve fibers: A model study,” IEEE Trans. Biomed Eng., vol. 35, pp. 917–924, 1988.
    • (1988) IEEE Trans. Biomed Eng. , vol.35 , pp. 917-924
    • Veltink, P.H.1    Alste, J.A.V.2    Boom, H.B.K.3
  • 143
    • 0001280291 scopus 로고
    • Temporal summation in vibrotactile sensitivity
    • R. T. Verrillo, “Temporal summation in vibrotactile sensitivity,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 37, pp. 843–846, 1965.
    • (1965) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.37 , pp. 843-846
    • Verrillo, R.T.1
  • 144
    • 0021925169 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysics of vibrotactile stimulation
    • R. T. Verrillo, “Psychophysics of vibrotactile stimulation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 77, pp. 225–232, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , vol.77 , pp. 225-232
    • Verrillo, R.T.1
  • 145
    • 0001877376 scopus 로고
    • Intensive and extensiye aspects of tactile sensitivity as a function of body part, sex and laterality
    • D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
    • S. Weinstein, “Intensive and extensiye aspects of tactile sensitivity as a function of body part, sex and laterality,” in The Skin Senses, D. R. Kenshalo, Ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1968, pp. 195–218.
    • (1968) The Skin Senses , pp. 195-218
    • Weinstein, S.1
  • 147
    • 8244225210 scopus 로고
    • Sensorimotor mechanisms during precision grip in man
    • Ph.D. thesis, Umea Univ., Sweden
    • G. K. Westling, “Sensorimotor mechanisms during precision grip in man,” Ph.D. thesis, Umea Univ., Sweden, 1986.
    • (1986)
    • Westling, G.K.1
  • 148
    • 0014747440 scopus 로고
    • Perceptual findings with the vision-substitution system
    • B. W. White, “Perceptual findings with the vision-substitution system,” IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst., vol. MMS-11, pp. 54–58, 1970.
    • (1970) IEEE Trans. Man Mach. Syst. , vol.MMS-11 , pp. 54-58
    • White, B.W.1
  • 149
    • 34547833270 scopus 로고
    • Temporal numerosity: IV. A comparison of the major senses
    • C. T. White and P. G. Cheatham, “Temporal numerosity: IV. A comparison of the major senses,” J. Exp. Psych., vol. 58, pp. 441–444, 1959.
    • (1959) J. Exp. Psych. , vol.58 , pp. 441-444
    • White, C.T.1    Cheatham, P.G.2
  • 150
    • 0020332065 scopus 로고
    • Analysis and control of the current distribution under circular dispersive electrodes
    • J. D. Wiley and J. G. Webster, “Analysis and control of the current distribution under circular dispersive electrodes,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-29, pp. 381–385, 1982.
    • (1982) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.BME-29 , pp. 381-385
    • Wiley, J.D.1    Webster, J.G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.