Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex

Cerebral Cortex

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 1-47

  Felleman, Daniel J ^a   Van Essen, David C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0025718412     PISSN: 10473211     EISSN: 14602199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/1.1.1     Document Type: Article

References (214)

1. Aggleton JP, Burton MJ, Passingham RE (1980) Cortical and subcortical afferents to the amygdala of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto). Brain Res 190:347-368.
2. Allman JM, Miezin F, McGuinness E (1985) Stimulus specific responses from beyond the receptive field: neurophysiological mechanisms for local-global comparisons of visual motion. Annu Rev Neurosci 3:532-548.
3. Amaral DG, Insausti R, Cowan WM (1983) Evidence for a direct projection from the superior temporal gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the monkey. Brain Res 275:263-277.
4. Amaral DG, Insausti R, Cowan WM (1987) The entorhinal
5. cortex of the monkey. I. Cytoarchitectonic organization. J Comp Neurol 264:326-355.
6. Andersen RA (1987) The role of the inferior parietal lobule function in spatial perception and visuo-motor integration. In: Handbook of physiology. Sec 1, The nervous system, Vol IV, higher functions of the brain, Pt 2 (Plum F, Mountcastle VB, and Geiger SR, eds), pp 438-518. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
7. Andersen RA, Asanuma C, Cowan WM (1985) Callosal and prefrontal associational projecting cell populations in area 7A of the macaque monkey: a study using retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes. J Comp Neurol 232:443-455.
8. Andersen RA, Asanuma C, Essick G, Siegel RM (1990) Cor- tico-cortical connections of anatomically and physiologically defined subdivisions within the inferior parietal lobule. J Comp Neurol 296:65-113.
9. Anderson CH, Van Essen DC (1987) Shifter circuits: a computational strategy for dynamic aspects of visual processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6297-6301.
10. Barbas H (1986) Pattern in the laminar origin of cortico- cortical connections. Comp Neurol 252:415-422.
11. Barbas H (1988) Anatomic organization of basoventral and mediodorsal visual recipient prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 276:313-342.
12. Barbas H, Mesulam M-M (1981) Organization of afferent input to subdivisions of area 8 in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 200:407-431.
13. Barbas H, Mesulam M-M (1985) Cortical afferent input to the principalis region of the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 15:619-637.
14. Barbas H, Pandya DN (1989) Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 286:353-375.
15. Baylis GC, Rolls ET, Leonard CM (1987) Functional subdivisions of the temporal lobe neocortex. J Neurosci 7; 330-342.
16. Benevento LA, Rezak M (1976) The cortical projections of the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto)-, an autoradiographic study. Brain Res 108:1-24.
17. Blasdel GG, Lund JS (1983) Termination of afferent axons in macaque striate cortex. J Neurosci 3:1389-1413.
18. Blatt GJ, Stoner GR, Anderson RA (1987) The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in the macaque: associational connections and visual receptive field organization. Soc Neurosci Abstr 13:177-13.
19. Blatt GJ, Andersen RA, Stoner GR (1990) Visual receptive field organization and cortico-cortical connections of the lateral intraparietal area (area LIP) in the macaque. J Comp Neurol 299:421-445.
20. Boussaoud D, Ungerleider LC, Desimone R (1990) Pathways for motion analysis: cortical connections of the medial superior temporal and fundus of the superior temporal visual areas in the macaque. J Comp Neurol 296: 462-495.
21. Brady DR (1985) The posterior parahippocampal cortex of the monkey: organization and analysis of major association projections. PhD thesis, University of Iowa.
22. Brodmann K (1905) Beitrage zur histologischen Localisation der Grosshirnrinde. Dritte Mitteilung. Die Rinden- felder der niederen Affen. J Psychol Neurol 4:177-226.
23. Bruce C, Goldberg ME (1984) Physiology of the frontal eye fields. Trends Neurosci 7:436-441.
24. Bruce C, Desimone R, Gross CG (1981) Visual properties of neurons in a polysensory area in superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. J Neurophysiol 46:369-384.
25. Bruce C, Goldberg ME, Bushnell MC, Stanton GB (1985) Primate frontal eye fields. II. Physiological and anatomical correlates of electrically evoked eye movements. J Neurophysiol 54:714-734.
26. Bullier J, Kennedy H (1987) Axonal bifurcation in the visual system. Trends Neurosci 10:205-210.
27. Bullier J, Kennedy H, Salinger W (1984) Branching and laminar origin of projections between visual cortical areas in the cat. J Comp Neurol 228:329-341.
28. Burkhalter A, Van Essen DC (1983) The connections of the ventral posterior area (VP) in the macaque. Soc Neu- rosci Abstr 9:465.
29. Burkhalter A, Felleman DJ, Newsome WT, Van Essen DC (1986) Anatomical and physiological asymmetries related to visual areas V3 and VP in macaque extrastriate cortex. Vision Res 26:63-80.
30. Cavada C, Goldman-Rakic PS (1989a) Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: I. Parcellation of areas based on distinctive limbic and sensory corticocortical connections. Comp Neurol 287:393-421.
31. Cavada C, Goldman-Rakic PS (1989b) Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: II. Evidence for segregated corticocortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with the frontal lobe. J Comp Neurol 287:422-445.
32. Colby CL, Gattass R, Olson CR, Gross CG (1988) Topographic organization of cortical afiferents to extrastriate visual area PO in the macaque: a dual tracer study. J Comp Neurol 269:392-413.
33. Coogan TA, Burkhalter A (1990) Conserved patterns of corticocortical connections define areal hierarchy in rat visual cortex. Exp Brain Res 80:49-53.
34. Cragg BG (1969) The topography of the afferent projections in the circumstriate visual cortex of the monkey studied by the Nauta method. Vision Res 9:733-747.
35. Cusick CG, Wall JT, Felleman DJ, KaasJH (1989) Somato- topic organization of the lateral sulcus in owl monkeys: area 3b, S-II, and a ventral somatosensory area. J Comp Neurol 282:169-190.
36. Desimone R, Schein SJ (1987) Visual properties of neurons in area V4 of the macaque: sensitivity to stimulus form. J Neurophysiol 57:835-868.
37. Desimone R, Ungerleider, LB (1986) Multiple visual areas in the caudal superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. J Comp Neurol 248:164-189.
38. Desimone R, Ungerleider LB (1989) Neural mechanisms of visual processing in monkeys. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, Vol 2 (Boiler F and Grafman J, eds), pp 267-299. New York: Elsevier.
39. Desimone R, Fleming J, Gross CG (1980) Prestriate affer- ents to iniferior temporal cortex: an HRP study. Brain Res 184:41-45.
40. Desimone R, Albright TD, Gross CG, Bruce C (1984) Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. J Neurosci 4:2051-2062.
41. DeValois RL, Albrecht DG, Thorell LG (1982) Spatial frequency selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex. Vision Res 22:545-559.
42. DeYoe EA, Van Essen DC (1985) Segregation of efferent connections and receptive field properties in visual area V2 of the macaque. Nature 317:58-61.
43. DeYoe EA, Van Essen DC (1988) Concurrent processing streams in monkey visual cortex. Trends Neurosci 11: 219-226.
44. DeYoe EA, Felleman DJ, Knierim JJ, Olavarria JF, Van Essen DC (1988) Heterogeneous subregions of macaque visual area V4 receive selective projections from V2 thin- stripe and interstripe subregions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Suppl] 29:115.
45. DeYoe EA, Hockfield S, Garren H, Van Essen DC (1990) Antibody labeling of functional subdivisions in visual cortex: CAT-301 immunoreactivity in striate and extrastriate cortex of the macaque monkey. Vis Neurosci 5:6781.
46. Felleman DJ, Van Essen DC (1983) The connections of area V4 of macaque monkey extrastriate cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 9:153.
47. Felleman DJ, Van Essen DC (1984) Cortical connections of area V3 in macaque extrastriate cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 10:933.
48. Felleman DJ, DeYoe EA, Van Essen DC (1985) Two topographically organized visual areas in ventral extrastriate cortex of the macaque. Soc Neurosci Abstr 11:1246.
49. Felleman DJ, Knierim JJ, Van Essen DC (1986) Multiple topographic and non-topographic subdivisions of the temporal lobe revealed by the connections of area V4 in macaques. Soc Neurosci Abstr 12:1182.
50. Felleman DJ, Burkhalter A, Van Essen DC (1987) Visual area PIP: an extrastriate cortical area in the posterior intraparietal sulcus of macaque monkeys. Soc Neurosci Abstr 13:626.
51. Felleman DJ, DeYoe EA, Knierim JJ, Olavarria J, Van Essen DC (1988) Compartmental organization of projections from V2 to extrastriate areas V3, V3A, and V4t in macaque monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Suppl] 29:115.
52. Fenstemaker SB (1986) The organization and connections of visual conical area TEO in the macaque. PhD thesis, Princeton University.
53. Fenstemaker SB, Olson CR, Gross CG (1984) Afferent connections of macaque visual areas V4 and TEO. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25:213
54. Fitzpatrick D, Lund JS, Blasdel GG (1985) Intrinsic connections of macaque striate cortex: afferent and efferent connections of lamina 4C. J Neurosci 5:3329-3349.
55. Friedman DP (1983) Laminar patterns of termination of corticocortical afferents in the somatosensory system. Brain Res 273:147-151.
56. Friedman DP, Jones EG, Burton H (1980) Representation pattern in the second somatic sensory area of the monkey cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 192:21-41.
57. Friedman DP, Murray EA, O’Neill JB, Mishkin M (1986) Cortical connections of the somatosensory fields of the lateral sulcus of macaques: evidence for a corticolimbic pathway for touch. J Comp Neurol 252:323-347.
58. Galaburda AM, Pandya DN (1983) The intrinsic architectonic and connectional organization of the superior temporal region in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 221: 169-184.
59. Gattass R, Gross CG, Sandell JH (1981) Visual topography of V2 in the macaque. J Comp Neurol 201:519-539.
60. Gattass R, Sousa APB, Gross CG (1988) Visuotopic organization and extent of V3 and V4 of the macaque. J Neurosci 8:1831-1845.
61. Gilbert CD, Kelly JP (1975) The projections of cells in different layers of the cat’s visual cortex. J Comp Neurol 163:81-105.
62. Godschalk M, Lemon RN, Kuypers HGJM, Ronday HK (1984) Cortical afferents and efferents of monkey postarcuate area: an anatomical and electrophysiological study. Exp Brain Res 56:410-424.
63. Goldman-Rakic PS (1988) Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 11:137-156.
64. Goldman-Rakic PS, Selemon LD, Schwartz ML (1984) Dual pathways connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 12:719-743.
65. Haberly LB (1985) Neuronal circuitry in olfactory cortex: anatomy and functional implications. Chem Sens 10:219-238.
66. Hendry SCH, Jones EG, Hockfield S, McKay RDG (1988) Neuronal populations stained with the monoclonal antibody Cat-301 in the mammalian cerebral cortex and thalamus. J Neurosci 8:518-542.
67. Hikosaka K, Iwai E, Saito H-A, Tanaka K (1988) Polysensory properties of neurons in the anterior bank of the caudal superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol 60:1615-1637.
68. Horel JA, Pytko-Joiner DE, Voytko ML, Salsbury K (1987) The performance of visual tasks while segments of the inferotemporal cortex are suppressed by cold. Behav Brain Res 23:29-42.
69. Hubei DH, Livingstone MS (1987) Segregation of form, color, and stereopsis in primate area 18. J Neurosci 7: 3378-3415.
70. Hubei DH, Wiesel TN (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 160:106-154.
71. Hubei DH, Wiesel TN (1965) Receptive fields and functional architecture in two non-striate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. J Neurophysiol 18:229-289.
72. Hubei DH, Wiesel TN (1968) Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 195:215-243.
73. Huerta MF, Krubitzer LA, Kaas JH (1987) Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys. II. Cortical connections. Comp Neurol 265:332-361.
74. Hutchins KD, Martino AM, Strick PL (1988) Corticospinal projections from the medial wall of the hemisphere. Exp Brain Res 71:667-672.
75. Insausti R, Amaral DG, Cowan WM (1987) The entorhinal cortex of the monkey. II. Cortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 264:356-395.
76. Iwai E (1981) Visual mechanisms in the temporal and prestriate association cortices of the monkey. Adv Physiol Sci 17:279-286.
77. Iwai E, Yukie M (1987) Amygdalofugal and amygdalopetal connections with modality-specific visual cortical areas in macaques Macaca fuscata, M. mulatto, and M. fascicularis. J Comp Neurol 261:362-387.
78. Iwai E, Yukie M (1988) A direct projection from hippocampal field CA1 to ventral area TE of inferotemporal cortex in the monkey. Brain Res 444:397-401.
79. Iwai E, Yukie M, Suyama H, Shirakawa S (1987) Amygdalar connections with middle and inferior temporal gyri of the monkey. Neurosci Lett 83:25-29.
80. Jones EG, Burton H (1976) Areal differences in the laminar distribution of thalamic afferents in cortical fields of the insular, parietal and temporal regions of primates. J Comp Neurol 168:197-248.
81. Jones EG, Coulter JD, Hendry SHC (1978) Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor and parietal cortex of monkeys. J Comp Neurol 181:291-348.
82. Jurgens U (1984) The efferent and afferent connections of the supplementary motor area. Brain Res 300:63-81.
83. Kaas JH (1988) Why does the brain have so many visual areas? J Cogn Neurosci 1:121-135.
84. Kaas JH, Huerta MF (1988) Subcortical visual system of primates. In: Comparative primitive biology, Vol 4, Neuroscience (Steklis HP, ed), pp 327-391. New York: Liss.
85. Kaas JH, Nelson RJ, Sur M, Merzenich MM (1981) Organization of somatosensory cortex in primates. In: The organization of the cerebral cortex (Schmitt FO, Worden FG, Adelman G, and Dennis SG, eds), pp 237-261. Cambridge, MA: MIT' Press.
86. Kennedy H, Bullier J (1985) A double-labelling investigation of the afferent connectivity to cortical areas VI and V2 of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 5:2815-2830.
87. Komatsu H, Wurtz RH (1988a) Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. I. Localization and visual properties of neurons. J Neurophysiol 60:580-603.
88. Komatsu H, Wurtz RH (1988b) Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. III. Interaction with full-field visual stimulation. Neurophysiol 60:621-644.
89. Komatsu H, Wurtz RH (1989) Modulation of pursuit of eye movements by stimulation of cortical areas MT and MST. J Neurophysiol 62:31-47.
90. Krubitzer LA, Kaas JH (1990) The organization and connections of somatosensory cortex in marmosets. J Neurosci 10:952-974.
91. Kunzle H (1978) An autoradiographic analysis of the efferent connections from premotor and adjacent prefrontal regions (areas 6 and 9) in Macaca fascicularis. Brain Behav Evol 15:185-234.
92. Kunzle H, Akert K (1977) Efferent connections of cortical, area 8 (frontal eye field) in Macaca fascicularis. A reinvestigation using the autoradiographic technique. J Comp Neurol 173:147-164.
93. Leichnitz GR (1980) An intrahemispheric columnar pro- jection between two cortical multisensory convergence areas (inferior parietal lobule and prefrontal cortex): an anterograde study in the macaque using HRP gel. Neu- rosci Lett 18:119-124.
94. Lennie P (1980) Parallel visual pathways: a review. Vision Res 20:561-594.
95. Lennie P, Trevarthen C, Van Essen D, Wassle H (1990) Parallel processing of visual information. In: Visual perception: the neurophysiological foundations (Spillman L and Werner J, eds), pp 103-128. San Diego: Academic.
96. LeVay S, Sherk H (1981) The visual claustrum of the cat. I. Structure and connections. Neurosci 1:956-980.
97. Livingstone MS, Hubei DH (1984a) Anatomy of physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex. J Neurosci 4:309-356.
98. Livingstone MS, Hubei DH (1984b) Specificity of intrinsic connections in primate primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 4:2830-2835.
99. Livingstone MS, Hubei DH (1987a) Connections between layer 4B of area 17 and the thick cytochrome oxidase stripes of area 18 in the squirrel monkey. J Neurosci 7: 3371-3377.
100. Livingstone MS, Hubei DH (1987b) Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement and depth. J Neurosci 7:3416-3468.
101. Livingstone M, Hubei D (1988) Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science 240:740-749.
102. Lund JS (1987) Local circuit neurons of macaque monkey striate cortex: I. Neurons of laminae 4C and 5A. J Comp Neurol 257:60-92.
103. Lund JS (1988) Excitatory and inhibitory circuitry and laminar mapping strategies in primary visual cortex of the monkey. In: Signal and sense: local and global order in perceptual maps (Edelman GM, Gall WE, and Cowan WM, eds). New York: Wiley.
104. Lund JS, Lund RD, Hendrickson AE, Bunt AH, Fuchs AF (1975) The origin of efferent pathways from the primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 164:287-304.
105. Macko KA, Mishkin M (1985) Metabolic mapping of higher-order visual areas in the monkey. In: Brain imaging and brain function (SokolofiF L, ed), pp 73-86. New York: Raven.
106. Maguire WM, Baizer JS (1984) Visuotopic organization of the prelunate gyrus in rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 4:1690-1704.
107. Malpeli JG, Schiller PH, Colby CL (1981) Response properties of single cells in monkey striate cortex during reversible inactivation of individual lateral geniculate laminae. J Neurophysiol 46:1102-1119.
108. Mann SE, Thau R, Schiller PH (1988) Conditional task- related responses in monkey dorsomedial frontal cortex. Exp Brain Res 69:460-468.
109. Matelli M, Camarda R, Glickstein M, Rizzolatti G (1986) Afferent and efferent projections of the inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 251:281-298.
110. Maunsell JHR, Newsome WT (1987) Visual processing in monkey extrastriate cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 10:363-402.
111. Maunsell JHR, Van Essen DC (1983) The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 3:2563-2586.
112. Maunsell JHR, Van Essen DC (1987) Topographic organization of the middle temporal visual area in the macaque monkey: representational biases and the relationship to callosal connections and myeloarchitectonic boundaries. Comp Neurol 266:535-555.
113. Maunsell JHR, Nealey TP, DePriest DD (1990) Magnocel- lular and parvocellular contributions to responses in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 10:3323-3334.
114. May JG, Andersen RA (1986) Different patterns of corti copontine projections from separate cortical fields within the inferior parietal lobule and dorsal prelunate gyrus of the macaque. Exp Brain Res 63:265-278.
115. Merigan WH, Katz LM, Maunsell JHR (1991) The effects of parvocellular lateral geniculate lesions on the acuity and contrast sensitivity of macaque monkeys. J Neurosci, in press.
116. Merzenich MM, Brugge JF (1973) Representation of the cochlear partition on the superior temporal plane of the macaque monkey. Brain Res 50:275-296.
117. Merzenich MM, Kaas JH, Sur M, Lin C-S (1978) Double representation of the body surface within cytoarchitec- tonic areas 3b and 1 in “SI” in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). J Comp Neurol 181:41-74.
118. Mesulam M-M, Van Hoesen GW, Pandya DN, Geshwind N (1977) Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: a study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Brain Res 136:393-414.
119. Miller MW, Vogt BA (1984) Direct connections of rat visual cortex with sensory, motor, and association cortices. J Comp Neurol 226:184-202.
120. Moran J, Desimone R (1985) Selective attention gates visual information processing in the extrastriate cortex. Science 229:782-784.
121. Movshon JA, Adelson EH, Gizzi MS, Newsome WT (1986) The analysis of moving visual patterns. In: Pattern recognition mechanisms (Chagas C, Gattas R, Gross C, eds), pp 117-151. New York: Springer.
122. Muakkassa KF, Strick PL (1979) Frontal lobe inputs to primate motor cortex: evidence for four somatotopically organized ‘premotor’ areas. Brain Res 177:176-182.
123. Neal JW, Pearson RCA, Powell TPS (1987) The cortico- cortical connections of area 7b, PF, in the parietal lobe of the monkey. Brain Res 419:341-346.
124. Newsome WT, Maunsell JHR, Van Essen DC (1986) The ventral posterior visual area of the macaque: visual topography and areal boundries. J Comp Neurol 252:139-153.
125. Newsome WT, Wurtz RH, Komatsu H (1988) Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. II. Differentiation of retinal from extraretinal inputs. J Neurophysiol 60:604-620.
126. Ogren MP, Hendrickson AE (1977) The distribution of pulvinar terminals in visual areas 17 and 18 of the monkey. Brain Res 137:343-350.
127. Olavarria J, Montero VM (1984) Relation of callosal and striate-extrastriate cortical connections in the rat: morphological definition of extrastriate visual areas. Exp Brain Res 54:240-252.
128. Olavarria J and Montero VM (1989) Organization of visual cortex in the mouse revealed by correlating callosal and striate-extrastriate connections. Vis Neurosci 3:56-69.
129. Olavarria J, Van Sluyters RC (1985) Unfolding and flattening the cortex of gyrencephalic brains. J Neurosci Meth 15:191-202.
130. Perkel DJ, Bullier J, Kennedy H (1986) Topography of the afferent connectivity of area 17 in the macaque monkey: a double-labelling study. J Comp Neurol 253:374-402.
131. Perrett DI, Mistlin AJ, Chitty AJ (1987) Visual neurones responsive to faces. Trends Neurosci 10:358-364.
132. Peterhans E, von der Heydt R (1989) Mechanisms of contour perception in monkey visual cortex. II. Contour bridging gaps. J Neurosci 9:1749-1763.
133. Poggio GF, Fischer B (1977) Binocular interaction and depth sensitivity in striate and prestriate cortex of behaving rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 40:1392-1405.
134. Pons TP, Kaas JH (1986) Corticocortical connections of area 2 of somatosensory cortex in macaque monkeys: a correlative anatomical and electrophysiological study. J Comp Neurol 248:313-335.
135. Primrose DC, Strick PL (1985) The organization of interconnections between the premotor areas in the primate frontal lobe and the arm area of primary motor cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 11:1274.
136. Purpura K, Kaplan E, Shapley RM (1988) Background light and the contrast gain of primate P and M retinal ganglion cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:4534-4537.
137. Rezak M, Benevento LA (1979) A comparison of the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (area 17) in the macaque monkey. Brain Res 167:19-40.
138. Robinson CJ, Burton H (1980) Organization of somatosensory receptive fields in conical areas 7b, retroinsula, postauditory and granular insula of M.fascicularis.) Comp Neurol 192:69-92.
139. Rockland KS (1985) A reticular pattern of intrinsic connections in primate area V2 (area 18). J Comp Neurol 235:467-478.
140. Rockland KS, Pandya DN (1979) Laminar origins and terminations of conical connections of the occipital lobe in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 179:3-20.
141. Rosenquist AC (1985) Connections of visual conical areas in the cat. In: Cerebral cortex, Vol 3 (Peters A and Jones EG, eds), pp 81-117. New York: Plenum.
142. Saito H, Yukie M, Tanaka K, Kikosaka K, Fukada Y, Iwai E (1986) Integration of direction signals of image motion in the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 6:145-157.
143. Saito H, Tanaka K, Fukumoto M, Fukada Y (1987) The inferior temporal cortex of the macaque monkey: II. The level of complexity in the integration of pattern information. Soc Neurosci Abstr 13:177.17.
144. Sanides F (1970) Functional architecture of motor and sensory cortices in primates in the light of a new concept of neocortex evolution. In: The primate brain (Noback CR and Montagna W, eds), pp 137-208. New York: Ap- pleton-Century-Crofts.
145. Saunders RC, Rosene DL (1988) A comparison of the efferents of the amygdala and the hippocampal formation in the rhesus monkey: I. Convergence in the entorhinal, prorhinal, and perirhinal cortices. J Comp Neurol 271: 153-184.
146. Saunders RC, Rosene DL, Van Hoesen GW (1988) Comparison of the efferents of the amygdala and the hippocampal formation in the rhesus monkey: II. Reciprocal and non-reciprocal connections. Comp Neurol 271:185-207.
147. Schein SJ, Marrocco RT, DeMonasterio FM (1982) Is there a high concentration of color-selective cells in area V4 monkey visual cortex? J Neurophysiol 47:193.
148. Schiller PH, Logothetis NK (1990) The color-opponent and broad-band channels of the primate visual system. Trends Neurosci 13:392-398.
149. Schiller PH, Finlay BL, Volman SF (1976a) Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. Spatiotemporal organization of receptive fields. J Neurophysiol 39:1288-1319.
150. Schiller PH, Finlay BL, Volman SF (1976b) Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortexOrientation and ocular dominance. J Neurophysiol 39:1320-1333.
151. Schiller PH, Finlay BL, Volman SF (1976c) Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. Spatial frequency. Neurophysiol 39:1334-1351.
152. Schiller PH, Logothetis NK, Charles ER (1990) Functionsof the color-opponent (C-O) and broadband (B-B) channels in vision. Nature 343:68-70.
153. Schlag J, Schlag-Rey M (1987) Evidence for a supplementary eye field. J Neurophysiol 57:179-200.
154. Schwartz ML, Goldman-Rakic PS (1984) Callosal and intrahemispheric connectivity of the prefrontal association cortex in rhesus monkey: relation between intraparietal and principal sulcal cortex. J Comp Neurol 226:403-120.
155. Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS (1988) Common cortical and subcortical targets of the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behavior. J Neurosci 8:4049-4068.
156. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1976) Some cortical projections to the parahippocampal area in the rhesus monkey. Exp Neurol 50:146-160.
157. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1978) Afferent cortical connections and architectonics of the superior temporal sulcus and surrounding cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 149: 1-24.
158. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1980) Converging visual and somatic sensory conical input to the intraparietal sulcus of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 192:339-351.
159. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1984) Further observations on pa- rieto-temporal connections in the rhesus monkey. Exp Brain Res 55:301-312.
160. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1986) Posterior parietal projections to the intraparietal sulcus of the rhesus monkey. Exp Brain Res 62:459-469.
161. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1987) Post-rolandic cortical projections of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey. Soc Neurosci Abstr 13:251.
162. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1989a) Frontal lobe connections of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 281:97-113.
163. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1989b) Intrinsic connections and architectonics of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 290:451-471.
164. Sereno MI, Allman JM (1991) Cortical visual areas in mammals. In: Neural basis of visual function (Leventhal A, ed). London: McMillan.
165. Shapley R (1990) Visual sensitivity and parallel retino- cortical channels. Annu Rev Psychol 41:635-658.
166. Shapley R, Perry VH (1986) Cat and monkey retinal ganglion cells and their visual functional roles. Trends Neurosci 9:229-235.
167. Sherk H (1986) Location and connections of visual cortical areas in the cat’s suprasylvian sulcus. J Comp Neurol 247: 1-31.
168. Shipp S, Zeki S (1985) Segregation of pathways leading from V2 to areas V4 and V5 of macaque monkey visual cortex. Nature 315:322-325.
169. Shipp S, Zeki S (1989) The organization of connections between areas V5 and V2 in macaque monkey visual cortex. EurJ Neurosci 1:333-354.
170. Shiwa T (1987) Corticocortical projections to the monkey temporal lobe with particular reference to the visual processing pathways. Arch Ital Biol 125:139-154.
171. Stanton GB, Deng S-Y, Goldberg ME, McMullen NT (1989) Cytoarchitectural characteristic of the frontal eye fields in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 282:415-427.
172. Stone J, Dreher B, Leventhal A (1979) Hierarchical and parallel mechanisms in the organization of visual cortex. Brain Res Rev 1:345-394.
173. Sur M, Wall JT, Kaas JH (1981) Modular segregation of functional cell classes within the postcentral somatosensory cortex of monkeys. Science 212:1059-1061.
174. Suzuki WA, Amaral DG (1990) Cortical inputs to the CA1 field of the monkey hippocampus originate from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex but not from area TE. Neurosci Lett 115:43-48.
175. Swanson LW, Kohler C, Bjorklund A (1987) The limbic region. I: The septo-hippocampal system. In: Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy, Vol 5 (Bjorklund A, Hokfelt T, and Swanson LM, eds), pp 125-276. New York: Elsevier.
176. Symonds LL, Rosenquist AC (1984a) Corticocortical connections among visual areas in the cat. J Comp Neurol 229:1-38.
177. Symonds LL, Rosenquist AC (1984b) Laminar origins of visual cortico-cortical connections in the cat. J Comp Neurol 229:39-47.
178. Tigges J, Tigges M (1985) Subcortical sources of direct projections to visual cortex. In: Cerebral cortex, Vol 3 (Peters A and Jones EG, eds), pp 351-378. New York: Plenum.
179. Tigges J, Spatz WB, Tigges M (1973) Reciprocal point-to- point connections between parastriate and striate cortex in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri). J Comp Neurol 148: 481.
180. Tigges J, Tigges M, Anschel S, Cross N, Letbetter WD, McBride RL (1981) Areal and laminar distribution of neurons interconnecting the central visual cortical areas 17, 18, 19, and MT in squirrel monkey (Saimiri). J Comp Neurol 202:539.
181. Tootell RB and Silverman MS (1985) Two methods for flatmounting cortical tissue. J Neurosci Meth 15:177-190.
182. Turner BH, Gupta KC, Mishkin M (1978) The locus and cytoarchitecture of the projection areas of the olfactory bulb in Macaca mulatto. J Comp Neurol 177:381-396.
183. Turner BH, Mishkin M, Knapp M (1980) Organization of the amygdalopetal projections from modality-specific cortical association areas in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 191:515-543.
184. Ungerleider LG, Desimone R (1986a) Projections to the superior temporal sulcus from the central and peripheral field representations of VI and V2. J Comp Neurol 248: 147-163.
185. Ungerleider LG, Desimone R (1986b) Cortical connections of visual area MT in the macaque. J Comp Neurol 248:190-222.
186. Ungerleider LG, Mishkin M (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: Analysis of visual behavior (Ingle DG, Good- ale MA, and Mansfield RJQ, eds), pp 549-586. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
187. Ungerleider LG, Gattass R, Sousa APB, Mishkin M (1983) Projections of area V2 in the macaque. Soc Neurosci Abstr 9:152.
188. Van Essen DC (1985) Functional organization of primate visual cortex. In: Cerebral cortex, Vol 3 (Peters A and Jones EG, eds), pp 259-329. New York: Plenum.
189. Van Essen DC, Anderson CH (1990) Information processing strategies and pathways in the primate retina and visual cortex. In: Introduction to neural and electronic networks (Zornetzer SF, Davis JF, and Lau C, eds), pp 43-72. Orlando: Academic.
190. Van Essen DC, Maunsell JHR (1980) Two-dimensional maps of the cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 191:255-281.
191. Van Essen DC, Maunsell JHR (1983) Hierarchical organization and functional streams in the visual cortex. Trends Neurosci 6:370-375.
192. Van Essen DC, Zeki SM (1978) The topographic organization of rhesus monkey prestriate cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 277:193-226.
193. Van Essen DC, Maunsell JHR, Bixby JL (1981) The middle temporal visual area in the macaque: myeloarchitecture, connections, functional properties and topographic organization. J Comp Neurol 199:293-326.
194. Van Essen DC, Newsome WT, BixbyJL (1982) The pattern of interhemispheric connections and its relationship to extrastriate visual areas in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 2:265-283.
195. Van Essen DC, Newsome WT, Maunsell JHR (1984) The visual field representation in striate cortex of the macaque monkey: asymmetries, anisotropies and individual variability. Vision Res 24:429-448.
196. Van Essen DC, Newsome WT, Maunsell JHR, Bixby JL (1986) The projections from striate cortex (VI) to areas V2 and V3 in the macaque monkey: asymmetries, areal boundaries, and patchy connections. J Comp Neurol 224: 451-480.
197. Van Essen DC, DeYoe EA, Olavarria JF, Knierim JJ, Fox JM, Sagi D, Julesz B (1989) Neural responses to static and moving texture patterns in visual cortex of the macaque monkey. In: Neural mechanisms of visual perception (Lam DM-K and Gilbert CD, eds), pp 137-154. Woodlands, TX: Portfolio.
198. Van Essen DC, Felleman DF, DeYoe EA, Olavarria J, Knierim JJ (1991) Modular and hierarchical organization of extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol, Vol 55, in press.
199. Van Hoesen GW, Pandya DN (1975) Some connections of the entorhinal (area 28) and perirhinal (area 35) corticesof the rhesus monkey. I. Temporal lobe afferents. Brain Res 95:1-24.
200. Vogt BA, Pandya DN (1978) Cortico-cortical connections of somatic sensory cortex (areas 3,1 and 2) in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 177:179-192.
201. Von Bonin G, Bailey P (1947) The neocortex of Macaca mulatto. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
202. Von der Heydt R, Peterhans E (1989) Mechanisms of contour perception in monkey visual cortex. I. Lines of pattern discontinuity. Neurosci 9:1731-1748.
203. Walker AE (1940) A cytoarchitectural study of the prefrontal areas of the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 73: 59-86.
204. Weller RE, Kaas JH (1987) Subdivisions and connections of inferior temporal cortex in owl monkeys. J Comp Neurol 256:137-172.
205. Yeterian EH, Pandya DN (1985) Corticothalamic connections of the posterior parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 237:408-426.
206. Yukie M, Iwai E (1985) Laminar origin of direct projection from cortex area VI to V4 in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 346:383-386.
207. Yukie M, Iwai E (1988) Direct projections from the ventral TE area of the infero-temporal cortex to hippocampal field CA1 in the monkey. Neurosci Lett 88:6-10.
208. Yukie M, Niida T, Suyama H, Iwai E (1988) Interaction of visual cortical areas with the hippocampus in monkeys. Neuroscience 14:297-302.
209. Zeki SM (1978a) The cortical projections of foveal striate cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 277:227-244.
210. Zeki SM (1978b) Uniformity and diversity of structure and function in rhesus monkey prestriate visual cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 277:273-290.
211. Zeki SM (1980) A direct projection from area VI to area V3A of rhesus monkey visual cortex. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 207:499-506.
212. Zeki SM (1983) Color coding in the cerebral cortex: the reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and color. Neuroscience 9:741-765.
213. Zeki SM, Shipp S (1988) The functional logic of cortical connections. Nature 335:311-317.
214. Zeki SM, Shipp S (1989) Modular connections between areas V2 and V4 of macaque monkey visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 1:494-506.