Social motivation

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 377-399

  Geen, Russell G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Evaluation apprehension; Social facilitation; Social loafing

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; AROUSAL; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

ANXIETY; AROUSAL; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL FACILITATION;

EID: 0025985082     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.002113     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Atkinson, J. W. 1974. The mainsprings of achievement-oriented activity. In Motivation and Achievement, ed. J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor, pp. 13-41. Washington, DC: Winston
2. Bandura, A. 1988. Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anx. Res. 1:77-98
3. Barnes, B. D., Mason, E., Leary, M. R., Laurent, J., Griebel, C., Bergman, A. 1988. Reactions to social vs. self-evaluation: moderating effects of personal and social identity orientations. J. Res. Pers. 22:513-24
4. Baron, R. S. 1986. Distraction-conflict theory: progress and problems. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 19:1-40
5. Bartis, S., Szymanski, K., Harkins, S. G. 1988. Evaluation and performance: a two-edged knife. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 14:242-51
6. Basgall, J. A., Snyder, C. R. 1988. Excuses in waiting: external locus of control and reactions to success-failure feedback. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54:656-62
7. Baumeister, R. F. 1982. A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychol. Bull. 91:3-26
8. Baumeister, R. F. 1986. Public Self and Private Self. New York: Springer-Verlag
9. Baumeister, R. F. 1990. Anxiety and deconstruction: on escaping the self. In Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 6. ed. J. M. Olson, M. P. Zanna, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
10. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M. 1986. Four selves, two motives, and a substitute self-regulation model. See Baumeister 1986, pp. 63-74
11. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M. 1990. Anxiety and social exclusion. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 9:165-95
12. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., Hutton, D. G. 1990. Self presentation motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. J. Pers. 57:547-79
13. Baumgardner, A., Arkin, R. M. 1987. Coping with the prospect of social disapproval: strategies and sequelae. In Coping with Negative Life Events: Clinical and Social Psychological Perspectives, ed. C. R. Snyder, C. E. Ford. pp. 323-46. New York: Plenum
14. Bond, C. F. 1982. Social facilitation: a self-presentational view. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 42:1042-50
15. Breckler, S. J., Greenwald, A. G. 1986. Motivational facets of the self. In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, ed. R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins, pp. 145-64. New York: Guilford
16. Brickner, M. A., Harkins, S. G., Ostrom, T. M. 1986. Effects of personal involvement: thought-provoking implications for social loafing. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 51:763-69
17. Cacioppo, J. T., Rourke, P. A., Marshall-Goodell, B. S., Tassinary, L. G., Baron, R. S. 1990. Rudimentary psychological effects of mere observation. Psychophysiology 27:177-86
18. Cheek, J. M. 1989. Identity orientations and self-interpretation. In Personality Psychology: Recent Trends and Emerging Directions, ed. D. M. Buss, N. Cantor, pp. 275-85. New York: Springer-Verlag
19. Cheek, J. M., Briggs, S. R. 1982. Self-consciousness and aspects of identity. J. Res. Pers. 16:401-8
20. Crocker, J., Major, B. 1989. Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma. Psychol. Rev. 96:608-30
21. Daly, J. A., Stafford, L. 1984. Correlates and consequences of social-communicative anxiety. In Avoiding Communication, ed. J. A. Daly & J. C. McCroskey, pp. 125-43. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
22. Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. 1985. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum
23. Dweck, C. S., Leggett, E. L. 1988. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychol. Rev. 95:256-73
24. Eliiott, E. S., Dweck, C. S. 1988. Goals: an approach to motivation and achievement. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54:5-12
25. Geen, R. G. 1979. Effects of being observed on learning following success failure experiences. Motiv. Emotion 3:355-71
26. Geen, R. G. 1980. Test anxiety and cue utilization. In Test Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Applications, ed. I. G. Sarason, pp. 43-61. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
27. Geen, R. G. 1989. Alternative conceptions of social facilitation. In The Psychology of Group Influence, ed. P. Paulus, pp. 15-51. Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum. 2nd ed.
28. Geen, R. G., Bushman, B. J. 1989. The arousing effects of social presence. In Handbook of Social Psychophysiology, ed. H. Wagner & A. Manstead pp. 261-81. London: Wiley
29. Geen, R. G., Gange, J. J. 1977. Drive theory of social facilitation: twelve years of theory and research. Psychol. Bull. 84:1267-88
30. Geen, R. G., Thomas, S. L., Gammill, P. 1988. Effects of evaluation and coaction on state anxiety and anagram performance. Pers. Indiv. Dig. 6:293-98
31. Goethals, G. R., Darley, J. M. 1987. Social comparison theory: self-evaluation and group life. In Theories of Group Behavior, ed. B. Mullen, G. R. Goethals, pp. 21-47. New York: Springer-Verlag
32. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S. 1986. The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: a terror management theory. See Baumeister 1986, pp. 189-212
33. Griffith T. L., Fichman, M., Moreland, R. L. 1989. Social loafing and social facilitation: an empirical test of the cognitive-motivational model of performance. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 10:253-71
34. Guerin, B. 1986. Mere presence effects in humans: a review. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 22:38-77
35. Guerin, B., Innes, J. M. 1982. Social facilitation and social monitoring: a new look at Zajonc's mere presence hypothesis. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 21:7-18
36. Harkins, S. G. 1987. Social loafing and social facilitation. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 23:1-18
37. Harkins, S. G., Jackson, J. M. 1985. The role of evaluation in eliminating social loafing. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 11:456-65
38. Harkins, S. G., Szymanski, K. 1987. Social loafing and social facilitation: new wine in old bottles. In Rev. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 9:167-88
39. Harkins, S. G., Szymanski, K. 1988. Social loafing and self-evaluation with an objective standard. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 24:354-65
40. Harkins, S. G., Szymanski, K. 1989. Social loafing and group evaluation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56:934-41
41. Higgins, E. T. 1987. Self-discrepancy: a theory of relating self and affect. Psychol. Rev. 94:319-40
42. Higgins, E. T. 1988. Self-discrepancy theory: What patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer? Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 22:93-196
43. Hockey, R. 1979. Stress and cognitive components of skilled performance. In Human Stress and Cognition: An Information-Processing Approach, ed. V. Hamilton, D. M. Warburton. New York: Wiley
44. Jackson, J. M. 1987. Social impact theory: a social forces model of influence. See Goethals & Parley, pp. 111-24
45. Jackson, J. M., Harkins, S. G. 1985. Equity in effort: an explanation of the social loafing effect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 49:1199-1206
46. Jackson, J. M., Williams, K. D. 1985. Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 49:937-42
47. Janoff-Bulman, R., Timko, C. 1987. Coping with traumatic events: the role of denial in light of people's assumptive worlds. See Baumgardner & Arkin 1987, pp. 135-59
48. Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Snidman, N. 1988. Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 240:167-71
49. Kerr, N. L. 1983. Motivation losses in small groups: a social dilemma analysis. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 45:819-28
50. Kerr, N. L., Bruun, S. E. 1981. Ringelmann revisited: alternative explanations for the social loafing effect. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 7:224-31
51. Kravitz, D., Martin, B. 1986. Ringelmann rediscovered: the original article. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50:936-41
52. Latané, B., Nida, S. 1980. Social impact theory and group influence: a social engineering perspective. See Geen 1980, pp. 3-34
53. Latané, B., Williams, K., Harkins, S. 1979. Many hands make light the work: the cases and consequences of social loafing. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 37:822-32
54. Leary, M. R. 1983. Understanding Social Anxiety: Social, Personality, and Clinical Perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
55. Leary, M. R. 1986. The impact of interactional impediments on social anxiety and self-presentation. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 22:122-35
56. Leary, M. R. 1990. Responses to social exclu-sion: social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 9:221-29
57. Leary, M. R., Atherton, S. C. 1986. Self-efficacy, social anxiety, and inhibition in interpersonal encounters. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 4:256-67
58. Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M. 1990. Impression management: a literature review and two-component model. Psychol. Bull. 107:34-47
59. Leary, M. R., Barnes, B. D., Griebel, C. 1986. Cognitive, affective, and attributional effects of potential threats to self-esteem. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 4:461-74
60. Leary, M. R., Knight, P. D., Johnson, K. A. 1987. Social anxiety and dyadic conversation: a verbal response analysis. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 5:34-50
61. Leary, M. R., Atherton, S. C., Hill, S., Hur, C. 1986. Attributional mediators of social inhibition and avoidance. J. Pers. 54:704-16
62. Maddux, J. E., Norton, L. W., Leary, M. R. 1988. Cognitive components of social anxiety: an investigation of the integration of self-presentation theory and self-efficacy theory. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 6:180-90
63. McFarland, C., Ross, M. 1982. Impact of causal attributions on affective reactions to success and failure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 43:937-46
64. Petty, R. E., Harkins, S. G., Williams, K. D. 1980. The effects of group diffusion of cognitive effort on attitudes: an information-processing view. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 38:81-92
65. Ruskin, J. 1907/1963. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. London: Everyman's Library
66. Sanna, L. J., Shotland, R. L. 1990. Valence of anticipated evaluation and social facilitation. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 26:82-92
67. Sarason, I. G., ed. 1980. Test Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
68. Schlenker, B. 1986. Self-identification: toward an integration of the private and public self. See Baumeister 1986, pp. 21-62
69. Schlenker, B. R., Leary, M. R. 1982. Social anxiety and self-presentations: a conceptualization and model. Psychol. Bull. 92:641-69
70. Seta, C. E., Seta, J. J., Donaldson, S., Wang, M. A. 1988. The effects of evaluation on organizational processing. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 14:604-9
71. Seta, J. J., Crisson, J. E., Seta, C. E., Wang, M. A. 1989a. Task performance and perceptions of anxiety: averaging and summation in an evaluative setting. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56:387-96
72. Seta, J. J., Wang, M. A., Crisson, J. E., Seta, C. E. 1989b. Audience composition and felt anxiety: impact averaging and summation. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 10:57-72
73. Shepperd, J. A., Arkin, R. M. 1989. Determinants of self-handicapping: task importance and the effects of preexisting handicaps on self-generated handicaps, Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 15:101-12
74. Snyder, C. R., Higgins, R. L. 1988. Excuses: their effective role in the negotiation of reality. Psychol. Bull. 104:23-35
75. Sorrentino, R. M., Higgins, E. T., eds. 1986. Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. New York: Guilford
76. Szymanski, K., Harkins, S. G. 1987. Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 53:891-97
77. Tajfel, H., Turner, J. 1986. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Psychology of Inter group Relations, ed. S. Worchel, W. Austin, pp. 33-48. Chicago: Nelson-Hall
78. Weldon, E., Gargano, G. M. 1988. Cognitive loafing: the effects of accountability and shared responsibility on cognitive effort. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 14:159-71
79. White, R. W. 1959. Motivation reconsidered: the concept of competence. Psychol. Rev. 66:297-333
80. Wicklund, R. A., Gollwitzer, P. M. 1982. Symbolic Self-Completion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
81. Williams, K. D., Harkins, S. G., Latané, B. 1981. Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: two cheering experiments. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 40:303-11
82. Williams, K. D., Nida, S. A., Baca, L. D., Latané, B. 1989. Social loafing and swimming: effects of identifiability on individual and relay performance of intercollegiate swimmers. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 10:73-81
83. Zajonc, R. B. 1965. Social facilitation. Science 149:269-74
84. Zajonc, R. B. 1980. Compresence. See Latané & Nida 1980, pp. 35-60