History of the flextensional electroacoustic transducer

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Volumn 87, Issue 3, 1990, Pages 1340-1349

  Rolt, Kenneth D ^a  

^a RAYTHEON COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTICS; ARTICLE; ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; HISTORY; NONHUMAN; TRANSDUCER;

EID: 0025333844     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: NA     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.399507     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. L. H. Royster, “Flextensional Underwater Acoustics Transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 45, 671–682 (1969).
2. I. D. Groves, Jr., Ed., Acoustic Transducers, Benchmark Papers in Acoustics/14 (Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, 1981), p. 256.
3. J. Oswin and J. Dunn, “Frequency, Power and Depth Performance of Class IV Flextensional Transducers,” in Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers Design, edited by B. Hamonic and J. N. Decarpigny (Springer, New York, 1988), p. 121.
4. W. J. Toulis, “Flexural-Extensional Electromechanical Tranducer,” U.S. Patent 3,277,433 (4 October 1966); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 764 (1967).
5. W. J. Toulis, “Flexural-Extensional Electromechanical Transducer,” U.S. Patent 3,274,537 (20 September 1966); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 764 (1967).
6. The Design and Construction of Magnetostriction Transducers, Summary Tech. Rep. of Division 6 (NDRC, Washington, DC, 1946), Vol. 13, pp. 11–12.
7. H. C. Hayes, “Sound Generating and Directing Apparatus,” U.S. Patent 2,064,911 (22 December 1936).
8. H. C. Hayes, “Recent Developments in Generators and Receivers of Directive Sound Signals in Air,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 63 (1933).
9. H.C. Hayes, “Sound—Development of a Magnetostriction Driven Fog Signal—Progress Report On,” Naval Research Laboratory, “Bellevue” Anacostia DC, file No. S68/50 (9 June 1932). As is customary for U.S. government military laboratories, the author of any official memo is always the commanding officer; in this case, the NRL Director, Commander E. D. Almy, U.S.N. The actual author, however, was cryptically noted by the H.C.H. initials at the letterhead.
10. For reference, see H. B. Miller, “Composite Electromechanical Transducer,” U.S. Patent 2,930,912 (29 March 1960); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 1648 (1961); H. B. Miller, “Origin of Mechanical Bias for Transducers,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1455 (1963).
11. E. Klein, “Underwater Sound and Naval Acoustical Research and Applications Before 1939,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 43, 931–947 (1968). For discussion of Hayes' other work in acoustics, see F. V. Hunt, Electroacoustics (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1982); L. S. Howeth, History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy (Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History, Washington, DC, 1963), pp. 297–312 and 471-478; also Ref. 2, pp. 270–284, for Hayes' paper “Detection of Submarines,” as reprinted from Am. Philos. Soc. Proc. 59 (1920).
12. Letter memorandum from G. R. Putman, Commissioner of Lighthouses, Dept. of Commerce, to Commander E. D. Almy, U.S.N., Director, Naval Research Laboratory, “Bellevue,” Anacostia, DC, file No. 706, and NRL Sound Division file No. S68/50 (31 May 1932).
13. Naval Research Laboratory, “Bellevue,” Anacostia, DC internal memorandum; from: W. J. Ruble, Lt. Cmdr. U.S.N., Director; to: Superintendent of the Sound Division; (stop work order on the magnetostriction foghorn), file No. S68/S48-25 (15 June 1933).
14. “Acoustical News,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32,284-290 (1960). This award was named in honor of five pioneers in underwater acoustics: H. J. W. Fay, R. A. Fessenden, G. W. Pierce, P. Langevin, and H. C. Hayes. The citation read by Beranek is included in the “News,” as well as a biographical sketch written by Harold L. Saxton and John Ide. The text of Saxton's speech on Hayes is also included. Hayes' obituary appears in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 44, 1162 (1968).
15. J. L. Butler and K. D. Rolt, “A Four-Sided Flextensional Transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 83, S19 (1988).
16. E. Pallas, “Elastisch gewolbte Metallmembranen fur akustische Zwecke,” Messtechnik 13, 131–133 (1937); in “Contemporary Literature on Acoustics,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Cumulative Index for Volumes 1-10: “Elastic Arched Metal Membranes for Acoustic Purposes.”
17. F. R. Abbott, “Broad Band Electroacoustic Transducer,” U.S. Patent 2,895,062 (14 July 1959); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32,310 (1960). For similar transducer, see R. H. Pearson, “Pressure Sensitive Hydrophone,” U.S. Patent 3,660,809 (2 May 1972); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 52, 1140(1972).
18. H. C. Merchant, “Underwater Transducer Apparatus,” U.S. Patent 3,258,738 (28 June 1966). This patent concerns concave-shell Class I and Class IV flextensional transducers.
19. W. J. Toulis, “Electromechanical Coupling and Composite Transducers,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 74–80 (1963). This paper prompted a series of “Letters to the Editor,” in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35 (1963): R. S. Woollett, “Comments on ‘Electromechanical Coupling and Composite Transducers,’” 1837-1838; and W. J. Toulis, “Author's Response to Comments by R. S. Woollett,” 1838. For further reference, see also W. J. Toulis, “Acoustic-Backing Techniques for Transducers and Radiators,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 250–256 (1965); L. H. Royster, “Comments on ‘Acoustic-Backing Techniques for Transducers and Radiators,’” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 1152–1153 (1965); and L. H. Royster, “Predicting the Effective Dynamic Coupling Coefficient of the Flextensional Transducer (Preliminary Design Considerations),” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 38, 879–880 (1965).
20. G. A. Brigham and L. H. Royster, “Present Status in the Design of Flextensional Underwater Acoustic Transducers,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46,92 (abs) (1969).
21. L. H. Royster, “The Flextensional Concept: A New Approach to the Design of Underwater Acoustic Transducers,” Appl. Acoust. 3, 117–126 (1970).
22. L. H. Royster, see Ref. 1, pp. 672–673.
23. W. Falkenberg, “Electro Acoustic Transducer with Improved Diaphragm,” U.S. Patent 4,139,733 (13 February 1979); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 340–341 (1979).
24. R. A. Nelson, Jr., and L. H. Royster, “Development of a Mathematical Model for the Class V Flextensional Underwater Acoustic Transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 1609–1620 (1971).
25. G. W. McMahon and B. A. Armstrong, “Underwater Transducer with Depth Compensation,” U.S. Patent 4,524,693 (25 June 1985).
26. B. A. Armstrong and G. W. McMahon, “Discussion of the Finite-Ele-ment Modelling and Performance of Ring-Shell Projectors,” IEE Proc. 131, 275–279 (1984); e.g., the ring-shell projectors marketed by Sparton Electronics, Jackson, MI.
27. M. H. Clayton and L. H. Royster, “In-Plane Inextensional Vibrations of a Circular Ring with a Time-Dependent Displacement Prescribed at the Boundaries,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 1039–1044 (1966).
28. R. A. Nelson, Jr., L. H. Royster, and J. N. Boone, “Mathematical Model for the Class V Flextensional Underwater Acoustic Transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 47, 71 (abs) (1970).
29. J. N. Boone, L. H. Royster, and R. A. Nelson, Jr., “Mathematical Model for the Class II Flextensional Underwater Acoustic Transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 47, 71 (abs) (1970).
30. J. R. Rutledge and L. H. Royster, “Approximate Model for Predicting Operational Parameters of the Class IV Flextensional Underwater Transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50, 82 (abs) (1972).
31. G. A. Brigham, “Analysis of the Class-IV Flextensional Transducer by Use of Wave Mechanics,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 31–39 (1974).
32. G. A. Brigham, “Lumped Parameter Analysis of the Class-IV (Oval) Flextensional Transducer,” Naval Underwater Systems Center Tech. Rep. 4463 (1973).
33. For example, see D. F. Ostergaard, “ANSYS Piezoelectric Capabilities,” ANSYS News, Fourth Issue, Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, PA (1986).
34. H. Allik and T. J. R. Hughes, “Finite Element Method for Piezoelectric Vibration,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 2, 151–157 (1970).
35. There are several programs that have been mentioned in the literature including: MAVART (see Ref. 26) in Canada; and ATILA in France, see J. N. Decarpigny, J. C. Debus, B. Tocquet, and D. Boucher, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78,1499 (1985); see, also, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 84, S102 (1988), H. A. Schenck and G. W. Benthien, “An Efficient and Accurate Numerical Technique for Low-Frequency Scattering from Elastic Bodies,” Suppl. 1 84, SI85; and B. F. Hamonic, O. B. Wilson, and S. R. Baker, “Coupling Finite Elements and Helmholtz Integral Equations for Solving Acoustic Radiation and Scattering Problems,” Suppl. 1 84, S220.
36. “University of Miami Flextensional Transducer and Reflector,” North American Aviation, Tech. Rep. NA64H-559, Columbus, OH (1964). For further reference, see M. Kronengold and W. J. Toulis, “Directional 420-Hz Sound Source,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electr. GE-6, 204–211 (1968), and also found in Ref. 2, pp. 315–321.
37. G. A. Brigham, “Design Technology of the Air Backed Flextensional Transducer,” Aquasonic, Inc. Tech. Rep. A-101-83 (April 1983), p. 1.
38. W. J. Marshall, J. A. Pagliarini, and R. P. White, “Advances in Flextensional Transducer Design,” IEEE Oceans, CH1478-7/79/0000-0124, 124–129 (1979).
39. G. A. Brigham and B. Glass, “Present Status in Flextensional Transducer Technology,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 1046–1052 (1980).
40. °Tonpilz (or Tonpilze for plural). German for “Sound mushroom,” is the conjunction of Ton (sound) and Pilz (mushroom). It describes the one-quarter-wave acoustic transducer that roughly resembles a mushroom; see W. Hahnemann and H. Hecht, “Die Grundform des mechanisch-akustischen Schwingungskorpers” (“The basic form of the mechanical oscillator”), Phys. Z. 21, 187–192 (1920).
41. J. R. Oswin and A. Maskery, “Magnetostriction in Flextensional Transducers,” Proc. Inst. Acoust. 9, Part 2,23-30 (1987). For further information on magnetostriction materials see, for example, J. D. Verhoeven, E. D. Gibson, O. D. McMasters, and H. H Baker, “The Growth of Single Crystal Terfenol-D Crystals,” Metall. Trans. A18,223-231 (1987); A. E. Clark, “Highly Magnetostrictive Rare Earth Compounds for High Power Acoustic Projectors,” in Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers Design, edited by B. Hamonic and J. N. Decarpigny (Springer, New York, 1988), pp. 41-99; and A. E. Clark and H. T. Savage, “Magnetostriction of Rare Earth-Fe2 Compounds under Compressive Stress,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 31-34,849-851 (1983).
42. C. R. Wilson, “Electroacoustic Transducer,” U.S. Patent 4,072,871 (7 February 1978); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 293 (1979).
43. J. A. Paglarini, Jr. and R. P. White, “Flextensional Transducer,” U.S. Patent 4,384,351 (17 May 1983); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 1924(1983).
44. T. Inoue and T. Nada, “Underwater Low-Frequency Ultrasonic Wave Transmitter,” U.S. Patent 4,706,230 (10 Nov. 1987); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 2470 (1988).
45. T. Inoue, T. Nada, T. Miyama, K. Sugiuchi, and S. Takahashi, “Low-Frequency Flextensional Piezoelectric Transmitter with Displacement Amplifier,” presented at the 1987 Ultrasonics Symposium, Denver, CO.
46. F. R. Abbott, “Low Frequency Electroceramic Sonar Transducer,” U.S. Patent 3,659, 258 (25 April 1972); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 52, 1104 (1972).
47. J. L. Butler, “Flextensional Transducer,” U.S. Patent 4,742,499 (3 May 1988), reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 1968 (1988).
48. For example, see magazine Sea Technology (Compass, Arlington, VA, June 1989), pp. 2 and 20.
49. For reference, see T. Stefanick, Strategic Antisubmarine Warfare and Naval Strategy (Lexington, Heath, Lexington, MA, 1987).
50. G. A. Brigham, “An Equivalent Circuit for Oval, Flextensional Transducers,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 82 (abs) (1972).
51. F. R. Abbott, “High Fidelity Underwater Music Projector,” U.S. Patent 3,718,897 (27 February 1973); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 568 (1973).
52. J. B. Lee, “Low-Frequency Spherical-Shell Projectors,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 61, S57 (1977). This concerns Class V flextensional transducers.
53. F. R. Abbott, “Towable Very Low Frequency Sonar Projector,” U.S. Patent 3,990,034 (2 November 1976); reviewed in J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 283 (1979). This concerns two axially mounted Class I “football” flextensionals driven simultaneously by an intermediate variable-reluctance motor.
54. E. F. Rynne, “Characteristics and. Capabilities of the Flextensional Projector,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 170, S19 (1981). This concerns acoustical measurements on four identical flextensional transducers, both individually and in a line array.
55. G. A. Brigham, “Design Model of Large, Uniform, Conformal Arrays of Bender Bar and Flextensional Transducers,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 80, S26 (1986).
56. G. A. Brigham, “On the Design Technology of the Uncompensated Class IV Flextensional Transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 80, S26