A case-control study of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) in Eastern Nebraska

Epidemiology

Volumn 1, Issue 5, 1990, Pages 349-356

  Zahm, Shelia Hoar ^a   Weisenburger, Dennis D ^b   Babbitt, Paula A ^b   Saal, Robert C ^c   Vaught, Jimmie B ^c   Cantor, Kenneth P ^a   Blair, Aaron ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c WESTAT   (United States)

Author keywords

2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Agriculture; Cancer; Herbicides; Insecticides; Non Hodgkin s lymphoma; Occupation; Pesticides

Indexed keywords

2,4 DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; HERBICIDE;

ADULT; AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; MALE; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE;

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; ADULT; AGED; AGRICULTURAL WORKERS' DISEASES; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; HUMAN; LYMPHOMA, NON-HODGKIN; MALE; MIDDLE AGE; NEBRASKA; RISK FACTORS; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0024989347     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: 15315487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199009000-00004     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, Boysen CD, Robel RJ, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF Jr. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. JAMA 1986;256:1141–7.
2. The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project. National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classifications of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: Summary and description of a Working Formulation for Clinical Usage. Cancer 1982;49:2112–35.
3. Linder J, Ye Y, Harrington DS, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Monoclonal antibodies marking T lymphocytes in paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Pathol 1987;127:1–8.
4. Linder J, Ye Y, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Monoclonal antibodies marking B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in paraffin-embedded tissue. Modem Pathol 1988;1:29–34.
5. Waksberg J. Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Am Star Assoc 1978;73:40–6.
6. Gart JJ. Point and interval estimation of the common odds ratio in the combination of 2 x 2 tables with fixed marginals. Biometrika 1970;57:471–5.
7. Mantel N. Chi square test with 1 degree of freedom, extension of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. Am Stat Assoc J 1963;58:690–700.
8. Engelman L. Stepwise logistic regression. In: Dixon WJ, ed. BMDP statistical software. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983:330–44.
9. Lavy TL, Shepard JS, Mattice JD. Exposure measurements of applicators spraying (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid in the forest. J Agric Food Chem 1980;28:626–30.
10. Lavy TL, Norris LA, Mattice JD, Marx DB. Exposure of forestry ground workers to 2,4-D, picloram, and dichlorprop. Environ Toxicol Chem 1987;6:209–24.
11. Blair A, Zahm SH, Cantor KP, Stewart PA. Estimating exposure to pesticides in epidemiologic studies of cancer. In: Wang RGM, Franklin CA, Honeycutt RC, et al, eds. Biological monitoring for pesticide exposure—measurement, estimation, and risk reduction. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 382, 1989:38–46.
12. Blair A, Zahm SH. Herbicides and cancer: A review and discussion of methodologic issues. In: Band P, ed. Recent results in cancer research: Occupational cancer epidemiology. Vancouver, Canada: 1989;120:132–45.
13. Bond GG, Bodner KM, Sobel W, Shellenberger RJ, Flores GH. Validation of work histories obtained from interviews. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:343–51.
14. Marshall JR, Priore R, Graham S, Brasure J. On the distortion of risk estimates in multiple exposure level case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 1981;113:464–80.
15. Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, Lundgren E. Malignant lymphoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: A case-control study. Br J Cancer 1981;43:169–76.
16. Hardell L. Relation of soft-tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and colon cancer to phenoxy acids, chlorophenols and other agents. Scand J Work Environ Health 1981;7:119–30.
17. Pearce NE, Smith AH, Howard JF, Sheppard RA, Giles HJ, Teague CA. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides, chlorophenols, fencing work, and meat works employment: A case-control study. Br J Ind Med 1986;43:75–83.
18. Pearce NE, Sheppard RA, Smith AH, Teague CA. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and farming: An expanded case-control study. Int J Cancer 1987;39:155–61.
19. Pearce N. Phenoxy herbicides and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in New Zealand: Frequency and duration of herbicide use. Br J Ind Med 1989;46:143–44.
20. Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RK, Heuser LS, Kulander BG. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in relation to phenyoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in Western Washington State. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:899–910.
21. Persson B, Dahlander A-M, Fredriksson M, Brage HN, Ohlson CG, Axelson O. Malignant lymphoma and occupational exposures. Br J Ind Med 1989;46:516–20.
22. Woods JS, Polissar L. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among phenoxy herbicide-exposed farm workers in Western Washington State. Chemosphere 1989;18:401–6.
23. Riihimaki V, Asp S, Hernberg S. Mortality of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide applicators in Finland: First report of an ongoing prospective cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8:37–42.
24. Riihimaki V, Asp S, Pukkala E, Hernberg S. Mortality and cancer morbidity among chlorinated phenoxyacid applicators in Finland. Chemosphere 1983;12:779–84.
25. Bond AG, Bodner KM, Cook RR. Phenoxy herbicides and cancer: Insufficient epidemiologic evidence for a causal relationship. Fund Appl Toxicol 1989;12:172–88.
26. Lynge E. Background and design of a Danish cohort study of workers in phenoxy herbicide manufacture. Am J Indus Med 1987;11:427–37.
27. Lynge E. A follow-up study of cancer incidence among workers in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides in Denmark. Br J Cancer 1985;52:259–70.
28. Wiklund K, Dich J, Holm L-E. Risk of malignant lymphoma in Swedish pesticide appliers. Br J Cancer 1987;56:505–8.
29. Wiklund K, Lindefors B-M, Holm L-E. Risk of malignant lymphoma in Swedish agricultural and forestry workers. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:19–24.
30. Wigle DT, Semenciw RM, Wilkins K, et al. Mortality study of Canadian male farm operators: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma mortality and agricultural practices in Saskatchewan. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:575–82.
31. Bond GG, Wetterstroem NH, Rousch GJ, McLaren EA, Lipps TE, Cook RR. Cause-specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation, or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:98–105.
32. Canadian Centre for Toxicology. Expert panel report on carcinogenicity of 2,4-D. Guelph, Ontario: 1987.
33. Seiler JP. The genetic toxicology of phenoxy acids other than 2,4,5-T. Mutat Res 1978;55:197–226.
34. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Overall evaluation of carcinogenicity: An update of IARC monographs volumes 1 to 42. Lyon, France: IARC, 1987:156–60.
35. Korte C, Jalal SM. 2,4-D induced clastogenicity and elevated rates of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. J Heredity 1982;73:224–6.
36. Turkula TE, Jalal SM. Increased rates of sister chromatid exchanges induced by the herbicide 2,4-D. J Heredity 1985;76:213–4.
37. Mustonen R, Kangas J, Vuojolahti P, Linnainmaa K. Effects of phenoxyacetic acids on the induction of chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo. Mutagenesis 1986;1:241–5.
38. Yoder J, Watson M, Benson WW. Lymphocyte chromosome analysis of agricultural workers during extensive occupational exposure to pesticides. Mutation Res 1973;21:335–40.
39. Vainio H, Nickels J, Linnainmaa K. Phenoxy acid herbicides cause peroxisome proliferation in Chinese hamsters. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8:70–73.
40. Greene MH. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and mycosis fungoides. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, Jr., eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1982:754–78.
41. Blakely BR, Schiefer BH. The effect of topically applied n-butylester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the immune response in mice. J Appl Toxicol 1986;6:291–5.
42. Hagenmaier H. Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in commercial chlorophenols and related products. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 1986;325:603–6.
43. Vos JG, Moore JA, Zinkl JG. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenro-p-dioxin on the immune system of laboratory animals. Environ Health Perspect 1973;5:149–62.
44. Harris MW, Moore JA, Vos JG, Gupta BN. General biological effects of TCDD in laboratory animals. Environ Health Perspect 1973;5:101–9.
45. Kociba RJ, Keyes DG, Beyer JE, Carreon RM, Wade CE, Dittenber DA, Kalnins RP, Frauson LE, Park CN, Barnard SD, Hummel RA, Humiston CG. Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachh>rodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978;46:279–303.
46. Kociba RJ, Keyes DG, Beyer JE, Carreon RM, Gehring PJ. Longterm toxicologic studies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in laboratory animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979;320:397–404.
47. Van Miller JP, Lalich JJ, Allen JR. Increased incidence of neoplasms in rats exposed to low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chemosphere 1977;10:625–32.
48. National Toxicology Program. (Report 80-31) Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS N. 1746-01-6) in Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice (Gavage study), technical report series 209, National Institutes of Health publication 82-1765. Research Triangle Park, NC, Dept of Health and Human Services, 1982.
49. National Toxicology Program. (Report 80-32) Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS No. 1746-01-6) in Swiss-Webster mice (Dermal study), technical report series 209, National Institutes of Health publication 82-1757. Research Triangle Park, NC, Dept of Health and Human Services, 1982.