The Generalized Pattern of Neuropsychological Deficits in Outpatients With Chronic Schizophrenia With Heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Results

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 48, Issue 10, 1991, Pages 891-898

  Braff, David L ^a   Heaton, Robert ^a   Kuck, Julie ^a   Cullum, Munro ^a   Moranville, John ^a   Grant, Igor ^a   Zisook, Sidney ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LOCOMOTION; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; PERCEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ADULT; AMBULATORY CARE; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0026048075     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810340023003     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Braff DL. Attention, habituation, and information processing in psychiatric disorders. In: Judd LL, Groves PM, eds. Psychiatry. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1985;3:1-12.
2. Flor-Henry P, Yeudall LT. Neuropsychological investigation of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychoses. In: Gruzelier J, Flor-Henry P, eds. Hemisphere Asymmetries of Function in Psychopathology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1979:341-362.
3. Gruzelier J, Hammond N. Schizophrenia: a dominant hemisphere temporal-limbic disorder. Res Commun Psychol Psychiatr Behav. 1976;1:33-72.
4. Goldstein G. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. In: Adams KM, Grant I, eds. Neuropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1986.
5. Chelune GJ, Heaton RK, Lehman RA, Robinson A. Level versus pattern of neuropsychological performance among schizophrenics and diffusely brain damaged patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1979;47:155-163.
6. Kolb B, Whishaw IQ. Performance of schizophrenic patients on tests sensitive to left or right frontal, temporal, or parietal function in neurological patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1983;171:435-443.
7. Taylor MA, Abrams R. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:196-201.
8. Gur RE, Skolnick BE, Gur RC, Caroff S, Rieger W, Obrist WD, Younkin D, Reivich M. Brain function in psychiatric disorder, I: regional cerebral blood flow in medicated schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;1250-1254.
9. Lassen NA, Roland PE. Localization of cognitive function with cerebral blood flow. In: Kertesz A, ed. Localization in Neuropsychology. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1983:141-152.
10. Ingvar DH, Franzen G. Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1974;50:425-462.
11. Buchsbaum MS, Ingvar DH. New visions of the schizophrenic brain: regional differences in electrophysiology, blood flow, and cerebral glucose use. In: Henn FA, Nasrallah HA, eds. Schizophrenia as a Brain Disease. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1982:235-252.
12. Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Geyer MA, Koob GF. Central dopamine hyperactivity in rats mimics abnormal acoustic startle response in schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry. 1986;21:23-33.
13. Pycock CJ, Carter CJ, Kerwin RW. Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex on neurotransmitter systems in subcortical sites in the rat. J Neurochem. 1982;34:91-99.
14. Grant DA, Berg EA. A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl type card sorting problem. J Exp Psychol. 1948;38:404-411.
15. Heaton RK. A Manual for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1981.
16. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Arch Neurol. 1963;9:90-100.
17. Heaton RK, Drexler M. Clinical neuropsychological findings in schizophrenia and aging. In: Miller N, ed. Schizophrenia, Paranoia, and Schizophreniform Disorders in Later Life. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1987:145-161.
18. Halstead WC. Brain and Intelligence: A Quantitative Study of the Frontal Lobes. Chicago, III: University of Chicago Press; 1947.
19. Fogel NL. The Proverbs Test in the appraisal of cerebral disease. J Gen Psychol. 1965;72:269-275.
20. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1983.
21. Weinberger DR, Berman KS, Zec RF. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, I: regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:114-124.
22. Berman KF, Zec RF, Weinberger DR. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, II: role of neuroleptic treatment, attention, and mental effort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:126-135.
23. Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Pliskin NH, Podd MH. Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia? a controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:1008-1014.
24. Robinson AL, Heaton RK, Lehman RW, Stilson DW. The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1980;48:605-614.
25. Nelson HE. A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe deficits. Cortex. 1976;12:313-324.
26. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35:773-791.
27. Spitzer RL, Williams TB, Gibbon M. Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1986.
28. Heaton RK, Pendleton MG. Use of neuropsychological tests to predict adult patients' everyday functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1981;49:807-821.
29. Heaton RK, Nelson LM, Thompson DS, Burks JS, Franklin GM. Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1985;53:103-110.
30. Filley CM, Heaton RK, Nelson LM, Burkes JS, Franklin GM. A comparison of dementia in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:157-161.
31. Overall JE. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS): recent developments in ascertainment and scaling. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24:97-99.
32. Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Flass JL, Cohen J. The Global Assessment Scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33:766-771.
33. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa; 1981.
34. Andreasen NC, Olsen S. Negative versus positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;39:789-794.
35. Thompson LL, Heaton RK. A comparison of the WAIS and WAIS-R using T-score conversions that correct for age, education, and sex. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1989;11:478-488.
36. Winkler RL, Hays WL. Statistics. 3rd ed. New York, NY: CBS College Publishing; 1981.
37. Seidman LJ. Schizophrenia and brain dysfunction: an integration of recent neurodiagnostic findings. Psychol Bull. 1983;94:195-238.
38. Docherty JP, van Kammen DP, Siris SG, Marder SR. Stages of onset of schizophrenic psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1978;135:420-426.
39. Spohn H, Lacoursiere R, Thompson K, Coyne L. Phenothiazine effects on psychological and psychophysiological dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34:633-644.
40. Saccuzzo DP, Braff DL. Information processing abnormalities: trait- and state-dependent components. Schizophr Bull. 1986;12:447-459.
41. Braff DL, Saccuzzo DP. The effect of antipsychotic medication on speed of information processing in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:1127-1130.
42. Pendleton MG, Heaton RK. A comparison of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Category Test. J Clin Psychol. 1982;38:392-396.
43. Heaton RK, Thompson LL, Nelson LM, Filley CM, Franklin GM. Brief and intermediate length screening of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. In: Multiple Sclerosis: A Neuropsychological Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1990:149-160.
44. Braff DL, Geyer MA. Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia: human and animal model studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:181-188.
45. Butler RW, Geyer MA, Jenkins MA, Braff DL. Wisconsin Card Sorting deficits and diminished sensorimotor gating in a discrete subgroup of schizophrenic patients. In: Tamminga CA, Schulz SC, eds. Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology: Schizophrenia Research. New York, NY: Raven Press. 1991;1:163-168.