social policy and business; parish apprenticeship and the early factory system 1750–1834

Business History

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1989, Pages 5-32

  Rose, Mary B ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS ORGANISATION; CHILD LABOUR MARKET; EIGHTEENTH CENTURY; FACTORY SYSTEM; LABOUR RECRUITMENT; NINETEENTH CENTURY; PARISH APPRENTICESHIP; POOR RELIEF; SOCIAL POLICY;

UK;

EID: 0024814058     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076798900000082     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. S. Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management (London, 1965), pp.191, 196;
2. S.D. Chapman, The Early Factory Masters (Newton Abbot, 1967), p.156.
3. Second Annual Report of the Poor Law Commissioners (P.P. 1836, XXIX), Pt.I., 414.
4. Chapman, op.cit., pp.156-83;
5. Pollard, op.cit., pp. 194-6;
6. A. Redford, Labour Migration in England, 1800–50 (Manchester, 1926), pp.25-35;
7. N.J. Smelser, Social Change in the Industrial Revolution (1959), pp. 104-10;
8. G. Unwin et al, Samuel Oldknow and the Arkwrights (Manchester, 1924), p.95.
9. M. Berg, The Age of Manufactures (1985), pp.69-102;
10. M. Berg et al., Manufacture in Town and Country before the Factory (Cambridge, 1983) pp.16–25.
11. 27 Hen. VIII c.25, An Act for Punishing Vagabonds.
12. 1 Edw. VI c.3, An Act for Punishing Vagabonds and for the Relief of the Poor, 3 and 4 Edw. VI c.16, An Act touching on the Punishment of Vagabonds and other Idle Persons.
13. 43 Eliz. I c.2, An Act for the Relief of the Poor.
14. Despite 4 and 5 Will. IV c.76, Poor Law Amendment Act, the apprenticeship provisions of the 1601 Act were not finally repealed until 1927; 17 and 18 Geo. V с.14, Poor Law Act.
15. An Ease for Overseers of the Poore (London, 1601), quoted in I. Pinchbeck and M. Hewitt, Children in English Society, Vol.I (London, 1969), p.235.
16. This differentiation between boys and girls was amended for London in 1766; 7 Geo. III c.39, Act for the Better Regulation of Parish Poor Children. This change was extended to the rest of the country in 1778; 18 Geo. III c.47, An Act for the Relief of the Poor as it relates to the Binding of Parish Apprentices.
17. T. Firmin, Some Proposals for Employing of the Poor (London, 1678), pp.4-5.
18. Bernard de Mandeville, Fable of the Bees (London, 1714), pp.294-5.
19. Staffordshire Record Office, D(w) 1778 v 702, proposal for employing poor children in a lace making factory in London, c.1780.
20. G. Taylor, The Problem of Poverty, 1660–1834 (London, 1969).
21. 7 Geo. III c.39. An Act for the Better Regulation of the Parish Poor Children of the several Parishes therein mentioned within the Bills of Mortality.
22. Report from the Committee on Parish Apprentices (PP. 1814–15, V), p.6.
23. House of Commons Journal, Vol. 36, Select Committee on the State of Parish Poor Children in London, Middlesex and Surrey, 1778, p.944;
24. Report from the Committee on Parish Apprentices (PP. 1814–15, V) p.3.
25. R.K. McClure, Coram's Children: The London Foundling Hospital in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1981), p.132.
26. Wheeler's Manchester Chronicle, 31 May 1783.
27. Quoted in S. and B. Webb, English Poor Law History, Pt.I (London, 1927), 197–8.
28. W. Felkin A History of Machine Wrought Hosiery (Cambridge, 1867), p.75.
29. M.D. George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (London, reprinted 1951), p.224.
30. Enquiry into the Causes of the Increase of the Poor (London, 1738), p.218.
31. R. Burn, History of the Poor Laws (London, 1764), p.121.
32. Quoted in Redford, Labour Migration, p.72.
33. G. Wagner, Children of Empire (London, 1982), p. 1.
34. Report from His Majesty's Commissioners for inquiring into the State of the Poor Laws in England and Wales (P.P. 1834, XXVIII), p.915.
35. Foundling Hospital (hereafter GCM, General Court Minutes, Vol.8, 22 July 1761.
36. GCM, Vol. 10, 27 May 1767.
37. GCM, Vol.8, 9 Nov. 1763.
38. Quoted in George, London Life, p.256.
39. J.H. Clapham ‘The Spitalfields Acts, 1773-1824’, Economic Journal, Vol.XXVI (1916), p.461.
40. J.V. Beckett, ‘The Eighteenth-century Origins of the Factory System: A Case Study from the 1740s’, Business History, Vol.XIX (1977), pp. 55–67.
41. GCM, Vol.14, 15 July 1772.
42. GCM, Vol.9, 11 Sept. 1765.
43. GCM, Vol.9, 25 Sept. 1765.
44. GCM, Vol.9, 20 Nov. 1765.
45. GCM, Vol.12, 1 Nov. 1769; Vol.14, 24 Nov. 1773.
46. O.E. Williamson, ‘The Organization of Work’, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, Vol.1 (1980), pp.3-37;
47. S.R.H. Jones, ‘The Organization of Work: A Historical Dimmension’, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, Vol.3 (1983), pp.118-35;
48. M. Berg, Age of Manufactures, p.89;
49. S.D. Chapman, ‘Industrial Capital before the Industrial Revolution, 1730-1750’, in N. Harte and K. Ponting (eds.), Textile History and Economic History (London, 1973), pp.113–37.
50. GCM, Vol.11, 6 April 1768.
51. Unwin, Oldknow and the Arkwrights; F. Collier, The Family Economy of the Working Classes in the Cotton Industry, 1784–1833 (Manchester, 1964);
52. Pollard, Genesis of Modern Management, pp.190-9;
53. Chapman, Early Factory Masters, pp. 156–209.
54. Unwin, Oldknow and the Arkwrights;
55. J. Lindsay, ‘An Early Industrial Community’, Business History Review, Vol.XXIV (1960), pp.35-52;
56. F. Collier, Family Economy, M.B. Rose, The Gregs of Quarry Bank Mill: the Rise and Decline of a Family Firm, 1750–1914 (Cambridge, 1986).
57. J. Lane, ‘Apprenticeship in Warwickshire, 1700-1834’, (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, 1977).
58. Pollard, Genesis of Modern Management, pp.191, 196;
59. Chapman, Early Factory Masters, p.156;
60. idern, The Cotton Industry in the Industrial Revolution (London, 1972), p.53.
61. S. Pollard, Genesis of Modern Management, p.193;
62. J. Lane, ‘Apprenticeship in Warwickshire’, p.187.
63. Lancashire Record Office (hereafter LRO), DD(a) 22/9/12, letter from Inigo Birch to Sir Thomas Lowther, 26 May 1790.
64. Chapman, Early Factory Masters, p.167;
65. Rose, The Gregs, p.31.
66. Lane, ‘Apprenticeship in Warwickshire’, p.267.
67. Manchester Mercury, 19 Oct. 1784.
68. Select Committee on the State of Children employed in the Manufactories of the United Kingdom (PP. 1816, III), p.312, evidence of William David Evans, Manchester magistrate.
69. GLRO, Registers of Apprenticeship, St Pancras and St Luke's Chelsea; GRO, St Botolph without Aldersgate; WCRO, St Martin-in-the-Fields; Report from the Committee on Parish Apprentices (P.P. 1814–15, V), p.5; K.D. Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor (Cambridge, 1985)
70. Report from His Majesty's Commissioners for inquiring into the state of the Poor Laws in England and Wales (PP. 1834, XXVIII), p.915.
71. Unwin, Oldknow and the Arkwrights, p.170.
72. House of Lords Committee on the Poor Laws (P.P. 1818, V), p.106, evidence of George Chetwynd.
73. Redford, Labour Migration, p.28; Select Committee on the State of Children … (P.P. 1816, III).
74. Chapman, Early Factory Masters, p.173;
75. Collier, Family Economy, pp.44-6.
76. Southwark Local Studies Library, sketch of a plan disposing of 200 parish children by J. Bury … Co., muslin manufacturers, of Hope Hill near Stockport, Cheshire, 1780.
77. An Account of the Cotton and Woollen Mills and Factories in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1803-18 (P.P. 1819, CVIII), Lords’ Sessional Papers.
78. Ibid., p.57.
79. 42 Geo. 3 c.73, An Act for the Preservation of the Health and Morals of Apprentices and Others Employed in Cotton and Other Factories.
80. Rose, The Gregs, p.28.
81. Ibid., p.31.
82. Chapman, Early Factory Masters, p.161.
83. Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor, Report of the Select Committee for Bettering the Condition of the Poor (1802), p.3.
84. Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor, Vol.IV, p.63.
85. Select Committee on the State of Children … (PP. 1816, III), evidence of Joseph Mayer and James Pattison; Minutes of Evidence taken before the Lords’ Committee on the Cotton Factories Bill (P.P. 1818, XCVI Pt.I), evidence of William Howitt; Minutes of Evidence taken before the Lords’ Committee appointed to enquire into the State and Condition of the Children employed in the Cotton Manufacture of the United Kingdom, evidence of Robert Coar, Lawrence Gardner and Hugh Batho.
86. Minutes of Evidence taken before the Lords’ Committee on the Cotton Factories Bill (PP. 1818, XCVI Pt.I), p.188.
87. Children's Employment Commission (P.P. 1843, XIV), pp.211-12.
88. Select Committee on the State of Children (P.P. 1816, III), evidence of Theodore Price.
89. See, for example, GLRO x26/8, Poor Relief Book, 1806–10, St Luke's Chelsea, 20 June 1807, Report by Messrs Rolls … Whitfield at Arnold Mill, in the county of Nottingham, by the parish of St Luke's, Chelsea, to Messrs Davison … Hawksley, worsted and cotton manufacturers.
90. Report of the Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor, Vol.V (1803), p.21.
91. S. Romilly, Life of Sir Samuel Romilly by Himself (London, 1840), Vol.II, p.372.
92. Ibid., p.392.
93. Report from the Committee on Parish Apprentices (P.P. 1814–15, V), p.4.
94. An Account of the Cotton and Woollen Mills and Factories in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1803–1818 (P.P. 1819, CVIII), Lords’ Sessional Papers.
95. Select Committee on the State of Children … (P.P. 1816, III), Evidence of William David Evans.
96. Ibid., p.6.
97. 56 Geo. III c.47, An Act to Regulate the Binding of Parish Apprentices.