Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Current Status of Pathogenesis

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 1990, Pages 635-647

  Schenker, Steven ^a,b   Becker, Howard C ^a,b   Randall, Carrie L ^a,b   Phillips, Deborah K ^a,b   Baskin, Gordon S ^a,b   Henderson, George I ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROSTAGLANDIN; TRACE METAL; VITAMIN;

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; FETUS; HUMAN; MALNUTRITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THEORETICAL STUDY;

ACETALDEHYDE; ANIMAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ETHANOL; FEMALE; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; HUMAN; INFANT, NEWBORN; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; PREGNANCY; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0025130729     PISSN: 01456008     EISSN: 15300277     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01220.x     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. The fetal alcohol syndrome
2. Strategies for prevention of fetal alcohol effects
3. Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth
4. Fetal malformations and antiepileptic drugs
5. Pathogenesis of fetal alcohol syndrome
6. Fetal alcohol syndrome: overview of pathogenesis
7. Adverse effects of offspring of maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy
8. Reduction of alcohol consumption during pregnancy with benefits to the newborn
9. Alcohol counselling of 85 pregnant problem drinkers: Effect on drinking and fetal outcome
10. IQ at age 4 in relation to maternal alcohol use and smoking during pregnancy
11. Neurobehavioral dose‐response effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in humans from infancy to adulthood
12. Effect of ethanol on human placental transport of model amino acids and glucose
13. Effects of nicotine and nicotine/ethanol on human placental amino acids transfer
14. Fetal alcohol‐induced brain damage and the problem of determining temporal vulnerability: A review
15. In vivo ethanol elimination in man, monkey and rat: a lack of relationship between the ethanol metabolism and the hepatic activities of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases
16. High blood alcohol levels in woman: the role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first‐pass metabolism
17. The risk of alcohol intake in men and women: All may not be equal
18. Depression of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in rat hepatocyte culture by dihydrotestosterone
19. Influence of male hormones on rates of ethanol elimination in man
20. Effect of testosterone administration of rates of ethanol elimination in hypogonadal patients
21. Ethanol kinetics during pregnancy. Study in ewes and their fetuses
22. Ethanol embrotoxicity: Direct effects on mammalian embryos in vitro
23. Ethanol and tertiary butanol induced microcephaly in the neonatal rat: Comparison of brain growth parameters
24. Effect of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal and newborn development
25. Determination of the proximate teratogen of the mouse fetal alcohol syndrome
26. Acetaldehyde production and transfer by the perfused human placental cotyledon
27. The teratogenic effect of acetaldehyde: implications for the study of the fetal alcohol syndrome
28. The effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on DNA synthesis in growing cells and on fetal development in the rat
29. Teratogenic effects of acetaldehyde in the rat
30. Teratogenicity of acetaldehyde in vitro: Relevance to the fetal alcohol syndrome
31. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against acetaldehyde‐containing epitopes in acetaldehyde‐protein adducts
32. Acetaldehyde and acetate
33. The effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the viability and visceral development of the newborn rat
34. Prenatal ethanol exposure in mice: Teratogenic effects
35. Effects of chronic and acute alcohol administration on fetal development in the rat
36. Neonatal and maternal hair zinc levels in a nonhuman primate model of the fetal alcohol syndrome
37. Ethanol and small intestinal transport
38. Effect of ethanol feeding during pregnancy on placental transfer of alpha‐amino isobutyric acid in the rat
39. Fetal malnutrition: A possible cause of the fetal alcohol syndrome
40. Short‐term and long‐term ethanol administration inhibits the placental uptake and transport of valine in rats
41. Inhibition of placental amino acid uptake in rats following acute and chronic ethanol exposure
42. Ethanol‐associated selective fetal malnutrition: A contributing factor in the fetal alcohol syndrome
43. Effects of maternal ethanol ingestion on the uptake of alpha‐aminoisobutyric acid by fetal rat liver, lung and brain
44. Ethanol consumption during pregnancy altered amino acid levels in fetal and placental tissues and increased urinary histamine excretion (abstract)
45. Selective fetal malnutrition: Effect of acute and chronic ethanol exposure upon rat placental Na, KATPase activity
46. A dual system of intestinal thiamine transport in humans
47. Selective fetal malnutrition: The effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde upon in vitro uptake of alpha amino isobutyric acid by human placenta
48. Selective fetal malnutrition: The effect of nicotine, ethanol and acetaldehyde upon in vitro uptake of alpha amino isobutyric acid by human term placental villous slices
49. Selective fetal malnutrition: The effect of in vivo ethanol exposure upon in vitro placental uptake of amino acids in the non‐human primate
50. Induction of amino acid transport in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells by insulin
51. Purification, characterization, and in vitro differentiation of cytotroph oblasts from human term placentae
52. Differentiation of human cytotrophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast in culture
53. Chronic maternal hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia. A model for experimental intrauterine growth retardation
54. Relation between maternal and fetal blood glucose levels in experimental intrauterine growth retardation
55. Prevention possibility for brain dysfunction in rat with the fetal alcohol syndrome—low‐zinc‐status and hypoglycernia
56. Banting Lecture 1980. Of pregnancy and progeny
57. The honeybee syndrome—implications of the teratogenicity of mannose in rat‐embryo culture
58. Effects of ethanol ingestion on maternal and fetal glucose homeostasis
59. Effects of ethanol on fetal fuels and brain growth in rats
60. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Glucose and liver metabolism in term rat fetus and neonate
61. Maternal ethanol ingestion: Effect on maternal and neonatal glucose balance
62. Ethanol and fetal nutrition: Effect of chronic ethanol exposure on rat placental growth and membrane‐associated folic acid receptor binding activity
63. Uptake of zinc, folate and analogs of glucose and amino acid by the rat fetus exposed to alcohol in utero
64. Hepatic and Wernicke's encephalopathies: Current concepts of pathogenesis
65. Role of placenta in maternal‐fetal vitamin transfer in humans
66. Thiamin transfer by human placenta: Normal transport and effects of ethanol
67. 14C]aminoisobutyric acid accumulation in the pregnant rat
68. Biochemical effect of zinc deficiency changes in activities of zinc dependent enzymes and ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid content of tissues
69. The metallobiochemistry of zinc enzymes
70. Influence of marginal maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcome and infant zinc status in Rhesus monkeys
71. Teratogenic effects of short term and transitory zinc deficiency in rats
72. Zinc deficiency acts as a coteratogen with alcohol in fetal alcohol syndrome
73. Zinc status of pregnant alcoholic women: A determinant of fetal outcome
74. Concentrations of zinc and copper in pregnant problem drinkers and their newborn infants
75. Zinc status of infants with fetal alcohol syndrome
76. Magnesium and zinc deficiency and growth retardation in offspring of alcoholic rats
77. Altered development of brain by neonatal ethanol exposure: zinc levels during and after exposure
78. Growth retardation of ethanol exposed rate fetuses: Alternations in metabolism of zinc and metallothionein as possible causes
79. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Inhibition of placental zinc transport as a potential mechanism for fetal growth retardation in the rat
80. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Failure of zinc supplementation to reverse the effect of ethanol on placental transport of zinc
81. Influence of ethanol consumption on maternal‐fetal transfer of zinc in pregnant rates on day 14 of pregnancy
82. The transfer of zinc across the term dually perfused human placental lobule
83. Zinc status and pregnancy outcome in humans
84. Magnesium deficiency and hypertension: Correlation between magnesium‐deficient diets and microcirculatory changes in situ
85. Selenium in pregnancy: Effect of maternal drinking
86. Alcohol consumption in pregnant women and the outcome of pregnancy
87. Moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and decreased infant birthweight
88. Alcohol abuse during pregnancy: An epidemiologic study
89. Growth of fetuses of rats exposed to ethanol and cigarette smoke during gestation
90. Maternal smoking, pregnancy complications and perinatal mortality
91. Effect of nicotine on human fetal blood flow
92. Selective fetal malnutrition: The effect of nicotine, ethanol and acetaldehyde upon in vitro uptake of alpha‐aminoisobutyric acid by human term placental villous slices
93. The effect of maternal cigarette smoking on the ability of human placental villi to concentrate alpha‐aminoisobutyric acid in vitro
94. Caffeine elimination in late pregnancy
95. Impaired elimination of caffeine by oral contraceptive steroids
96. Impaired elimination of caffeine in cirrhosis
97. Inhibition of caffeine elimination by short‐term ethanol administration
98. Differential effects of chronic ethanol feeding on cytochrome P‐448 and P‐450‐mediated drug metabolism on the rat
99. Effects of ethanol and/or caffeine on fetal development and placental amino acid uptake in rats
100. Interactive effects of ethanol and caffeine on rat fetal hepatocyte replication and EGF receptor expression
101. Effect of ethanol upon uterine activity and fetal acid‐base state of the rhesus monkey
102. Placental blood flow in rats fed alcohol before and during gestation
103. Prenatal alcohol exposure: Abnormalities in placental growth and fetal amino acid uptake in the rat
104. Ultrastructure of human placenta: Effects of maternal drinking
105. Maternal ethanol exposure induces transient impairment of umbilical circulation and fetal hypoxia in monkeys
106. Alcohol produces spasms of human umbilical blood vessels: Relationship to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
107. The effect of maternal consumption of alcohol on human umbilical artery blood flow
108. Duplex Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of the fetal renal artery in normal and abnormal fetuses
109. Doppler ultrasound studies of human fetal blood flow
110. Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 and Jeukotrienes
111. Role of prostaglandins in reproduction
112. Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins in the pregnant human uterus
113. The production of prostaglandins and thromboxane in the fetoplacental unit and their effects on the developing fetus
114. Prostaglandins and organogenesis
115. Ethanol, essential fatty acids and prostaglandins
116. Alcohol, pregnancy and prostaglandins
117. Embryopathic effects of thromboxane B2 in the chick
118. Teratogenic effects of prostaglandin E2 in hamsters
119. Prenatal hamster development following maternal administration of PGE2 at midterm
120. Fetal development in ra, following intraamniotic administration of prostaglandin E2
121. The effects of prostaglandin E2 on pregnancy and embryonic development in mice
122. Teratological studies with prostaglandin E2 in chick embryos
123. Hydrocephalus and abnormal digits after failed first trimester abortion attempt
124. Effect of acute alcohol exposure on in vivo brain cortical PGE levels in C3H mice
125. Ethanol‐induced growth inhibition: the role of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase
126. Effects of acute alcohol on prostaglandin levels in mouse uterine‐embryo tissue
127. The molecular mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). I. Ethanolinduced growth suppression
128. Aspirin reduces alcohol‐induced prenatal mortality and malformations in mice
129. Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors block alcohol‐induced fetal hypoplasia
130. Indomethacin antagonizes the ethanol‐induced suppression of breathing activity but not the suppression of brain activity in the near‐term fetal sheep
131. Role of prostaglandins in alcohol teratogenesis
132. Modification of transplacental distribution of salicylate in rats by acidosis and alkalosis
133. Comparative distribution and embryotoxicity of acetylsalicylic acid in pregnant rats and rhesus monkeys
134. PGE measurement in mouse embryos and uterine/embryo tissue
135. Ethanol increases PGE and thromboxane production in mouse pregnant uterine tissue
136. Pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism with specific application to the fetus and mother
137. Urinary prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites in drinking pregnant women and in their infants: Relations to the fetal alcohol effects
138. Preeclampsia: An imbalance in placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production
139. Relation between umbilical prostacyclin production and blood‐flow in the fetus
140. Placental thromboxane and prostacyclin in the regulation of placental blood flow
141. Arachidonic acid metabolites and the regulation of placental and other vascular tone during pregnancy
142. Importance of prostaglandins in hypertension during reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure
143. Inhibition of oxygen induced contraction of the isolated human umbilical artery by indomethacin, flurbiprofen, aspirin and drug modifying Ca2+ disposition
144. Prevention of recurrent idiopathic fetal growth retardation by low‐dose aspirin and dipyridamol
145. Lowdose aspirin prevents pregnancy‐induced hypertension and preeclampsia in angiotensin‐sensitive primigravidae
146. A biochemical basis for alcoholism and alcohol‐induced damage including the fetal alcohol syndrome and cirrhosis: Interference with essential fatty acid and prostaglandin metabolism
147. Ethanol and brain protein synthesis
148. Toxicological consequences of chloroquine and ethanol on the developing fetus
149. The effect of ethanol exposure on the transcriptional activity of fetal hepatocytes
150. Effect of ethanol and ethanol‐induced hypothermia on protein synthesis in pregnant and fetal rats
151. Alcohol‐induced neuronal loss in developing rats: increased brain damage with binge exposure
152. Chronic effects of alcohols on mouse
153. Ethanol as a neurotoxin
154. Neurotoxicity of ethanol during prenatal development
155. Prenatal ethanol exposure reduced the effects of excitatory amino acids in the rat hippocampus
156. Ethanol inhibits NMDA‐activated ion current in hippocampal neurons
157. N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors and ethanol: Inhibition of calcium flux and cyclic GMP production
158. Ethanol neurotoxicity: Effects on neurite formation and neurotrophic factor production in vitro
159. Stimulatory effects of ethanol on amino acid transport by rat fetal hepatocytes
160. Arrest of epidermal growth factor‐dependent growth in fetal hepatocytes after ethanol exposure
161. Effect of ethanol on polyamine synthesis during liver regeneration in rats
162. Cell cycle phase‐specific perturbation of hepatic tumor cell growth kinetics during short‐term in vitro exposure to ethanol
163. A pilot prospective study of the fetal alcohol syndrome at the Boston City Hospital. Part I. Maternal drinking
164. Father's drinking and infant birth weight: Report of an association
165. Ethanolinduced male infertility: Impairment of spermatozoa
166. Paternal and maternal alcohol consumption. effects on offspring in two strains of rats
167. Some teratogenic properties of ethanol and acetaldehyde in implications for the study of the fetal alcohol syndrome
168. Ethanol‐induced malformations in mice
169. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Embryogenesis in a mouse model
170. Passive avoidance performance in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol during various periods of gestation
171. Neonatal ethanol exposure: Alterations associated with cerebellar growth retardation
172. Alterations in gait following ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt in rats
173. Lack of response inhibition in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol
174. Nose‐poking and headdipping behaviors in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol
175. Alcohol teratogenicity in the human: A detailed assessment of specificity, critical period, and threshold
176. Pregnancy outcomes after weekly oral administration of ethanol during gestation in the pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
177. Dietary ethanol inhibits fetal DNA methylation: Implications for fetal alcohol syndrome
178. A genetic basis for alcohol‐related birth defects
179. Blood alcohol concentration: A critical factor for producing fetal alcohol effects
180. Alcohol‐induced microencephaly during the third trimester equivalent: Relationship to dose and blood alcohol concentration
181. Early postnatal alcohol exposure that produces high blood alcohol levels impairs development of spatial navigation learning
182. Microencephaly and hyperactivity in adult rats can be induced by neonatal exposure to high blood alcohol concentrations
183. Impaired spatial navigation in adult female but not adult male rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt