Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress

American Psychologist

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 1989, Pages 513-524

  Hobfoll, Stevan E ^a  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

HUMAN; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 0024632747     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Alloy L.B., Peterson C., Abramson L.Y., and Seligman M.E.P. Attributional style and the generality of learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984) 681-687
2. Antonovsky A. Health, stress, and coping (1979), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
3. In: Appley M.H., and Trumbull R. (Eds). Dynamics of stress: Physiological, psychological, and social perspectives (1986), Plenum Press, New York
4. Arkin R.M. Self-presentational styles. In: Tedeschi J.T. (Ed). Impression management theory and social psychological research (1981), Academic Press, New York 311-333
5. Bandura A. Social learning theory (1977), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
6. Baum A., Singer J.E., and Baum C.S. Stress and the environment. Journal of Social Issues 37 (1981) 4-35
7. Billings A.G., and Moos R.H. The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4 (1981) 139-157
8. Brown G.W., and Andrews B. Social support and depression. In: Appley M.H., and Trumbull R. (Eds). Dynamics of stress: Physiological, psychological, and social perspectives (1986), Plenum Press, New York 257-282
9. Brown G.W., and Harris T. The social origins of depression: The study of psychiatric disorder in women (1978), Free Press, New York
10. Bulman R.J., and Wortman C.B. Attributions of blame and coping in the "real world": Severe accident victims react to their lot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 351-363
11. Burgess R.L. Relationships in marriage and the family. In: Duck S., and Gilmour R. (Eds). Personal relationships 1: Studying personal relationships (1981), Academic Press, New York 179-196
12. Campbell D.T., and Fiske D.W. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin 56 (1959) 81-105
13. Cannon W.B. The wisdom of the body. 2nd ed. (1932), Norton, New York
14. Caplan G. Principles of preventive psychiatry (1964), Basic Books, New York
15. Caplan R.D. Person-environment fit: Past, present, and future. In: Cooper C.L. (Ed). Stress research (1983), Wiley, New York 35-77
16. Carver C.S., and Scheirer M.F. A control theory model of normal behavior and implications for problems in self-management. In: Kendall P.C. (Ed). Advances in cognitive behavioral research and therapy Vol. 2 (1983), Academic Press, New York 127-194
17. Cheek J.M., and Buss A.H. Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41 (1981) 330-339
18. Clark M.S. Reactions to aid in communal and exchange relationships. In: Fisher J.D., Nadler A., and DePaulo B.M. (Eds). New directions in helping Vol. 1 (1983), Academic Press, New York 281-304
19. Cohen, S., & Edwards, J.R. (in press). Personality characteristics as moderators of the relationship between stress and disorder. In R.W.J. Neufeld (Ed.), Advances in the investigation of psychological stress. New York: Wiley.
20. Cohen S., Kamarck T., and Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24 (1983) 385-396
21. Cohen S., and Wills T.A. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin 98 (1985) 310-357
22. Cook T.D., and Campbell D.T. Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Boston
23. Cooley C.H. Human nature and the social order (1902), Scribner, New York
24. Depue R.A., and Monroe S.M. Conceptualization and measurement of human disorders in life stress research: The problem of chronic disturbance. Psychological Bulletin 1 (1986) 36-51
25. Dodge D.L., and Martin W.T. Social stress and chronic illness (1970), University of Notre Dame Press, University of Notre Dame, IN
26. Dohrenwend B.S. Social status and responsibility for stressful life events. In: Spielberger C.D., and Sarason I.G. (Eds). Stress and anxiety Vol. 5 (1978), Wiley, New York 25-42
27. Dohrenwend B.S., Dohrenwend B.P., Dodson M., and Shrout P.E. Symptoms, hassles, social support, and life events: Problem of confounded measures. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93 (1984) 222-230
28. Dohrenwend B.S., Krasnoff L., Askenasy A.R., and Dohrenwend B.P. Exemplification of a method for scaling life events: The PERI life events scale. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 19 (1978) 205-229
29. Dressler W.W. Extended family relationships, social support and mental health in a Southern Black community. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 26 (1985) 39-48
30. Elliot G.R., and Eisdorfer C. Stress and human health (1982), Springer, New York
31. Erikson E.H. Childhood and society (2nd ed.) (1963), Norton, New York
32. Erikson E.H. Identity: Youth and crisis (1968), Norton, New York
33. Eron L., and Peterson R.A. Abnormal behavior: Social approaches. Annual Review of Psychology 33 (1982) 231-264
34. Felner R.D., Farber S.S., and Primavera J. Transitions and stressful life events: A model for primary prevention. In: Felner R.D., Jason L.A., Moritsugu J.N., and Farber S.S. (Eds). Preventive psychology: Theory, research and practice (1983), Plenum, New York 199-215
35. Folkman S., and Lazarus R.S. If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985) 150-170
36. Folkman S., Lazarus R.S., Dunkel-Schetter C., DeLongis A., and Gruen R.J. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1985) 992-1003
37. Ford C.E., and Brehm J.W. Effort expenditure following failure. In: Snyder C.R., and Ford C.E. (Eds). Coping with negative life events (1987), Plenum Press, New York 81-104
38. French J.R.P., Rodgers W.L., and Cobb S. Adjustment as person-environment fit. In: Coelho G.V., Hamburg D.A., and Adams J.E. (Eds). Coping and adaptation (1974), Basic Books, New York 316-333
39. Freud S. The interpretation of dreams (1900), Macmillan, New York Anthological translation by A.A. Brill, 1913
40. Gentry W.D., and Kobasa S.C. Social and psychological resources mediating stress-illness relationships in humans. In: Gentry W.D. (Ed). Handbook of behavioral medicine (1984), Guilford Press, New York 87-113
41. Goodhart D.E. Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful events: Was Pollyanna right?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985) 216-232
42. Henderson S., Byrne G.O., and Duncan-Jones P. Neurosis and social environment (1981), Academic Press, Sidney, Australia
43. Hobfoll S.E. The limitations of social support in the stress process. In: Sarason I.G., and Sarason B.R. (Eds). Social support: Theory, research, and application (1985), Nijhoff, The Hague, The Netherlands 391-414
44. Hobfoll S.E. Personal and social resources and the ecology of stress resistance. In: Shaver P. (Ed). Review of personality and social psychology Vol. 6 (1985), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 265-290
45. In: Hobfoll S.E. (Ed). Stress, social support, and women (1986), Hemisphere, Washington, DC
46. Hobfoll S.E. The ecology of stress (1988), Hemisphere, Washington, DC
47. Hobfoll S.E., and Leiberman Y. Personality and social resources in immediate and continued stress resistance among women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 18-26
48. Hobfoll S.E., and Lerman M. Personal relationships, personal attitudes, and stress resistance: Mothers' reactions to their child's illness. American Journal of Community Psychology 16 (1988) 565-589
49. Hobfoll S.E., and London P. The relationship of self concept and social support to emotional distress among women during war. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 12 (1986) 87-100
50. Hobfoll S.E., London P., and Orr E. Mastery, intimacy, and stress-resistance during war. Journal of Community Psychology 16 (1988) 317-331
51. Holmes T.H., and Rahe R.H. The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11 (1967) 213-218
52. James W. Principles of psychology Vols. 1-2 (1890), Holt, New York
53. Johnson J.H., and Sarason I.G. Life stress, depression, and anxiety: Internal-external control as a moderator variable. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 22 (1978) 205-208
54. Kanner A.D., Coyne J.C., Schaefer C., and Lazarus R.S. Comparisons of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4 (1981) 1-39
55. Kaplan H.B. Psychological distress in sociological context: Toward a general theory of psychosocial stress. In: Kaplan H.B. (Ed). Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (1983), Academic Press, New York 195-264
56. Kasl S.V. Epidemiological contributions to the study of work stress. In: Cooper C.L., and Payne R. (Eds). Stress at work (1978), Wiley, New York 3-48
57. Keinan, G., & Hobfoll, S.E. (in press). Stress, dependency, and social support: Who benefits from husband's presence in delivery?. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.
58. Kendall P.C. Stressful medical procedures: Cognitive-behavioral strategies for stress management and prevention. In: Meichenbaum D., and Jaremko M.E. (Eds). Stress reduction and prevention (1983), Plenum Press, New York 159-190
59. Kessler R.C. Methodological issues in the study of psychological stress. In: Kaplan H.B. (Ed). Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (1983), Academic Press, New York 267-341
60. Kessler, R.C., Turner, J.B., & House, J.S. (1987). Unemployment and ill health in southeastern Michigan: An overview of results from a community survey. Paper presented at the National Institute of Mental Health meeting for prevention intervention research centers, Washington, DC.
61. Kobasa S.C. Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979) 1-11
62. Kobasa S.C., Maddi S.R., and Courington S. Personality and constitution as mediators in the stress-illness relationship. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 22 (1981) 368-378
63. Lazarus R.S. Psychological stress and the coping process (1966), McGraw-Hill, New York
64. Lazarus R.S., and Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping (1984), Springer, New York
65. Lefcourt H.M., Martin R.A., and Selah W.E. Locus of control and social support: Interactive moderators of stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (1984) 378-389
66. Lehman D.R., Wortman C.B., and Williams A.F. Long-term effects of losing a spouse or child in a motor vehicle crash. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 218-231
67. Lindemann E. The symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry 101 (1944) 141-148
68. Maslow A.H. Toward a psychology of being (1968), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
69. May R. The meaning of anxiety (1950), Ronald Press, New York
70. May R. Value conflicts and anxiety. In: Kutash I.L., and Schlesinger L.B. (Eds). Handbook on stress and anxiety (1980), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 241-248
71. McGrath J.E. A conceptual formulation for research on stress. In: McGrath J.E. (Ed). Social and psychological factors in stress (1970), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York 10-21
72. Meichenbaum D. Cognitive behavior modification: An integrative approach (1977), Plenum Press, New York
73. In: Meichenbaum D., and Jaremko M.E. (Eds). Stress reduction and prevention (1983), Plenum Press, New York
74. Menaghan E.G. Individual coping efforts: Moderators of the relationship between life stress and mental health outcomes. In: Kaplan H.B. (Ed). Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (1983), Academic Press, New York 157-191
75. Merton R.K. Social theory and social structure: Toward the codification of theory and research (1957), Free Press, New York
76. Milgram N.A. An attributional analysis of war-related stress: Modes of coping and helping. In: Milgram N.A. (Ed). Stress and coping in time of war (1986), Brunner/Mazel, New York 9-25
77. Mitchell R.E., and Hodson C.A. Coping and social support among battered women: An ecological perspective. In: Hobfoll S.E. (Ed). Stress, social support, and women (1986), Hemisphere, Washington, DC 153-168
78. Moos R.H. Context and coping: Toward a unifying conceptual framework. American Journal of Community Psychology 12 (1984) 5-25
79. Moulton R. Anxiety and the new feminism. In: Kutash I.L., and Schlesinger L.B. (Eds). Handbook on stress and anxiety (1980), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 267-284
80. Mueller D.P., Edwards D.W., and Yarvis R.M. Stressful life events and psychiatric symptomatology: Change or undesirability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 18 (1977) 307-316
81. Parkes C.M. "Seeking" and "finding" a lost object: Evidence from recent studies of the reaction to bereavement. Social Science and Medicine 4 (1970) 187-201
82. Parkes C.M. Bereavement (1972), International Universities Press, New York
83. Parry G. Paid employment, life events, social support, and mental health in working class mothers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 27 (1986) 193-208
84. Pearlin L.I. Role strains and personal stress. In: Kaplan H.B. (Ed). Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (1983), Academic Press, New York 3-32
85. Pearlin L.I., Lieberman M.A., Menaghan E.G., and Mullan J.T. The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 22 (1981) 337-356
86. Pearlin L.I., and Schooler C. The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 19 (1978) 2-21
87. Popper K.R. The logic of scientific discovery (1959), Basic Books, New York
88. Rappaport J. In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology 51 (1981) 770-778
89. Riley D., and Eckenrode J. Social ties: Subgroup differences in costs and benefits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 770-778
90. Rokeach M. The nature of human values (1973), Free Press, New York
91. Rook K.S. The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984) 1097-1108
92. Rosenbaum M., and Smira K.B. Cognitive and personality factors in the delay of gratification of hemodialysis patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 357-364
93. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image (1965), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
94. Sarason I.G. Experimental approaches to test anxiety: Attention and the uses of information. In: Spielberger C.D. (Ed). Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research Vol. 2 (1972), Academic Press, New York
95. Sarason I.G. Test anxiety, attention, and the general problem of anxiety. In: Spielberger C.D., and Sarason I.G. (Eds). Stress and anxiety Vol. 1 (1975), Hemisphere, Washington DC 165-187
96. Sarason I.G., Johnson J.H., and Siegel J.M. Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46 (1978) 932-946
97. Sarason I.G., and Sarason B.R. Social support: Insights from assessment and experimentation. In: Sarason I.G., and Sarason B.R. (Eds). Social support: Theory, research and applications (1985), Nijhoff, The Hague, The Netherlands 39-51
98. Schlenker B.R. Threats to identity: Self-identification and social stress. In: Snyder C.R., and Ford C.E. (Eds). Coping with negative life events (1987), Plenum Press, New York 273-322
99. Schönpflug W. Goal-directed behavior as a source of stress: Psychological origins and consequences of inefficiency. In: Frese M., and Sabini J. (Eds). The concept of action in psychology (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 172-188
100. Selye H. The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress (1950), Acta, Montreal
101. Selye H. Annual report of stress (1951-1956), McGraw-Hill, New York
102. Solomon Z., Mikulincer M., and Hobfoll S.E. Objective versus subjective measurement of stress and social support: Combat related reactions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55 (1987) 577-583
103. Spielberger C.D. Anxiety and behavior (1966), Academic Press, New York
104. In: Spielberger C.D. (Ed). Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research Vols. 1-2 (1972), Academic Press, New York
105. Stress: Can we cope? (1983, June 6). Time, pp. 44-52.
106. Suls J., and Fletcher B. Self-attention, life stress and illness: A prospective study. Psychosomatic Medicine 47 (1985) 469-481
107. Swann Jr. W.B., and Read S.J. Self-verification processes: How we sustain our self-conceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 17 (1981) 351-372
108. Swindle Jr. R.W., Heller K., and Lankey B. A conceptual reorientation to the study of personality and stressful life events. In: Cohen L.H. (Ed). Research on stressful life events: Theoretical and methodological issues (1988), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 237-268
109. Thibaut J.W., and Kelley H.H. The social psychology of groups (1959), Wiley, New York
110. Thoits P.A. Dimensions of life events that influence psychological distress: An evaluation and synthesis of the literature. In: Kaplan H.B. (Ed). Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (1983), Academic Press, New York 33-103
111. Thoits P.A. Gender and marital status differences in control and distress: Common stress versus unique stress explanations. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 28 (1987) 7-22
112. Trumbull R., and Appley M.H. A conceptual model for the examination of stress dynamics. In: Appley M.H., and Trumbull R. (Eds). Dynamics of stress: Physiological, psychological, and social perspectives (1986), Plenum Press, New York
113. Vachon M.L.S. A comparison of the impact of breast cancer and bereavement: Personality, social support and adaptation. In: Hobfoll S.E. (Ed). Stress, social support and women (1986), Hemisphere, Washington, DC 187-202
114. Vinokur A., and Selzer M.L. Desirable versus undesirable events: Their relationship to stress and mental distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (1975) 329-337
115. Watson D., and Tellegen A. Toward the structure of affect. Psychological Bulletin 98 (1985) 219-235
116. Wellman B. Applying network analysis to the study of support. In: Gottlieb B.H. (Ed). Social networks and social support (1981), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 171-200
117. Wicklund R.A., and Gollwitzer P.M. Symbolic self-completion (1982), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
118. Wilcox B.L. Stress, coping, and the social milieu of divorced women. In: Hobfoll S.E. (Ed). Stress, social support, and women (1986), Hemisphere, Washington, DC 115-133
119. Wilcox B.L., and Vernberg E.M. Conceptual and theoretical dilemmas facing social support. In: Sarason I.G., and Sarason B.R. (Eds). Social support: Theory, research and applications (1985), Nijhoff, The Hague, The Netherlands 3-20
120. Worden J.W., and Sobel H.J. Ego strength and psychosocial adaptation to cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine 40 (1978) 585-592
121. Zuckerman M. Sensation seeking and anxiety, traits and states, as determinants of behavior in novel situations. In: Sarason I.G., and Spielberger C.D. (Eds). Stress and anxiety Vol. 3 (1976), Wiley, New York 141-170