Health effects of beach water pollution in Hong Kong

Epidemiology and Infection

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 1990, Pages 139-162

  Cheung, W H S ^a   Chang, K C K ^a   Hung, R P S ^a   Kleevens, J W L ^b  

^a ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SEA WATER;

ARTICLE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GASTROENTERITIS; HONG KONG; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; QUALITY CONTROL; STANDARDIZATION; WATER POLLUTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HONG KONG; HUMAN; INFANT; INFECTION; INTERVIEWS; MALE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SWIMMING; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER POLLUTION;

EID: 0025143369     PISSN: 09502688     EISSN: 14694409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268800047737     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Laws of Hong Kong, Chapter 358. Water Pollution Control Ordinance. Statement of water quality objectives, Southern, Junk Bay and Port Shelter Water Control Zones. Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1980.
2. World Health Organisation/United Nations Environment Programme. Health criteria and epidemiological studies related to coastal water pollution. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1977.
3. United Nations Environment Programme/World Health Organisation. Assessment of the present state of microbial pollution in the Mediterranean sea and proposed control measures. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme, 1985.
4. Public Health Laboratory Service. Sewage contamination of coastal bathing waters in England and Wales: a bacteriological and epidemiological study. J Hyg 1959; 43: 435–72.
5. Hawley HB, Morin DT, Geraghty ME, Tomkow J, Phillips CA, Coxsackievirus B epidemic at a boys' summer camp: isolation of virus from swimming water. JAMA 1973; 226: 33–6.
6. Denis FA, Blancrouin MD, DeLignieres A, Flamen P. Coxsackie A16 infection from lake water. JAMA 1974; 228: 1370–1.
7. D'Alessio DJ, Minor TE, Allen CI, Tsiatis AA, Nelson DB. A study of the proportions of swimmers among well controls and children with enterovirus-like illness shedding or not shedding an enterovirus. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113: 533–541.
8. Bryan JA, Lehmann JD, Setiady IF, Hatch MH. An outbreak of hepatitis-A associated with recreational lake water. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99: 145–54.
9. Rosenberg ML, Hazlet KK, Schaefer J, Wells JG, Pruneda RC. Shigellosis from swimming. JAMA 1976; 236: 1849–52.
10. Makintubee S, Mallonee J, Istre GR. Shigellosis outbreak associated with swimming. Am J Public Health 1987; 77: 166–8.
11. Baron RC, Murphy FD, Greenberg HB, Norwalk gastrointestinal illness: an outbreak associated with swimming in a recreational lake and secondary person-to-person transmission. Am J Public Health 1982; 115: 163–72.
12. Koopman JS, Eckert EA, Greenberg HB, Strohm BC, Issacson RE, Monto AS. Norwalk virus enteric illness acquired by swimming exposure. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 115: 173–7.
13. Stevenson AE. Studies of bathing water quality and health. Am J Public Health 1953; 43: 529–38.
14. Federal Water Poll Control Adm, National Technical Advisory Committee. Water quality criteria. Washington DC: Department of the Interior, 1968: 7.
15. Henderson JM. Enteric disease criteria for recreational waters. J San Engr Div 1968; 94: 1253.
16. Cabelli VJ. Health effects criteria for marine recreational waters. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. EPA-600/1–80–031.
17. Cabelli VJ, Dufour AP, McCabe LJ, Levin MA. Swimming-associated gastroenteritis and water quality. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 115: 606–16.
18. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient water quality criteria for bacteria-1986. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1986. EPA-440/5–84–002.
19. Dufour AP. Bacterial indicators of recreational water quality. Canadian J Public Health 1984; 75: 49–56.
20. Dufour AP. Health effects criteria for fresh recreational waters. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1984. EPA-600/1–84–004.
21. Seyfried PL, Tobin RS, Brown NE, Ness PF. A prospective study of swimming-related illness. I. Swimming-associated health risk. Am J Public Health 1985; 75: 1068–70.
22. Seyfried PL, Tobin RS, Brown NE, Ness PF. A prospective study of swimming-related illness. II. Morbidity and the microbiological quality of water. Am J Public Health 1985; 75: 1071–5.
23. Fattal B, Peleg-Olevsky E, Yoshpe-Purer Y, Shuval HI. The association between morbidity among bathers and microbial quality of seawater. Wat Sci Tech 1986; 18: 59–69.
24. Brown JM, Campbell EA, Rickards AD, Wheeler D. Sewage pollution of bathing water. Lancet 1987; ii: 1208–9.
25. World Health Organisation/United Nations Environment Programme. Correlation between coastal water quality and health effects. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1986.
26. Joint Committee of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Standing Committee of Analysts. Membrane filtration media for the enumeration of coliform organisms and Escherichia coli in water: comparison of Tergitol 7 and lauryl sulphate with Teepol 610. J Hyg 1980; 85: 181–91.
27. Department of the Environment, Department of Health and Social Security, Public Health Laboratory Service. The bacteriological examination of drinking water supplies 1982. Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 71, Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1983.
28. Cheung WHS. Escherichia coli: A bacterial indicator of faecal pollution. In: Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the Hong Kong Society of Microbiology and the Guangdong Society of Microbiology. 2–5 June 1985: 30–43.
29. Cheung WHS, Ha DKK, Yeung KY, Hung RPS. Methods for enumerating Eschenrhia coli in subtropical waters. Submitted.
30. Kenner BA, Clark HF, Kabler PW. Fecal streptococci. I. Cultivation and enumeration of streptococci in surface waters. Appl Microbiol 1961; 9: 15–20.
31. Slanetz LW, Bartley CH. Numbers of enterococci in water, sewage, and faeces determined by the membrane filter technique with an improved medium. J Bacteriol 1957; 74: 591–5.
32. Klapes NA. Comparison of Vogel-Johnson and Baird-Parker media for membrane filtration recovery of staphylococci in swimming pool water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983: 46: 1318–22.
33. Alico RK, Dragonjac MF. Evaluation of culture media for recovery of staphylococcus aureux from swimming pools. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51: 699–702.
34. Levin MA, Cabelli VJ. Membrane filter technique for enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 1972; 24: 862–70.
35. DeVicente A, Borrego JJ, Arrabal F, Romero P. Comparative study of selective media for enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from water by membrane filtration. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51: 832–40.
36. Buck JD, Bubucis PM. Membrane filter procedure for enumeration of Candida albicans in natural waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978; 35: 237–42.
37. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association. 1985; 985–6.
38. Cabelli VJ. Epidemiology of enteric viral infections. In: Goddard M, Butler M. eds. Viruses and wastewater treatment. London: Pergamon Press, 1981: 291–304.
39. Cabelli VJ. Swimming-associated illness and recreational water quality criteria. Wat Sci Tech 1989; 21: 13–21.
40. White DO, Fenner F. Medical virology. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press, 1986: 451–78.
41. Cheung WHS, Chang KCK. Microbiological water quality of bathing beaches in Hong Kong, 1988. Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Government. EPD/TR5/88. Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1989.