Chapter 19 The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 85, Issue C, 1991, Pages 367-403

  Deutch, Ariel Y ^a   Roth, Robert H ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; AUTORECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID; NEUROPEPTIDE; SEROTONIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RAT; STRESS;

ANIMAL; BENZODIAZEPINES; DOPAMINE; FRONTAL LOBE; NEURONS; STRESS; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0025672802     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: 18757855     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62691-6     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Abarca, J., Bustos, G., Release of d-[3H]aspartic acid from the rat substantia nigra: effect of veratridine-evoked depolarization and cortical ablation. Neurochem. Int. 7 (1985), 229–236.
2. Abercrombie, E.D., Keefe, K.A., DiFrischia, D.S., Zigmond, M.J., Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 52 (1989), 1655–1658.
3. Alexander, G.E., DeLong, M.R., Strick, P.L., Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 9 (1986), 357–381.
4. Altar, C.A., Boyar, W.C., Oei, E., Wood, P.L., Dopamine autoreceptors modulate the in vivo release of dopamine in the frontal, cingulate, and entorhinal cortices. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 242 (1987), 115–120.
5. Amlaiky, N., Caron, M.G., Photoaffinity of the D2-dopamine receptor using a novel high affinity radioiodinated probe. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985), 1983–1986.
6. Amlaiky, N., Caron, M.G., Identification of the D2-dopamine receptor binding subunit in several mammalian tissues and species by photoaffinity labelling. J. Neurochem. 47 (1986), 196–204.
7. Andén, N.-E., Grabowska-Andén, M., Formation of deaminated metabolites of dopamine in noradrenergic neurons. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 324 (1983), 1–6.
8. Anisman, H., Ritch, M., Sklar, L.S., Noradrenergic and dopaminergic interactions in escape behavior: analysis of uncontrollable stress effects. Psychopharmacology 74 (1981), 263–268.
9. Antelman, S.M., Knopf, S., Caggiula, A.R., Kocan, D., Lysle, D.T., Edwards, D.J., Stress and enhanced dopamine utilization in the frontal cortex: the myth and the reality. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 262–272.
10. Araki, M., McGeer, P.L., McGeer, E.G., Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase. Brain Res. 331 (1985), 17–24.
11. Bannon, M.J., Roth, R.H., Pharmacology of mesocortical dopamine neurons. Pharmacol. Rev. 35 (1983), 53–68.
12. Bannon, M.J., Michaud, R.L., Roth, R.H., Mesocortical dopamine neurons. Lack of autoreceptors modulating dopamine synthesis. Mol. Pharmacol. 19 (1980), 270–275.
13. Bannon, M.J., Elliot, P.J., Alpert, J.E., Goedert, M., Iversen, S.D., Iversen, L.L., Role of endogenous substance P in stress-induced activation of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons. Nature 306 (1983), 791–792.
14. Bannon, M.J., Wolf, M.E., Roth, R.H., Pharmacology of DA neurons innervating the prefrontal, cingulate, and pyriform cortices. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 92 (1983), 119–125.
15. Bannon, M.J., Deutch, A.Y., Tam, S.-Y., Zamir, N., Eskay, R.L., Lee, J.-M., Maggio, J.E., Roth, R.H., Mild footshock stress dissociates substance P from substance K and dynorphin from Met- and Leu-enkephalin. Brain Res. 381 (1986), 393–396.
16. Bean, A.J., Adrian, T.J., Modlin, I.M., Roth, R.H., Dopamine and neurotensin storage in colocalized and noncolocalized neuronal populations. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 249 (1989), 681–687.
17. Bean, A.J., During, M.J., Deutch, A.Y., Roth, R.H., Effects of dopamine depletion on striatal neurotensin: Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies. J. Neurosci. 9 (1989), 4430–4438.
18. Beckstead, R.M., Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 166 (1976), 403–416.
19. Beckstead, R.M., An autoradiographic examination of corticocortical and subcortical projections of the mediodorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 184 (1979), 43–62.
20. Berger, B., Thierry, A.M., Tassin, J.P., Moyne, M.A., Dopaminergic innervation of the rat prefrontal cortex: a fluorescence histochemical study. Brain Res. 106 (1976), 133–145.
21. Berridge, C.W., Dunn, A.J., A corticotrophin-releasing factor antagonist reverses the stress-induced changes of exploratory behavior in mice. Hormones Behav. 21 (1987), 393–401.
22. Biggio, G., Concas, A., Serra, M., Salis, M., Corda, M.G., Nurchi, V., Crisponi, C., Gessa, G.L., Stress and β-carbolines decrease the density of low affinity GABA binding sites; an effect reversed by diazepam. Brain Res. 305 (1984), 13–18.
23. Boadle-Biber, M.C., Corley, K.C., Graves, L., Phan, T.-H., Rosecrans, J., Increase in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase from cortex and midbrain of male Fisher 344 rats in response to acute or repeated sound stress. Brain Res. 482 (1989), 306–316.
24. Bradberry, C.M., Deutch, A.Y., Karasic, D.H., Roth, R.H., Regionally-specific alterations in mesotelencephalic dopamine synthesis: association with precursor tyrosine. J. Neur. Trans. 78 (1989), 221–229.
25. Brailowsky, S., Silva-Barrat, C., Ménini, C., Riche, D., Naquet, R., Effects of localized, chronic GABA infusions into different cortical areas of the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 72 (1989), 147–156.
26. Britton, K.T., Lee, G., Vale, W., Rivier, J., Koob, G.F., Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonist blocks activating and “anxiogenic” actions of CRF in the rat. Brain Res. 369 (1986), 303–306.
27. Cabib, S., Kempf, E., Schleef, C., Oliverio, A., Puglisi-Allegra, S., Effects of immobilization stress on dopamine and its metabolites in different brain areas of the mouse: role of genotype and stress duration. Brain Res. 441 (1988), 153–160.
28. Carlson, J.N., Glick, S.D., Hinds, P.A., Baird, J.L., Food deprivation alters dopamine utilization in the rat prefrontal cortex and symmetrically alters amphetamine-induced rotational behavior. Brain Res. 454 (1988), 373–377.
29. Carter, C.J., Topographical distribution of possible glutamatergic pathways from the frontal cortex to the striatum and substantia nigra in rats. Neuropharmacology 21 (1982), 383–393.
30. Carter, C.J., Pycock, C.J., Studies on the role of catecholamines in the frontal cortex. Br. J. Pharmacol., 62, 1978, 402P.
31. Carter, C.J., Pycock, C.J., Lesions of the frontal cortex of the rat: changes in neurotransmitter systems in subcortical regions. Br. J. Pharmacol., 62, 1978, 430P 1978.
32. Carter, C.J., Pycock, C.J., Behavioral and biochemical effects of dopamine and noradrenaline depletion within the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Brain Res. 192 (1980), 163–176.
33. Chappel, P.B., Smith, M.A., Kilts, C.D., Bissette, G., Ritchie, J., Anderson, C., Nemeroff, C.B., Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in discrete brain regions after acute and chronic stress. J. Neurosci. 6 (1986), 2908–2914.
34. Chesselet, M.-F., Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release in the brain: facts and hypotheses. Neuroscience 12 (1984), 347–375.
35. Chiodo, L.A., Bannon, M.J., Grace, A.A., Roth, R.H., Bunney, B.S., Evidence for the absence of impulse-regulating somatodendritic and synthesis-modulating nerve terminal autoreceptors on subpopulations of mesocortical dopamine neurons. Neuroscience 12 (1984), 1–16.
36. Christie, M.J., Bridge, S., James, L.B., Beart, P.M., Excitotoxic lesions suggest an aspartatergic projection from rat medial prefrontal cortex to ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 333 (1985), 169–172.
37. Christie, M.J., James, L.B., Beart, P.M., An excitant amino acid projection from the medial prefrontal cortex to the anterior part of the nucleus accumbens in the rat. J. Neurochem. 45 (1985), 477–482.
38. Christie, M.J., Summers, R.J., Stephenson, J.A., Cook, C.J., Beart, P.M., Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing d[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. Neuroscience 22 (1987), 425–429.
39. Claustre, Y., Rivy, J.P., Dennis, T., Scatton, B., Pharmacological studies on stress-induced increase in frontal cortical dopamine metabolism in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238 (1986), 693–700.
40. Concas, A., Mele, S., Biggio, G., Foot shock stress decreases chloride efflux from rat brain synaptoneurosomes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 135 (1987), 423–427.
41. Conrad, L.C.A., Pfaff, D.W., Autoradiographic tracing of nucleus accumbens efferents in the rat. Brain Res. 113 (1976), 589–596.
42. Corda, M.G., Blaker, W., Mendelson, W., Guidotti, A., β-Carbolines enhance the shock-induced suppression of drinking in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 80 (1983), 2072–2078.
43. Costall, B., Hendrie, C.A., Kelly, M.E., Naylor, R.J., Actions of sulpiride and tiapride in a simple model of anxiety in mice. Neuropharmacology 26 (1987), 195–200 1987.
44. Crawley, J.N., Ninan, P.T., Pickar, D., Chrousos, G.P., Linnoila, M., Skolnick, P., Paul, S.M., Neuropharmacological antagoism of the β-carboline-induced “anxiety” response in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurosci. 5 (1985), 477–485.
45. Culman, J., Kvetnancsky, R., Torda, T., Murgas, K., Serotonin concentration in individual hypothalamic nuclei of rats exposed to acute immobilization stress. Neuroscience 5 (1980), 1503–1506.
46. Curet, O., Dennis, T., Scatton, B., The formation of deaminated metabolites of dopamine in the locus coeruleus depends on noradrenergic neuronal activity. Brain Res. 335 (1986), 297–301.
47. Dal Tose, R., Sommer, B., Ewert, M., Pritchett, D.B., Bach, A., Chivers, B.D., Seeberg, P., The dopamine D2 receptor: two molecular forms generated by alternative splicing. EMBO J. 8 (1989), 4025–4034.
48. Damsma, G., Yoshida, M., Wenskstern, D., Nomikos, G.G., Phillips, A.G., Dopamine transmission in the rat striatum, nucleus accumbens, and pre-frontal cortex is differently affected by feeding, tail pinch, and immobilization. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 1989, 557 1989.
49. D'Angio, M., Serrano, A., Rivy, J.P., Scatton, B., Tail pinch stress increases extracellular DOPAC levels (as measured by in vivo voltammetry) in the rat nucleus accumbens but not frontal cortex: antagonism by diazepam and zolpidem. Brain Res. 409 (1987), 169–174.
50. D'Angio, M., Serrano, A., Driscoll, P., Scatton, B., Stressful environmental stimuli increase extracellular DOPAC levels in the prefrontal cortex of hypoemotional (Roman high-avoidance) but not hyperemotional (Roman low-avoidance) rats. An in vivo voltammetric study. Brain Res. 451 (1988), 237–247.
51. De Keyser, J., Walraevens, H., De Backer, J.-P., Ebinger, G., Vauquelin, G., D2 dopamine receptors in the human brain: heterogeneity based on differences in guanine nucleotide effect on agonist binding, and their presence on corticostriatal terminals. Brain Res. 484 (1989), 36–42.
52. Deminière, J.M., Tagzhouti, K., Tassin, J.P., Le Moal, M., Simon, H., Increased sensitivity to amphetamine and facilitation of amphetamine self-administration after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the amygdala. Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), 232–236.
53. Dennis, T., Dubois, A., Benavides, J., Scatton, B., Distribution of central ω1 (benzodiazepine1) and ω2 (benzodiazepine2) receptor subtypes in the monkey and human brain. An autoradiographic study with [3H]flunitrazepam and the ω1 selective ligand [3H]zolpidem. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247 (1988), 309–322.
54. Depoortere, H., Zivkovic, B., Lloyd, K.G., Sanger, D., Perrault, G., Langer, S.Z., Bartholini, G., Zolpidem, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. I. Neuropharmacological and behavioral effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237 (1986), 649–658.
55. DeSouza, E.B., Van Loon, G.R., Brain serotonin and catecholamine responses to repeated stress in rats. Brain Res. 367 (1986), 77–86.
56. Deutch, A.Y., Martin, R.J., Mesencephalic dopamine modulation of pituitary and central β-endorphin: relation to food intake regulation. Life Sci. 33 (1983), 281–287.
57. Deutch, A.Y., Roth, R.H., Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the ventral tegmental area: selective modulation of prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism. Neurosci. Lett. 74 (1987), 169–174.
58. Deutch, A.Y., Tam, S.-Y., Roth, R.H., Footshock and conditioned stress increase 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the ventral tegmental area but not substantia nigra. Brain Res. 333 (1985), 143–146.
59. Deutch, A.Y., Maggio, J.E., Bannon, M.J., Kalivas, P.W., Tam, S.-Y., Goldstein, M., Roth, R.H., Substance K and substance P differentially modulate mesolimbic and mesocortical systems. Peptides, Suppl. 2 6 (1985), 113–122.
60. Deutch, A.Y., Kalivas, P.W., Goldstein, M., Roth, R.H., Interconnections of the mesencephalic dopamine cell groups. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 1986, 875.
61. Deutch, A.Y., Tam, S.-Y., Freeman, A.S., Bowers, M.B. Jr., Roth, R.H., Mesolimbic and mesocortical activation induced by phencyclidine: contrasting pattern to striatal response. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 134 (1987), 257–264.
62. Deutch, A.Y., Bean, A.J., Bissette, G., Nemeroff, C.B., Robbins, R.J., Roth, R.H., Stress-induced alterations in neurotensin, somatostatin, and corticotropin-releasing factor in mesotelencephalic dopamine system regions. Brain Res. 417 (1987), 350–354.
63. Deutch, A.Y., Goldstein, M., Baldino, F. Jr., Roth, R.H., Telencephalic projections of the A8 dopamine cell group. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 27–50.
64. Deutch, A.Y., Gruen, R.J., Roth, R.H., The effects of perinatal diazepam exposure on stress-induced activation of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system. Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (1989), 105–114.
65. Deutch, A.Y., Clark, W.A., Roth, R.H., Prefrontal cortical dopamine depletion enhances the responsiveness of mesolimbic dopamine neurons to stress. Brain Res. 521 (1990), 311–315.
66. Divac, I., Fonnum, F., Storm-Mathisen, J., High affinity uptake of glutamate in terminals of corticostriatal axons. Nature 266 (1977), 377–378.
67. Divac, I., Björklund, A., Lindvall, O., Passingham, R.E., Converging projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the neocortex in three species. J. Comp. Neurol. 180 (1978), 59–72.
68. Dorow, R., Horowski, R., Paschelke, G., Amin, M., Braestrup, C., Severe anxiety induced by FG 7142, a β-carboline ligand for benzodiazepine receptors. Lancet 41 (1983), 98–99.
69. Dougherty, G.G., Ellinwood, E.H. Jr., Chronic D-amphetamine in nucleus accumbens: lack of tolerance or reverse tolerance of locomotor activity. Life Sci. 28 (1981), 2295–2298.
70. Dunn, A.J., Stress-related activation of cerebral dopaminergic systems. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 188–205.
71. Dunn, A.J., Berridge, C.W., Corticotropin-releasing factor administration elicits a stress-like activation of cerebral catecholaminergic systems. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 27 (1987), 685–691.
72. Elliott, P.J., Alpert, J.E., Bannon, M.J., Iversen, S.D., Selective activation of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine metabolism in rat brain by infusion of a stable substance P analogue into the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res., 1986, 145–147.
73. Fadda, F., Argiolas, A., Melis, M.R., Tissari, A.H., Onali, P.L., Gessa, G., Stress-induced increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the cerebral cortex and N. accumbens: reversal by diazepam. Life Sci. 23 (1978), 2219–2224.
74. Fallon, J.H., Topographic organization of ascending dopaminergic projections. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 1–9.
75. Fernstrom, J.D., Role of precursor availability in control of monoamine biosynthesis in brain. Physiol. Rev. 63 (1983), 484–545.
76. Ferron, A., Thierry, A.M., Le Douarin, C., Glowinski, J., Inhibitory influence of the mesocortical dopaminergic system on spontaneous activity or excitatory response induced from thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 302 (1984), 257–265.
77. File, S.E., Pellow, S., Braestrup, C., Effects of the β-carboline, FG 7142, in the social interaction test of anxiety and the holeboard: correlations between behavior and plasma concentrations. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 22 (1985), 941–944.
78. Fonnum, F., Gottesfeld, Z., Grofova, I., Distribution of glutamate decarboxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in the basal ganglia of normal and operated rats. Evidence for striatopallidal, striatoentopeduncular, and striatonigral GABAergic fibers. Brain Res. 143 (1978), 125–138.
79. Freeman, A.S., Meltzer, L.T., Bunney, B.S., Firing properties of nigral dopaminergic neurons in freely moving rats. Life Sci. 36 (1985), 157–164.
80. Gallager, D.W., Benzodiazepines: potentiation of a GABA inhibitory response in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 49 (1978), 133–143.
81. Galloway, M.P., Wolf, M.E., Roth, R.H., Regulation of dopamine synthesis in the medial prefrontal cortex is mediated by release modulating autoreceptors: studies in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 236 (1986), 689–698.
82. Gariano, R.F., Groves, P.M., Burst firing induced in midbrain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Brain Res. 462 (1988), 194–198.
83. Gariano, R.F., Tepper, J.M., Sawyer, S.F., Young, S.J., Groves, P.M., Mesocortical dopaminergic neurons. I. Electrophysiological properties and evidence for somadendritic autoreceptors. Brain Res. Bull. 22 (1989), 511–516.
84. Giorgi, O., Corda, M.G., Biggio, G., Ro 15–4513, like anxiogenic β-carbolines, increases dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 156 (1988), 71–75.
85. Girault, J.A., Barbeito, L., Spampinato, U., Gozlan, H., Glowinski, J., Besson, M.J., In vivo release of endogenous amino acids from the rat striatum: further evidence for a role of glutamate and aspartate in corticostriatal transmission. J. Neurochem. 47 (1986), 98–106.
86. Glavin, G.B., Stress and brain noradrenaline: A review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 9 (1985), 233–243.
87. Glavin, G.B., Tanaka, M., Tsuda, A., Kohno, Y., Hoaki, Y., Nagasaki, N., Regional rat brain noradrenaline turnover in response to restrain stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 19 (1983), 287–290.
88. Glowinski, H., Chéramy, A., Romo, R., Barbeito, L., Presynaptic regulation of dopaminergic transmission in the striatum. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 8 (1988), 7–17.
89. Gonon, F.G., Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow and dopamine released by rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons as studied by in vivo electrochemistry. Neuroscience 24 (1988), 19–28.
90. Grace, A.A., In vivo and in vitro intracellular recordings from rat midbrain dopamine neurons. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 51–76.
91. Grace, A.A., Bunney, B.S., Paradoxical GABA excitation of nigral dopaminergic cells: indirect mediation through reticulata inhibitory neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 59 (1979), 211–218.
92. Grace, A.A., Bunney, B.S., The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: burst firing. J. Neurosci. 4 (1984), 2877–2890.
93. Grenhoff, J., Svensson, T.H., Clonidine regularizes substantia nigra dopamine cell firing. Life Sci. 42 (1988), 2003–2009.
94. Groenewegen, H.J., Russchen, F.T., Organization of the efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens to pallidal, hypothalamic, and mesencephalic structures: a tracing and immunohistochemical study in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 223 (1984), 347–367.
95. Gysling, K., Wang, R.Y., Morphine-induced activation of A10 dopamine neurons in the rat. Brain Res. 277 (1983), 119–127.
96. Haroutunian, V., Knott, P., Davis, K.L., Effects of mesocortical dopaminergic lesions upon subcortical dopaminergic function. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 24 (1988), 341–344.
97. Herman, J.P., Guillonneau, D., Dantzer, R., Scatton, B., Semerdjian-Rouquier, L., Le Moal, M., Differential effects of inescapable footshocks and of stimuli previously paired with inescapable footshocks on dopamine turnover in cortical and limbic areas of the rat. Life Sci. 30 (1982), 2207–2214.
98. Herman, J.P., Rivet, J.M., Abrous, N., Le Moal, M., Intracerebral dopaminergic transplants are not activated by electrical footshock stress activating in situ mesocorticolimbic neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 90 (1988), 83–88.
99. Hervé, J.P., Simon, H., Blanc, G., Lisoprawski, A., Le Moal, M., Glowinski, J., Tassin, J.P., Increased utilization of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens but not in the cerebral cortex after dorsal raphe lesion in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 15 (1979), 127–133.
100. Hervé, J.P., Simon, H., Blanc, G., Le Moal, M., Glowinski, J., Tassin, J.P., Opposite changes in dopamine utilization in the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex after electrolytic lesion of the medial raphe in the rat. Brain Res. 216 (1981), 422–428.
101. Hervé, D., Tassin, J.P., Studler, J.M., Dana, C., Kitabgi, P., Vincent, J.P., Glowinski, J., Dopaminergic control of 125I-labeled neurotensin binding site density in corticolimbic structures of the rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 83 (1986), 6203–6207.
102. Hirada, K., Deutch, A.Y., Goldstein, M., The effects of a benzodiazepine partial agonist, Ro 16–6028, on basal and stress-induced in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation in the mesotelencephalic dopamine system. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 1989, 1310.
103. Hjorth, S., Engel, J.A., Carlsson, A., Anticonflict effects of low doses of the dopamine agonist apomorphine in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24 (1986), 237–240.
104. Hjorth, S., Carlsson, A., Engel, J.A., Anxiolyticlike action of the 3-PPP enantiomers in the Vogel conflict paradigm. Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), 371–375.
105. Hjorth, S., Soderpalm, B., Engel, J.A., Biphasic effect of L-5-HTP in the Vogel conflict model. Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), 96–99.
106. Hökfelt, T., Everitt, B.J., Theodorsson-Norheim, E., Goldstein, M., Occurrence of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in subpopulations of hypothalamic, mesencephalic, and medullary catecholamine neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 222 (1984), 543–549.
107. Ida, Y., Roth, R.H., The activation of mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons by FG-7142 is absent in rats treated chronically with diazepam. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 137 (1987), 185–189.
108. Ida, Y., Tanaka, M., Kohno, Y., Nakagawa, R., Iimori, K., Tsuda, A., Hoaki, A., Nagasaki, N., Effects of age and stress on regional noradrenaline metabolism in the rat brain. Neurobiol. Aging 3 (1982), 233–236.
109. Ida, Y., Tanaka, M., Tsuda, A., Tsujimaru, S., Nagasaki, N., Attenuating effect of diazepam on stress-induced increases in noradrenaline turnover in specific brain regions of rats: antagonism by Ro 15–1788. Life Sci. 37 (1985), 2491–2498.
110. Ikeda, M., Nagatsu, T., Effect of short-term swimming stress and diazepam on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the caudate nucleus: an in vivo voltammetric study. N.-S. Arch. Pharmacol. 331 (1985), 23–26.
111. Iuvone, P.M., Dunn, A.J., Tyrosine hydroxylase activation in mesocortical 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine neurons following footshock. J. Neurochem. 47 (1986), 837–844.
112. Iversen, S.D., 5-HT and anxiety. Neuropharmacology 23 (1984), 1553–1560.
113. Jhamandas, K., Marien, M., Glutamate-evoked release of endogenous brain dopamine: inhibition of an excitatory amino acid antagonist and an enkephalin analogue. Br. J. Pharmacol. 90 (1987), 641–650.
114. Jones, M.W., Kilpatrick, I.C., Phillipson, O.T., Thalamic control of subcortical dopamine function in the rat and the effects of lesions applied to the medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 475 (1988), 8–20.
115. Jones, M.W., Kilpatrick, I.C., Phillipson, O.T., Dopamine function in the prefrontal cortex of the rat is sensitive to a reduction of tonic GABA-mediated inhibition in the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 69 (1988), 623–634.
116. Joyce, E.M., Stinus, L., Iversen, S.D., Effect of injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into either nucleus accumbens septi or frontal cortex on spontaneous and drug-induced activity. Neuropharmacology 9 (1983), 1141–1145.
117. Kalin, N.H., Sherman, J.E., Takahashi, L.K., Antagonism of endogenous CRF systems attenuates stress-induced freezing behavior in rats. Brain Res. 457 (1988), 130–135.
118. Kalivas, P.W., Sensitization to repeated enkephalin administration into the ventral tegmental area of the rat. II. Involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 235 (1985), 544–550.
119. Kalivas, P.W., Abhold, R., Enkephalin release into the ventral tegmental area in response to stress: modulation of mesocorticolimbic dopamine. Brain Res. 414 (1987), 339–348.
120. Kalivas, P.W., Duffy, P., Similar effects of daily cocaine and stress on mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in the rat. Biol. Psychiat. 25 (1989), 913–928.
121. Kalivas, P.W., Richardson-Carlson, R., Endogenous enkephalin modulation of dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area. Am. J. Physiol., 251, 1986, R243 A249.
122. Kalivas, P.W., Taylor, S., Behavioral and neurochemical effect of daily injection with neurotensin into the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 358 (1985), 70–76.
123. Kalivas, P.W., Widerlov, E., Stanley, D., Breese, G.R., Prange, A.J. Jr., Enkephalin action on the mesolimbic system: a dopamine-dependent and a dopamine independent increase in locomotor activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 227 (1983), 229–237.
124. Kalivas, P.W., Burgess, S.K., Nemeroff, C.B., Prange, A.J. Jr., Behavioral and neurochemical effects of neurotensin microinjected into the ventral tegmental area of the rat. Neuroscience 8 (1983), 495–505.
125. Kalivas, P.W., Deutch, A.Y., Maggio, J.E., Mantyh, P.W., Roth, R.H., Substance K and substance P in the ventral tegmental area. Neurosci. Lett. 57 (1985), 241–246.
126. Kalivas, P.W., Richardson-Carlson, R., Van Orden, G., Cross-sensitization between foot shock stress and enkephalin-induced motor activity. Biol. Psychiat. 21 (1986), 939–950.
127. Kalivas, P.W., Duffy, P., Latimer, L.G., Neurochemical and behavioral effects of corticotropinreleasing factor in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 242 (1987), 757–763.
128. Kalivas, P.W., Duffy, P., Dilts, R., Abhold, R., Enkephalin modulation of A10 dopamine neurons: a role in dopamine sensitization. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 405–414.
129. Kalivas, P.W., Duffy, P., Barrow, J., Regulation of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system by glutamic acid receptor subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251 (1989), 378–387.
130. Kalivas, P.W., Duffy, P., Eberhart, H., Modulation of A10 dopamine neurons by γ-aminobutyric acid agonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253 (1990), 858–866.
131. Kant, G.J., Mougey, E.H., Pennington, L.L., Meyerhoff, J.L., Graded footshock stress elevates pituitary cyclic AMP and plasma β-endorphin, LPH, corticosterone and prolactin. Life Sci. 33 (1983), 2657–2663.
132. Kawano, M., Nozoe, S., Yamanaka, T., Nagata, M., Takayama, I., Kawa, A., Kanahisa, T., Yoshimuta, Y., Ookubo, N., Sonada, J., Evaluation of sulpiride effects on neurosis and psychosomatic diseases by double blind method. Jap. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 52 (1975), 304–316.
133. Keller, R.W., Stricker, E.M., Zigmond, M.J., Environmental stimuli but not homeostatic challenges produce apparent increases in dopaminergic activity in the striatum: an analysis by in vivo voltammetry. Brain Res. 279 (1983), 159–170.
134. Kelley, A.E., Iversen, S.D., Behavioral effects of substance P injections into zona reticulata of rat substantia nigra. Brain Res. 158 (1978), 474–478.
135. Kelley, A.E., Stinus, L., Iversen, S.D., Behavioral activation induced by substance P infusion into ventral tegmental area: implication of dopaminergic A10 neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 11 (1979), 335–339.
136. Kelley, A.E., Stinus, L., Iversen, S.D., Substance P infusion into substantia nigra of rat: behavioral analysis and involvement of striatal dopamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 60 (1979), 171–179.
137. Kelley, P.H., Moore, K.E., Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurones in the rotational model of nigrostriatal function. Nature 263 (1976), 695–696.
138. Knorr, A.M., Deutch, A.Y., Roth, R.H., The anxiogenic β-carboline FG-7142 increases in vivo and in vitro tyrosine hydroxylation in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 495 (1989), 355–361.
139. Kocsis, J.D., Sugimori, M., Kitai, S.T., Convergence of excitatory synaptic inputs to caudate spiny neurons. Brain Res. 124 (1977), 403–413.
140. Kornhuber, J., Kim, J.-S., Kornhuber, M.E., Kornhuber, H.H., The cortico-nigral projection: reduced glutamate content in the substantia nigra following frontal cortex ablation in the rat. Brain Res. 322 (1984), 124–126.
141. Kramarcy, N.R., Delanoy, R.L., Dunn, A.J., Footshock treatment activates catecholamine synthesis in slices of mouse brain regions. Brain Res. 290 (1984), 311–319.
142. Krettek, J.E., Price, J.L., The cortical projections of the mediodorsal nucleus and adjacent thalamic nuclei in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 171 (1977), 157–192.
143. Kuriyama, K., Kanmori, K., Taguchi, J., Yoneda, Y., Stress-induced enhancement of suppression of [3H]GABA release from striatal slices by presynaptic autoreceptor. J. Neurochem. 42 (1984), 943–950.
144. Kvetnansky, R., Palkovits, M., Mitro, A., Torda, T., Mikulaj, L., Catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei of acutely and repeatedly stressed rats. Neuroendocrinology 23 (1977), 257–267.
145. Lacey, M.G., Mercuri, N.B., North, R.A., On the potassium conductance increase activated by GABAB and dopamine D2 receptors in rat substantia nigra neurones. J. Physiol. 401 (1988), 437–453.
146. LaHoste, G.J., Mormède, P., Rivet, J.M., Le Moal, M., Differential sensitization to amphetamine and stress responsivity as a function of inherent laterality. Brain Res. 453 (1988), 381–384.
147. Latimer, L.G., Duffy, P., Kalivas, P.W., Mu opioid receptor involvement in enkephalin activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 241 (1987), 328–337.
148. Lavielle, S., Tassin, J.-P., Thierry, A.-M., Blanc, G., Hervé, D., Barthelemy, C., Glowinski, J., Blockade by benzodiazepines of the selective high increase in dopamine turnover induced by stress in mesocortical dopaminergic neurons of the rat. Brain Res. 168 (1978), 585–594.
149. Leccese, A.P., Lyness, W.H., Lesions of dopamine neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex: effects of self-administration of amphetamine and dopamine synthesis in the brain of the rat. Neuropharmacology 26 (1987), 1303–1308.
150. Lee, E.H.Y., Lin, H.H., Yin, H.M., Differential influences of different stressors upon midbrain raphe neurons in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 80 (1987), 115–119.
151. Leonard, C.M., The prefrontal cortex of the rat. I. Cortical projections of the mediodorsal nucleus. II. Efferent connections. Brain Res. 12 (1969), 321–343.
152. Lisaprawski, A., Blanc, G., Glowinski, J., Activation by stress of the habenulo-interpeduncular substance P neurons in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 25 (1981), 47–51.
153. Loughlin, S.E., Fallon, J.H., Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area projections to cortex: topography and collateralization. Neuroscience 11 (1984), 425–436.
154. Louilot, A., Simon, H., Tagzhouti, K., Le Moal, M., Modulation of dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens following facilitation or blockade of the dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala: a study by in vivo differential pulse voltammetry. Brain Res. 346 (1985), 141–145.
155. Louilot, A., Tagzhouti, K., Deminière, J.M., Simon, H., Le Moal, M., Dopamine and behavior: functional and theoretical considerations. Sandler, M., Feuerstein, C., Scatton, B., (eds.) Neurotransmitter Interactions in the Basal Ganglia, 1987, Raven Press, New York.
156. Louilot, A., Le Moal, M., Simon, H., Opposite influences of dopaminergic pathways to the prefrontal cortex or the septum on the dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens. An in vivo voltammetric study. Neuroscience 29 (1989), 45–56.
157. Maggio, J.E., Tachykinins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11 (1988), 13–28.
158. Marcel, D., Weissman, D., Bardelay, C., Meunier, C., Pujol, J.-F., Benzodiazepine binding sites in the cingulate cortex after lesion of the noradrenaline and dopamine containing afferents. Brain Res. Bull. 19 (1987), 485–494.
159. Markstein, R., Emson, P., Effect of neurotensin and its fragments neurotensin- (1–6) and neurotensin- (8–13) on dopamine release from cat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 152 (1988), 147–152.
160. Martin-Iversen, M.T., Szostak, C., Fibiger, H.C., 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex fail to influence intravenous self-administration of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), 310–314.
161. Matsuzaki, I., Takamatsu, Y., Moroji, T., The effects of intracerebroventricularly injected corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) on the central nervous system: behavioral and biochemical studies. Neuropeptides 13 (1989), 147–155.
162. Matthews, R.T., German, D.C., Electrophysiological evidence for excitation of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by morphine. Neuroscience 11 (1984), 617–625.
163. McCarty, R., Kopin, I.J., Sympatho-adrenal medullary activity and behavior during exposure to footshock stress: a comparison of seven rat strains. Physiol. Behav. 21 (1978), 567–572.
164. Meloni, R., Childs, J., Gerogan, F., Yurkofsky, S., Gale, K., Effect of haloperidol on transplants of fetal substantia nigra: evidence for feedback regulation of dopamine turnover in the graft and its projections. Prog. Brain Res. 78 (1988), 457–461.
165. Miller, J.D., Speciale, S.G., McMillen, B.A., German, D.C., Naloxone antagonism of stress-induced augmentation of frontal cortex dopamine metabolism. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 98 (1984), 437–439.
166. Mogenson, G.J., Swanson, L.W., Wu, M., Neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus, substantia innominata, and lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic area: an anatomical and electrophysiological investigation in the rat. J. Neurosci. 3 (1983), 189–202.
167. Mount, H., Welner, S., Quirion, R., Boksa, P., Glutamate stimulation of [3H]dopamine release from dissociated cell cultures of rat ventral mesencephalon. J. Neurochem. 52 (1989), 1300–1310.
168. Nakane, T., Audhya, T., Kanie, N., Hollander, C.S., Evidence for a role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor in cold, ether, immobilization, and traumatic stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 82 (1985), 1247–1251.
169. Nauta, W.J.H., Smith, G.P., Faull, R.L.M., Domesick, V.B., Efferent connections and nigral afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat. Neuroscience 3 (1978), 385–401.
170. Nemeroff, C.B., Cain, S.T., Neurotensin-dopamine interactions in the CNS. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 6 (1985), 201–205.
171. Nieoullon, A., Dusticier, N., Glutamate uptake, glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase in subcortical areas after sensorimotor cortical ablations in the cat. Brain Res. Bull. 10 (1983), 287–293.
172. Nieoullon, A., Scarfone, E., Kerkerian, L., Errami, M., Dusticier, N., Changes in choline acetyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, high-affinity glutamate uptake and dopaminergic activity induced by kainic acid lesion of the thalamostriatal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 58 (1985), 299–304.
173. Ninan, P.T., Insel, T.M., Cohen, R.M., Cook, J.M., Skolnick, P., Paul, S.M., Benzodiazepine receptor-mediated experimental “anxiety” in primates. Science 218 (1982), 1332–1334.
174. Oades, R.D., Tagzhouti, K., Rivet, J.-M., Simon, H., Le Moal, M., Locomotor activity in relation to dopamine and noradrenaline in the nucleus accumbens, septal, and frontal areas: a 6-hydroxydopamine study. Neuropsychobiology 16 (1986), 37–42.
175. Ostrowski, N.L., Hatfield, C.B., Caggiula, A.R., The effects of low doses of morphine on the activity of dopamine-containing cells and on behavior. Life Sci. 31 (1982), 2347–2350.
176. Palkovits, M., Lang, T., Patthy, A., Elekes, I., Distribution and stress-induced increase in glutamate and aspartate levels in discrete brain nuclei of rats. Brain Res. 373 (1986), 252–257.
177. Palmer, M.R., Hoffer, B.J., Catecholamine modulation of enkephalin-induced electrophysiological responses in cerebral cortex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 213 (1980), 205–215.
178. Paris, J.M., Lorens, S.A., Van de Kar, L.D., Urban, J.H., Richardson-Morton, K.D., Bethea, C.L., A comparison of acute stress paradigms: hormonal responses and hypothalamic serotonin. Physiol. Behav. 39 (1987), 33–43.
179. Passingham, R.E., Myers, C., Rawlins, N., Lightfoot, V., Fearn, S., Premotor cortex in the rat. Behav. Neurosci. 102 (1988), 101–109.
180. Peterson, S.L., St. Mary, J.S., Harding, N.R., Cis-flupentixol antagonism of the rat prefrontal cortex neuronal response to apomorphine and ventral tegmental area input. Brain Res. Bull. 18 (1987), 723–729.
181. Phillipson, O.T., The cytoarchitecture of the interfascicular nucleus and ventral tegmental area of Tsai in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 187 (1979), 85–98.
182. Phillipson, O.T., Afferent projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 187 (1979), 117–143.
183. Pinnock, R.D., Hyperpolarizing action of baclofen on neurons in the rat substantia nigra slice. Brain Res. 332 (1984), 337–340.
184. Pinnock, R.D., Neurotensin depolarizes substantia nigra dopamine neurones. Brain Res. 338 (1985), 151–154.
185. Pittaluga, A., Raiteri, M., Clonidine enhances the release of endogenous γ-aminobutyric acid through alpha-2 and alpha-1 presynaptic adrenoceptors differentially located in rat cerebral cortex subregions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245 (1988), 682–686.
186. Plantjé, J.F., Steinbusch, H.W.M., Schipper, J., Dijcks, F.A., Verheijden, P.F.H.M., Stoof, J.C., D-2 dopamine-receptors regulate the release of [3H]dopamine in rat cortical regions showing dopamine immunoreactive fibers. Neuroscience 20 (1987), 157–168.
187. Pycock, C.J., Carter, C.J., Kerwin, R.W., Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex on neurotransmitter systems in subcortical sites in the rat. J. Neurochem. 34 (1980), 91–99.
188. Quintin, L., Gonon, F., Buda, M., Ghignone, M., Hilaire, G., Pujol, J.-F., Clonidine modulates locus coeruleus metabolic hyperactivity induced by stress in behaving rats. Brain Res. 362 (1986), 366–369.
189. Quirion, R., Chiueh, C.C., Everist, H.D., Pert, A., Comparative localization of neurotensin receptors on nigrostriatal and mesoliminergic dopaminergic terminals. Brain Res. 327 (1985), 385–389.
190. Reinhard, J.F. Jr., Bannon, M.J., Roth, R.H., Acceleration by stress of dopamine synthesis and metabolism in prefrontal cortex: antagonism by diazepam. N.-S. Arch. Pharmacol. 318 (1982), 374–377.
191. Ribak, C.E., Vaughn, J.E., Roberts, E., GABAergic nerve terminals decrease in the substantia nigra following hemitransections of the striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways. Brain Res. 192 (1980), 413–420.
192. Robinson, T.E., Becker, J.B., Behavioral sensitization is accompanied by an enhancement in amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release from striatal tissue in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 85 (1982), 253–254.
193. Rose, J.E., Woolsey, C.N., The orbitofrontal cortex and its connections with the mediodorsal nucleus in rabbit, sheep, and cat. Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 27 (1948), 210–232.
194. D.L. Rosin, W.A. Clark, M. Goldstein, R.H. Roth, A.Y. Deutch, (1990) Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the prefrontal cortex on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in subcortical dopamine systems of the rat. Neuroscience, submitted.
195. Rossier, J., French, E.D., Rivier, C., Ling, N., Guillemin, R., Bloom, F.E., Foot-shock induced stress increases β-endorphin levels in blood but not brain. Nature 270 (1977), 618–620.
196. Roth, R.H., Wolf, M.E., Deutch, A.Y., The neurochemistry of midbrain dopamine systems. Meltzer, H.Y., (eds.) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress, 1987, Raven Press, New York, 81–94.
197. Roth, R.H., Tam, S.-Y., Ida, Y., Yang, J.-X., Deutch, A.Y., Stress and the mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 138–147.
198. Roth, R.H., Tam, S.-Y., Bradberry, C.W., Karasic, D.H., Deutch, A.Y., Precursor availability and function of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Huether, G., (eds.) Amino Acid Availability and Brain Function in Health and Disease, Nato ASI Series, H20, 1988, Springer, Heidelberg, 191–200.
199. Sanger, D.J., GABA and the behavioral effects of anxiolytic drugs. Life Sci. 36 (1985), 1503–1513.
200. Sawaguchi, T., Matsumura, M., Kubota, K., Dopamine enhances the neuronal activity of spatial short-term memory task in the primate prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Res. 5 (1988), 465–473.
201. Sawaguchi, T., Matsumura, M., Kubota, K., Delayed response deficit in monkeys by locally disturbed prefrontal neuronal activity by bicuculline. Behav. Brain Res. 31 (1988), 193–198.
202. Scatton, B., Dennis, T., Curet, O., Increase in dopamine and DOPAC levels in noradrenergic terminals after electrical stimulation of the ascending noradrenergic pathways. Brain Res. 298 (1984), 193–196.
203. Scatton, B., D'Angio, M., Driscoll, P., Serrano, A., An in vivo voltammetric study of the response of mesocortical and mesoaccumbens dopaminergic neurons to environmental stimuli in strains of rats with different levels of emotionality. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 124–137.
204. Scheibner, T., Tork, I., Ventromedial mesencephalic tegmental (VMT) projections to ten functionally different cortical areas in the cat: Topographical and quantitative analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 259 (1987), 247–265.
205. Schwartz, R.D., Wess, M.J., Labarca, R., Skolnick, P., Paul, S.P., Acute stress enhances the activity of the GABA receptor-gated chloride ion channel in brain. Brain Res. 411 (1987), 151–155.
206. Sesack, S.R., Bunney, B.S., Pharmacological characterization of the receptor mediating electrophysiological responses to dopamine in the rat medial prefrontal cortex: a microiontophoretic study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248 (1989), 1323–1333.
207. Sesack, S.R., Deutch, A.Y., Roth, R.H., Bunney, B.S., Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tract-tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J. Comp. Neurol. 290 (1989), 213–242.
208. Shanks, N., Anisman, H., Stressor-provoked behavioral changes in six strains of mice. Behav. Neurosci. 102 (1988), 894–905.
209. Shepard, P.D., German, D.C., A subpopulation of mesocortical dopamine neurons possesses autoreceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 98 (1984), 455–456.
210. Shepard, R.A., Behavioral effects of GABA agonists in relation to anxiety and benzodiazepine action. Life Sci. 40 (1987), 2429–2436.
211. Simon, H., Le Moal, M., Catecholamines: Neuropharmacology and Central Nervous System – Theoretical Aspects, 1984, Alan R. Liss, New York 293-307, Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons: functional role. In.
212. Sivam, S.P., Breese, G.R., Krause, J.E., Napier, T.C., Mueller, R.A., Hong, J.-S., Neonatal and adult 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions differentially alter tachykinin and enkephalin gene expression. J. Neurochem. 49 (1987), 1623–1633.
213. Sokoloff, P., Giros, B., Martres, M.-P., Bouthenet, M.-L., Schwartz, J.-C., Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347 (1990), 146–151.
214. Sorg, B.A., Kalivas, P.W., Measurement of footshock-induced changes in dopamine and metabolites by in vivo dialysis in rat prefrontal cortex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15, 1989, 558.
215. Speciale, S.G., Miller, J.D., McMillen, B.A., German, D.C., Activation of specific central dopamine pathways: locomotion and footshock. Brain Res. Bull. 16 (1986), 33–38.
216. Spencer, H.J., Antagonism of cortical excitation of striatal neurons by glutamic acid diethylester: evidence for glutamic acid as an excitatory transmitter in rat striatum. Brain Res. 102 (1976), 91–101.
217. Stanford, C., Fillenz, M., Ryan, E., The effect of repeated mild stress on cerebral cortical adrenoceptors and noradrenaline synthesis in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 45 (1984), 163–167.
218. Stone, E.A., Stress and catecholamines. Friedhoff, A.J., (eds.) Catecholamines and Behavior. Vol. 2. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1975, Plenum Press, New York, 31–72.
219. Studler, J.-M., Kitabgi, P., Tramu, G., Hervé, D., Glowinski, J., Tassin, J.-P., Extensive co-localization of neurotensin with dopamine in rat meso-cortico-frontal dopaminergic neurons. Neuropeptides 11 (1988), 95–100.
220. Sudo, A., Time course of the changes of catecholamine levels in rat brain during swim stress. Brain Res. 276 (1983), 372–374.
221. Szigethy, E., Beaudet, A., Correspondence between high affinity 125I-neurotensin binding sites and dopaminergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area: a combined radioautographic and immunohistochemical light microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 279 (1989), 128–137.
222. Tam, S.-Y., Roth, R.H., Selective increase in dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex by the anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34 (1985), 1595–1598.
223. Tassin, J.P., Herve, D., Blanc, G., Glowinski, J., Differential effects of a two-minute open-field session on dopamine utilization in the frontal cortices of BALB/C and C57 BL/6 mice. Neurosci. Lett. 17 (1980), 67–71.
224. Tassin, J.P., Kitabgi, P., Tramu, G., Studler, J.M., Hervé, D., Trovero, F., Glowinski, J., Rat mesocortical dopaminergic neurons are mixed neurotensin/dopamine neurons: immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 537 (1988), 531–533.
225. Terreberry, R.R., Neafsey, E.J., The rat medial frontal cortex projects directly to autonomic regions of the brainstem. Brain Res. Bull. 19 (1987), 639–649.
226. Thiébot, M.-H., Soubrié, P., Behavioral pharmacology of the benzodiazepines. Costa, E., (eds.) The Benzodiazepines: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice, 1983, Raven Press, New York, 67–92.
227. Thiébot, M.-H., Hamon, M., Soubrié, P., Attenuation of induced anxiety in rats by chlordiazepoxide: role of raphe dorsalis benzodiazepine binding sites and serotonergic neurons. Neuroscience 7 (1982), 2287–2294.
228. Thierry, A.M., Stinus, L., Blanc, G., Glowinski, J., Some evidence for the existence of dopaminergic neurons in the rat cortex. Brain Res. 50 (1973), 230–234.
229. Thierry, A.M., Stinus, L., Glowinski, J., Dopaminergic terminals in the rat cortex. Science 182 (1973), 499–501.
230. Thierry, A.M., Tassin, J.-P., Blanc, G., Glowinski, J., Selective activation of the mesocortical dopamine system by stress. Nature 263 (1976), 242–243.
231. Thierry, A.M., Deniau, J.M., Feger, J., Effects of stimulation of the frontal cortex on identified output VMT cells in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 15 (1979), 103–107.
232. Thierry, A.M., Le Douarin, C., Penit, J., Ferron, A., Glowinski, J., Variation in the ability of neuroleptics to block the inhibitory influence of dopaminergic neurons on the activity of cells in the rat prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. Bull. 16 (1986), 155–160.
233. Trulson, M.E., Preussler, D.W., Dopamine-containing ventral tegmental neurons in freely moving cats: activity during the sleep-waking cycle and effects of stress. Exp. Neurol. 83 (1984), 367–377.
234. VanderMaelen, C.P., Matheson, G.K., Wilderman, R.C., Patterson, L.A., Inhibition of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons by systemic and ionotophoretic administration of buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 129 (1986), 123–130.
235. Van Eden, C.G., Hoorneman, E.M.D., Buijs, R.M., Matthijssen, M.A.H., Geffard, M., Uylings, H.B.M., Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the rat at the light and electron microscopic level. Neuroscience 22 (1987), 849–862.
236. Walaas, I., Fonnum, F., Biochemical evidence for γ-aminobutyrate containing fibres from the nucleus accumbens to the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat. Neuroscience 5 (1980), 63–72.
237. Weiss, J.M., Bailey, W.H., Pohorecky, L.A., Korzeniowski, D., Grillione, G., Stress-induced depression of motor activity correlates with regional changes in brain norepinephrine but not in dopamine. Neurochem. Res. 5 (1980), 9–22.
238. Wilcox, R.A., Robinson, T.E., Becker, J.B., Enduring enhancement in amphetamine-stimulated striatal dopamine release in vitro produced by prior exposure to amphetamine or stress in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 124 (1986), 375–376.
239. Wolf, M.E., Roth, R.H., Dopamine neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex possess release modulating autoreceptors. Neuropharmacology 26 (1987), 1053–1059.
240. Wolf, M.E., Galloway, M.P., Roth, R.H., Regulation of dopamine synthesis in the medial prefrontal cortex: studies in brain slices. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 236 (1986), 699–707.
241. Wolf, M.E., Deutch, A.Y., Roth, R.H., The neuropharmacology of dopamine. Henn, F.A., DeLisi, L.E., (eds.) Handbook of Schizophrenia. Vol. 2. Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, 1987, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 101–147.
242. Wood, P.L., Opioid regulation of CNS dopaminergic pathways: a review of methodology, receptor types, regional variations, and species differences. Peptides 4 (1983), 595–601.
243. Woulfe, J., Beaudet, A., Immunocytochemical evidence for direct connections between neurotensin-containing axons and dopaminergic neurons in the rat ventral midbrain tegmentum. Brain Res. 479 (1989), 402–406.
244. Young, W.S. III, Kuhar, M.J., Radiohistochemical localization of benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 212 (1980), 337–346.
245. Young, W.S. III, Niehoff, D., Kuhar, M.J., Beer, B., Lippa, A.S., Multiple benzodiazepine receptor localization by light microscopic radiohistochemistry. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 216 (1981), 425–430.
246. Zahm, D.S., The ventral striatopallidal parts of the basal ganglia in the rat. II. Compartmentalization of ventral pallidal efferents. Neuroscience 30 (1989), 33–50.