Mobile Workers, Modernist Narratives: A Critique of the Historiography of Transition on the Zambian Copperbelt [Part One]

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1990, Pages 385-412

  Ferguson, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUROCENTRIC IDEOLOGY; LABOUR MIGRATION; LABOUR STABILISATION; MIGRANT LABOUR SYSTEM; PROLETARIANISATION; URBAN WORKERS;

ZAMBIA, COPPERBELT;

EID: 0025563216     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057079008708243     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. J.C. Mitchell, African Urbanization in Ndola and Luanshya (Lusaka, 1954), p. 18;
2. J. C. Mitchell, ‘Social Change and the Stability of African Marriage in Northern Rhodesia’, in A. Southall (ed.), Social Change in Modern Africa (Oxford, 1961);
3. J. C. Mitchell, ‘Urbanization, Detribalization, Stabilization, and Urban Commitment in Southern Africa: 1968’, in P. Meadows and E. Mizruchi (eds), Urbanism, Urbanization, and Change: Comparative Perspectives (Reading, Mass., 1969);
4. J. C. Mitchell, Cities, Society and Social Perception: A Central African Perspective (Oxford, 1987), p. 68.
5. R. Bates, Rural Responses to Industrialization: A Study of Village Zambia (New Haven, 1976), p. 56.
6. Ibid., p. 182.
7. H. Hedlund and M. Lundahl, Migration and Change in Rural Zambia (Uppsala, 1983), p. 31.
8. Ibid., p. 32.
9. A. Chilivumbo, Migration and Uneven Development in Africa: The Case of Zambia (Lanham, Md., 1985), p. 6.
10. Ibid., p. 12.
11. Ibid., p. 98.
12. Ibid., p. 98.
13. L. H. Gann, A History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953 (London, 1964), pp. 363,450.
14. M. Burawoy, Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism (Chicago, 1979), p. 212.
15. Mitchell, Cities, Society and Social Perception, pp. 82-3.
16. See Mitchell, African urbanization in Ndola and Luanshya; Mitchell, ‘Urbanization, Detribalization, Stabilization, and Urban Commitment in Southern Africa: 1968'; Mitchell, Cities, Society and Social Perception.
17. G. Wilson, ‘An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia, Parts I and II' Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, No. 5 and 6 (Manchester, 1941,1942).
18. Ibid., pp. 42, 46.
19. H. Heisler, Urbanization and the Government of Migration: The Inter-relation of Urban and Rural Life in Zambia (London, 1974), pp.’ 29, 85-102.
20. Ibid., p. 15.
21. Ibid., pp. 15, 26-9, 126.
22. Ibid., pp. 86, 29.
23. Ibid., pp. 104, 114-15, 123.
24. K. Little, African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africa's Social Revolution (Cambridge, 1973), p. 16.
25. L. Cliffe, ‘Labour Migration and Peasant Differentiation: Zambian Experiences’, in B. Turok (ed.). Development in Zambia (London, 1979), pp. 153- 154.
26. Parpart, ‘Class and Gender on the Copperbelt’, p. 142.
27. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 118.
28. Ibid., p. 152.
29. C. Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa: Industrial Strategies and the Evolution of an African Proletariat in the Copperbelt 1911-41 (London, 1979), p. 297.
30. Ibid., p. 240-242.
31. A. J. Wills, An Introduction to the History of Central Africa: Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe (Oxford, 1985), p. 294.
32. P. Ohadike, ‘Development of and Factors in the Employment of African Migrants in the Copper Mines of Zambia: 1940-66)’, Zamhian Papers No. 4 (Manchester, 1969), p. 1.
33. Ibid., pp. 20-21.
34. J. Pottier, Migrants No More: Settlement and Survival in Mambwe Villages, Zambia (Bloomington, 1988), p. 11.
35. H. Heisler, Urbanization and the Government of Migration, p. 126.
36. Little, African Women in Towns, p. 16; Cliffe, ‘Labour migration and peasant differentiation’, p. 154.
37. Wilson, An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia.
38. Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa, p. 47.
39. E. L. Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule: The Copperbelt from 1924 to Independence (Oxford, 1974), p. 20; Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa, pp. 74-77; Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 46; Roberts, A History of Zambia, pp. 185-86; Gann, A History of Northern Rhodesia, pp. 206-209.
40. See C. van Onselen, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia 1900-1933 (London, 1976).
41. Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa, pp. 47, 92.
42. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 180; see also Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa, pp. 92-95.
43. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 47.
44. Heisler, Urbanization and the Government of Migration, p. 15.
45. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 142.
46. G. Chauncey, Jr., ‘The Locus of Reproduction: Women's Labour in the Zambian Copperbelt, 1927-1953’, in Journal of Southern African Studies, 7, 2 (1981), pp. 137,142.
47. Ibid., p. 142.
48. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 143.
49. Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa, pp. 96-7.
50. Ibid., p. 97.
51. Chauncey, ‘The Locus of Reproduction’, p. 37; Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 35.
52. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, pp. 031-32.
53. Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule, p. 21.
54. Gann, A History of Northern Rhodesia, p. 254.
55. Colonial Office (UK), ‘Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Disturbances in the Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia' (London, 1935), p. 39.
56. Heisler, Urbanization and the Government of Migration, p. 97.
57. Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa, p. 119.
58. Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule, pp. 28-29.
59. Gann, A History of Northern Rhodesia, p. 254.
60. Cliffe, ‘Labour Migration and Peasant Differentiation’, p. 153.
61. Ibid., pp. 153-54.
62. H. J. Simons, ‘Zambia's Urban Situation’, in B. Turok (ed.). Development in Zambia (London, 1979), p. 10.
63. Burdette, Zambia, p. 20.
64. Chauncey, “The Locus of Reproduction'; Parpart, ‘The Household and the Mine Shaft’.
65. Chauncey, “The Locus of Reproduction’, p. 143.
66. Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule, p. 40.
67. Ibid., p. 17.
68. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 44.
69. Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule, p. 18; see also Perrings, Black Mineworkers in Central Africa, p. 203; Colonial Office, Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Financial and Economic Position of Northern Rhodesia, p. 55.
70. Parpart, ‘Class and Gender on the Copperbelt’.
71. Chauncey, “The Locus of Reproduction’.
72. Chauncey, “The Locus of Reproduction’, pp. 158-59, 160-163; Parpart, ‘Class and Gender on the Copperbelt’, pp. 143-45, 151-52.
73. Daniel, Africanization, Nationalization, and Inequality, p. 65.
74. Chauncey, ‘The Locus of Reproduction’, p. 138.
75. Heisler, Urbanization and the Government of Migration, p. 92. ‘
76. Parpart, ‘Class and Gender on the Copperbelt’, pp. 151-52.
77. Taken from Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 166.
78. Bates, Rural Responses to Industrialization, p. 58.
79. Wilson, An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia. Parts I and 11.
80. Wilson, An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia, Part I, p. 46.
81. Ibid., p. 56; emphasis added.
82. Ibid., p. 48. See also Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule, p. 71. A similar pattern for a later period is described by A. L. Epstein, Politics in and Urban African Community (Manchester, 1958), pp. 12-13; and Mitchell, Cities, Society, and Social Perception, pp. 72-74.
83. Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. 88.
84. R. J. B. Moore, These African Copper Miners: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Northern Rhodesia, With Principal Reference to the Copper Mining Industry (London, 1948 [1943]), pp. 59-60.
85. Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule, p. 13.
86. Colonial Office, Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Financial and Economic Position of Northern Rhodesia, p. 46.
87. Bates, Rural Responses to Industrialization, p. 56.
88. Taken from Parpart, Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt, p. ! 65.
89. Little, African Women in Towns, p. 15.
90. Bates, Rural Responses to Industrialization, p. 56.
91. Ibid., pp. 56-57.
92. Wilson, An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia, Part I, p. 21. On Bates' use of statistics, see W. van Binsbergen, ‘Occam, Francis Bacon and the Transformation of Zambian Society’, in Cultures et developpement, IX,3 (1977), pp. 489-520.
93. Chauncey, ‘The Locus of Reproduction’.
94. Wilson, An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia, Part II, p. 64.
95. Ibid., p. 66.
96. Ibid., p. 67.
97. Chauncey, ‘The Locus of Reproduction’, p. 151.
98. Wilson, An Essay on the Economics of Delribalization in Northern Rhodesia, Part II, pp. 72-73. See also Chauncey, ‘The Locus of Reproduction’, pp. 149-52.
99. Colonial Office, Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Financial and Economic Position of Northern Rhodesia, pp. 44-45.
100. See Mitchell, Cities, Society, and Social Perception, p. 81.
101. Heisler, Urbanization and the Government of Migration, p. 87.
102. wilson An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization, Part I, p. 20.
103. Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule, p. 1.
104. Mitchell, Cities, Society and Social Perception, p. 43.
105. See Parpart, ‘Class and Gender on the Copperbelt' for a description of some of the ways that women were able to conceal their presence and evade government regulations.
106. Central African Statistical Office, ‘Report on the 1950 Demographic Sample Survey of the African Population of Northern Rhodesia' (Salisbury, 1952), p. 11.
107. Ibid., pp. 82-83.
108. A. I. Richards, Land, Labour and Diet in Northern Rhodesia: An Economic Study of the Bemba Tribe (Oxford, 1939); W. Watson, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy: A Study of the Mambwe People of Zambia (Manchester, 1958). See also I. Cunnison, The Luapula Peoples of Northern Rhodesia: Custom and History in Tribal Politics (Manchester, 1959).
109. Richards, Land, Labour and Diet in Northern Rhodesia, p. 23.
110. Ibid., pp. 397-98.
111. See Watson, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy, p. 66.
112. Richards, Land, Labour and Diet in Northern Rhodesia, p. 133; Watson, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy, p. 44.
113. E.G. Richards, Land, Labour and Diet in Northern Rhodesia, pp. 115, 133; Watson, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy, pp. 45-46.