A Prospective, Population-based Study of Androstenedione, Estrogens, and Prostatic Cancer

Cancer Research

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 1990, Pages 169-173

  Barrett Connor, Elizabeth ^a   Garland, Cedric ^a,b   McPhillips, Janice B ^a   Khaw, Kay Tee ^a   Wingard, Deborah L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTROGEN;

AGE; ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; CANCER RISK; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER;

ADULT; AGED; ANDROSTENEDIONE; CALIFORNIA; COHORT STUDIES; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ESTRADIOL; ESTRONE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK FACTORS; SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 0025166352     PISSN: 00085472     EISSN: 15387445     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures, 1988. New York: American Cancer Society, 1988.
2. Donn, A. S., and Muir, C. S. Prostatic cancer some epidemiologic features. Bull. Cancer (Paris), 72: 381–390, 1985.
3. Mettlin, C. Cancer of the prostate and testis. In: G. J. Bourke (ed.), The Epidemiology of Cancer, pp. 245–259. London: Croom Helm, 1983.
4. Greenwald, P. Prostate. In: D. Schottenfeld, and J. F. Fraumeni, Jr. (eds.), Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, pp. 938–946. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1982.
5. Rose, D. P. The biochemical epidemiology of prostatic carcinoma. In: Dietary Fat and Cancer, pp. 43–68. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1986.
6. Flanders, W. D. Review: prostate cancer epidemiology. Prostate, 5: 621–629, 1984.
7. Zaridze, D. G., and Boyle, P. Epidemiology and aetiology of prostatic cancer. In: U. Bracci, and F. DiSilverio (eds.), Advances in Urological Oncology and Endocrinology. Rome: Acta Medica, 103–119, 1984.
8. Ross, R. K., Shimizu, H., Paganini-Hill, A., Honda, G., and Henderson, B. E. Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in Southern California. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 78: 869–874,1987.
9. Ross, R. K., Bernstein, L., Judd, H., Hanisch, R., Pike, M., and Henderson, B. Serum testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 76: 45–48, 1986.
10. Dai, W. S., Kuller, L., LaPorte, R. E., Gutai, J. P., Falvo-Gerard, L., and Caggiula, A. The epidemiology of plasma testosterone levels in middle-aged men. Am. J. Epidemiol., 114: 804–816,1981.
11. Harman, S. M., and Tsitouras, P. D. Reproductive hormones in aging men. I. Measurement of sex steroids, basal luteinizing hormones, and Leydig cell response to human chorionic gonadotropin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 57: 35–40, 1980.
12. Drafta, D., Schindler, A. E., Stroe, E., and Neacsu, E. Age-related changes of plasma steroids in normal adult males. J. Steroid. Biochem., 17: 683–687, 1982.
13. Barrett-Connor, E., and Khaw, K.-T. Cigarette smoking and increased endogenous estrogen levels in men. Am. J. Epidemiol., 126: 187–192,1987.
14. Cunha, G. R., Donjacour, A. A., Cooke, P. S., Mee, S., Bigsby, R. M., Higgins, S. J., and Sugimura, Y. The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endocrine Rev., 8: 338–362, 1987.
15. Harper, M. E., Peeling, W. B. Cowley, T., et al. Plasma steroid and protein hormone concentrations in patients with prostatic carcinoma, before and during oestrogen therapy. Acta Endocrinol., 81: 409–426, 1976.
16. Bartsch, W., Horst, H-J, Becker, H., et al. Sex hormone binding globulin capacity, testosterone, 5–α–dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and prolactin in plasma of patients with prostatic carcinoma under various types of hormonal treatment. Acta Endocrinol., 85: 650–664, 1977.
17. Hammond, G. L., Kontturi, M., Vihko, P., et al. Serum steroids in normal males and patients with prostatic disease. Clin. Endocrinol., 9: 113–121, 1978.
18. Hill, P., Wynder, E. L., Garbaczewski, L., Games, H., and Walker, A. R. P. Response to luteinizing hormone, thyrotropic releasing hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin administration in healthy men at different risks for prostatic cancer and in prostatic cancer patients. Cancer Res., 42: 2074–2080, 1982.
19. Hulka, B. S., Hammond, J. E., DiFernando, G., Mickey, D. D., Fried, F. A., Checkoway, H., Stumpf, W. E., Beckman, W. C., Jr., and Clark, T. D. Serum hormone levels among patients with prostatic carcinoma or benign prostatic hypertrophy and clinic controls. Prostate 11: 171–182, 1987.
20. Hoisaeter, P. A., Haukaas, S., Bakke, A., Hoiem, L., Segadal, E., and Thorsen, T. Blood hormone levels related to stages and grades of prostatic cancer. Prostate, 3: 375–381, 1982.
21. Ghanadian, R., Puah, C. M., and O'Donoghue, E. P. N. Serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in carcinoma of the prostate. Br. J. Cancer, 39: 696–699, 1979.
22. Drafta, D., Proca, E., Zamfir, V., Schindler, A. E., Neacsu, E., and Stroe, E. Plasma steroids in benign prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma of the prostate. J. Steroid Biochem., 17: 689–693, 1982.
23. Ranikko, S., and Adlercreutz, H. Plasma estradiol, free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity, and prolactin in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer. Prostate, 4: 223–229, 1983.
24. Zumoff, B., Levin, J., Strain, G. W., Rosenfeld, R. S., O'Connor, J., Freed, S. Z., Kream, J., Whitmore, W. S., Fusukhima, D. K., and Hellman, L. Abnormal levels of plasma hormones in men with prostate cancer: evidence toward a “two-disease” theory. Prostate, 3: 579–588, 1982.
25. Robinson, M. R. G., and Thomas, B. S. Effect of hormonal therapy on plasma testosterone levels in prostatic carcinoma. Br. Med. J., 4: 391–394, 1971.
26. Ahluwalia, B., Jackson, M. A., Jones, G. W., Jr., et al. Blood hormone profiles in prostate cancer patients in high-risk and low-risk populations. Cancer (Phila.), 48: 2267–2273, 1981.
27. Meikle, A. W., and Stanish, W. M. Familial prostate cancer risk and low testosterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 54: 1104–1108, 1982.
28. Habib, F. K. Evaluation of androgen metabolism studies in human prostate cancer—correlation with zinc levels. Prev. Med., 9: 650–665, 1980.
29. Criqui, M. H., Barrett-Connor, E., and Austin, M. Differences between respondents and non-respondents in a population–based cardiovascular disease survey. Am. J. Epidemiol., 108: 367–372, 1978.
30. Council on Professional and Hospital Activities. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. Clinical Modification. Ann Arbor, MI: Council on Professional and Hospital Activities, 1983.
31. Anderson, D. C., Hopper, B. R., Lasley, B. L., et al. A simple method for the assay of eight steroids in small volumes of plasma. Steroids, 28: 179–197, 1976.
32. Judd, H. L., Parker, D. C., Rakoff, J. S., Hopper, B. R., and Yen, S. S. C. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) of the nocturnal rise of testosterone in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 38: 134–141, 1973.
33. Judd, H. L., and Yen, S. S. C. Serum androstenedione and testosterone levels during the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 36: 475–481,1973.
34. Rosner, W. A. A simplified method for the quantitative determination of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin in human plasma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 34: 983–988, 1972.
35. Wilcoxon, F. Probability tables for individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics, 3: 119–122, 1947.
36. Mantel, N., and Haenszel, W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 22: 719–748, 1959.
37. Cox, D. R. Regression models and life tables. J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 34: 187–220, 1972.
38. Mantel, N. χ2 tests with one degree of freedom: extensions of the Mantel–Haenszel procedure. J. Am. Statist. Assoc., 58: 690–700,1963.
39. Nie, N. H., Hull, C. H., Jenkins, J. G., et al. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Ed. 2. New York: McGraw–Hill Book Co., 1975.
40. Dixon, W. BMDP. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985.
41. Petrow, V. The dihydrotestosterone (DHT) hypothesis of prostate cancer and its therapeutic implications. Prostate, 9: 343–361,1986.
42. Hovenian, M. S., and Deming, C. L. The heterologous growth of cancer of the human prostate. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 86: 29–35,1948.
43. Noble, R. L. The development of prostatic adenocarcinoma in Nb rats following prolonged sex hormone administration. Cancer Res., 37: 1929–1933, 1977.
44. Pollard, M., Luckert, P. H., and Schmidt, M. A. Induction of prostate adenocarcinomas in Lobund-Wistar rats by testosterone. Prostate, 3: 563–568, 1982.
45. Noble, R. L. Sex steroids as a cause of adenocarcinoma of the dorsal prostate in Nb rats, and their influence on the growth of transplants. Oncology, 34: 138–141,1977.
46. Pour, P. M., and Stepan, K. Induction of prostatic and lower urinary tract neoplasms by combined treatment of intact castrated rats with testosterone propionate and N-nitrobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. Cancer Res., 47: 5699–5709, 1987.
47. Pollard, M., and Luckert, P. H. Production of autologous prostate cancer in Lobund-Wistar rats by treatments with N-nitroso-N-methylurea and testosterone. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 77: 583–587, 1986.
48. Bosland, M. C., Prinsen, M. K., and Kroes, R. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate induced by Af-nitroso-N-methylurea in rats pretreated with cyproter–one acetate and testosterone. Cancer Lett., 18: 69–78, 1983.
49. Pollard, M., and Luckert, P. H. Promotional effects of testosterone and dietary fat on prostate carcinogenesis in genetically susceptible rats. Prostate, 6: 1–5, 1986.
50. Mainwaring, W. I. P., and Irving, R. A. The use of deoxynucleic acid–cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing for the characterization and partial purification of steroid receptor complexes. Biochem. J., 134: 113–127,1973.
51. Mainwaring, W. I. P., and Milroy, E. J. G. Characterization of the specific androgen receptors in the human prostate gland. J. Endocrinol., 57: 371–384, 1973.
52. Smith, T., Chisholm, G. D., and Habib, F. K. Towards a reproducible method of estimating androgen receptors in the human prostate. J. Steroid Biochem., 18: 531–534, 1983.
53. Robel, P. Hormone dependency of the human prostate. Bull. Cancer (Paris), 73: 19–22, 1986.
54. Barrack, E. R. The nuclear matrix of the prostate contains acceptor sites for androgen receptors. Endocrinology, 113: 430–432, 1983.
55. Rennie, P. S., Bruchovsky, N., Cheng, H., et al. Turnover of 3S androgen receptors bound to the nuclear matrix of prostatic nuclei. Prog. Cancer Res. Ther., 30: 73–77, 1984.
56. Habib, F. K., Odoma, S., Busuttil, A., et al. Androgen receptors in cancer of the prostate: correlation with the stage and grade of the tumor. Cancer (Phila.), 57: 2351–2356,1986.
57. Mobbs, B. G., Johnson, I. E., and Connolly, J. G. The effect of therapy on the concentration and occupancy of androgen receptors in human prostatic cytosol. Prostate, 1: 37–51, 1980.
58. Umehara, T., Graham, M., II, Spelsberg, T. C., and Myers, R. P. A new steroid receptor nuclear binding assay using viable cells in urological malignancies. J. Urol., 135: 327A, 1986.
59. Concolino, G., Tenaglia, R., Petrangeli, E., and DiSilverio, F. Steroid receptors in human prostatic carcinoma, p. 60. In Proceedings of the Fifth Congress of the European Society for Urological Oncology and Endocrinology. Edinburgh, August 18–20, 1986.
60. Ito, Y. Z., Mashimo, S., Nakazato, T., et al. Hormone dependency of a serially transplantable human prostatic carcinoma (HONDA) in nude mice. Cancer Res., 45: 5058–5063, 1985.
61. Huggins, C., Stevens, R. E., Jr., and Hodges, C. V. Studies on prostatic cancer. II. The effects of castration on advanced carcinoma of the prostate gland. Arch. Surg., 43: 209–223,1941.
62. Huggins, C., and Scott, W. W. Bilateral adrenalectomy in prostatic cancer: clinical features and urinary excretion of 17–ketosteroids and estrogens. Ann. Surg., 122: 1031–1041, 1945.
63. Bhanalaph, T., Varkarakis, J. M., and Murphy, G. P. Current status of bilateral adrenalectomy of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Ann. Surg., 179: 17–23, 1974.
64. Smith, R. B., Walsh, P. C., and Goodwin, W. E. Cyproterone acetate in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol., 110: 106–108, 1973.
65. Geller, J., Fruchtman, B., Newman, H., et al. Effect of progestational agents on cancer of the prostate. Cancer Chemother. Rep., 51: 41–46, 1967.
66. Scott, W. W., and Schirmer, H. K. A. A new progestational steroid effective in treating prostatic cancer. Tr. Am. Assoc. Genitourin. Surg., 58: 54, 1967.
67. Geller, J., and Albert, J. Andrenal androgen blockade in relapsed prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 21: 1127–1131, 1985.
68. Sanford, E. J., Drago, J. R., Rohner, T. J., Jr., et al. Aminoglutethimide medical adrenalectomy for advanced prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol., 115: 170–174, 1976.
69. Ponder, B. A. J., Shearer, R. J., Pocock, R. D., et al. Response to aminoglutethimide and cortisone acetate in advanced prostatic cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 50: 757–763,1984.
70. Labrie, F., Dupont, A., Belanger, A., et al. New hormonal therapy in prostatic carcinoma: combined treatment with a LHRH agonist and an antiandrogen. Clin. Invest. Med., 5: 267–275, 1982.
71. Geller, J., Albert, J. D., Nachtsheim, D. A., and Loza, D. Comparison of prostate cancer tissue dihydrotestosterone levels at the time of relapse following orchiectomy or estrogen therapy. J. Urol., 132: 663–669, 1984.
72. Harper, M. E., Pike, A., Peeling, W. B., and Griffiths, K. Steroids of adrenal origin metabolized by human prostatic tissue both in vivo and in vitro. J. Endocrinol., 60: 117–125, 1974.
73. Schweikert, H. U. Conversion of androstenedione to estrone in human fibroblasts cultured from prostate, genital, and nongenital skin. Horm. Me–tab. Res., 11: 635–640, 1979.
74. Stone, N. N., Fair, W. R., and Fishman, J. Estrogen formation in human prostatic tissue from patients with and without benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate, 9: 311–318, 1986.
75. Franks, L. M. Latency and progression in tumors: the natural history of prostatic cancer. Lancet, 2: 1037–1083, 1956.
76. Farnsworth, W. E., and Brown, J. R. Androgen of the human prostate. Endocr. Res. Commun., 3: 105–117, 1976.
77. Rose, D. P., Laakso, K., Sotarauta, M., and Wynder, E. L. Hormone levels in prostatic fluid from healthy Finns and prostate cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 20: 1317–1319, 1984.
78. Calciano, D., Khaw, K-T., Barrett-Connor, E., and Garland, C. Sex hormones, sex-hormone-binding globulin, and lung cancer: a 12-year prospective study in a cohort of men aged 50–70. Br. Med. J., 296: 164, 1988.