The free hormone hypothesis: A physiologically based mathematical model

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1989, Pages 232-274

  Mendel, Carl M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HORMONE; HORMONE BINDING PROTEIN; RADIOISOTOPE;

ANIMAL CELL; BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN; CONTROLLED STUDY; HORMONE PROTEIN COMPLEX; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN CELL; LIVER; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NORMAL HUMAN; RAT; REVIEW;

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; BLOOD PROTEINS; HORMONES; HUMAN; MATHEMATICS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0024430817     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: 0163769X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-10-3-232     Document Type: Article

References (274)

1. Kety SS 1951 The theory and applications of the exchange of inert gas at the lungs and tissues. Pharmacol Rev 3:1
2. Renkin EM 1959 Transport of potassium-42 from blood to tissue in isolated mammalian skeletal muscles. Am J Physiol 197:1205
3. Crone C 1963 The permeability of capillaries in various organs as determined by use of the “indicator dilution” method. Acta Physiol Scand 58:292
4. Ekins R, Edwards P, Newman B 1982 The role of binding-proteins in hormone delivery. In: Albertini A, Ekins RP (eds) Free Hormones in Blood. Elsevier, New York, p 3
5. Pardridge WM, Landaw EM 1984 Tracer kinetic model of blood-brain barrier transport of plasma protein-bound ligands: empiric testing of the free hormone hypothesis. J Clin Invest 74:745
6. Pardridge WM 1987 Plasma protein-mediated transport of steroid and thyroid hormones. Am J Physiol 252:E157
7. Ekins RP, Edwards PR 1988 Plasma protein-mediated transport of steroid and thyroid hormones: a critique (Letter to the Editor). Am J Physiol 255:E403
8. Weisiger RA, Ma W-L 1987 Dissociation of oleate from albumin within perfused rat liver: failure to detect catalysis by an albumin receptor during fatty acid uptake. J Clin Invest 79:1070
9. Goresky CA, Rose CP 1977 Blood-tissue exchange in liver and heart: the influence of heterogeneity of capillary transit times. Fed Proc 36:2629
10. Bass L, Robinson P, Bracken AJ 1978 Hepatic elimination of flowing substrates: the distributed model. J Theor Biol 72:161
11. Weisiger RA 1985 Dissociation from albumin: a potentially rate-limiting step in the clearance of substances by the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:1563
12. Ekins R 1986 The free hormone concept. In: Hennemann G (ed) Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 77
13. Bass L, Keiding S 1988 Physiologically based models and strategic experiments in hepatic pharmacology. Biochem Pharmacol 37:1425
14. Stroupe SD, Westphal U 1975 Steroid-protein interactions: stopped flow fluorescence studies of the interaction between steroid hormones and progesterone-binding globulin. J Biol Chem 250:8735
15. Stroupe SD, Harding GB, Forsthoefel MW, Westphal U 1978 Kinetic and equilibrium studies on steroid interaction with human corticosteroid-binding globulin. Biochemistry 17:177
16. Heyns W, De Moor P 1971 Kinetics of dissociation of 17/3-hydroxysteroids from the steroid binding /3-globulin of human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32:147
17. Hillier AP 1971 Human thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroxine-binding pre-albumin: dissociation rates. J Physiol (Lond) 217:625
18. Hillier AP 1975 The rate of triiodothyronine dissociation from binding sites in human plasma. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 80:49
19. Mendel CM, Cavalieri RR, Weisiger RA 1988 Uptake of thyroxine by the perfused rat liver: implications for the free hormone hypothesis. Am J Physiol 255:E110
20. Mendel CM, Weisiger RA, Cavalieri RR 1988 Uptake of 3,5,3’triiodothyronine by the perfused rat liver: return to the free hormone hypothesis. Endocrinology 123:1817
21. Mendel CM, Kuhn RW, Weisiger RA, Cavalieri RR, Siiteri PK, Cunha GR, Murai JT 1989 Uptake of cortisol by the perfused rat liver: validity of the free hormone hypothesis applied to cortisol. Endocrinology 124:468
22. Robbins J, Rail JE 1979 The iodine-containing hormones. In: Gray CH, James VHT (eds) Hormones in Blood. Academic Press, New York, vol 1:575
23. Dunn JF, Nisula BC, Rodbard D 1981 Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:58
24. Bikle DD, Siiteri PK, Ryzen E, Haddad JG 1985 Serum protein binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: a réévaluation by direct measurement of free metabolite levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:969
25. Corvol P, Bardin CW 1973 Species distribution of testosterone-binding globulin. Biol Reprod 8:277
26. Suzuki Y, Ito M, Sinohara H 1981 Isolation and characterization of sex-steroid-binding protein from rat and rabbit plasma. J Biochem 89:231
27. Westphal U 1986 Steroid-Protein Interactions II. Springer-Verlag, New York, p 211
28. Hansson V, Ritzen EM, Weddington SC, McLean WS, Tindall DJ, Nayfeh SN, French FS 1974 Preliminary characterization of a binding protein for androgen in rabbit serum: comparison with the testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) in human serum. Endocrinology 95:690
29. Westphal U 1986 Steroid-Protein Interactions II. Springer-Verlag, New York, p 219
30. Lata GF, Hu H-K, Bagshaw G, Tucker RF 1980 Equilibrium and kinetic characteristics of steroid interactions with human plasma sex steroid binding protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 199:220
31. Blouin A, Bolender RP, Weibel ER 1977 Distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytes and nonhepatocytes in the rat liver parenchyma: A stereological study. J Cell Biol 72:441
32. Altman PL, Dittmer DS 1971 Biological Handbook: Respiration and Circulation. Federation of the American Society for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD, p 428
33. Richardson PDI, Withrington PG 1981 Liver blood flow. I. Intrinsic and nervous control of liver blood flow. Gastroenterology 81:159
34. Altman PL, Dittmer DS 1971 Biological Handbook: Respiration and Circulation. Federation of the American Society for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD, p 453
35. Rosenblum WI 1970 Effects of blood pressure and blood viscosity on fluorescein transit time in the cerebral microcirculation in the mouse. Circ Res 27:825
36. Pardridge WM, Oldendorf WH 1975 Kinetics of blood-brain barrier transport of hexoses. Biochim Biophys Acta 382:377
37. Korner PI 1974 Control of blood flow to special vascular areas: brain, kidney, muscle, skin, liver and intestine. In: Guyton AC, Jones CE (eds) Cardiovascular Physiology. University Park Press, Baltimore, p 123
38. Folkow B, Halicka HD 1968 A comparison between “red” and “white” muscle with respect to blood supply, capillary surface area and oxygen uptake during rest and exercise. Microvasc Res 1:1
39. 131I-labeled L-thyroxine in man: observations of subjects with normal and decreased serum thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Invest 45:939
40. 125I. J Clin Invest 46:762
41. Dowling JT, Appleton WG, Musa BU 1968 Direct measurement of hepatic thyroxine flux in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:1503
42. Kaptein EM, Kaptein JS, Chang El, Egodage PM, Nicoloff JT, Massry SG 1987 Throxine transfer and distribution in critical nonthyroidal illnesses, chronic renal failure, and chronic ethanol abuse. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:606
43. Cavalieri RR, Steinberg M, Searle GL 1970 The distribution kinetics of triiodothyronine: studies of euthyroid subjects with decreased plasma thyroxine-binding globulin and patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Invest 49:1041
44. Pardridge WM, Premachandra BN, Fierer G 1985 Transport of thyroxine bound to human prealbumin into rat liver. Am J Physiol 248:G545
45. Pardridge WM, Mietus LJ 1980 Influx of thyroid hormones into rat liver in vivo: differential availability of thyroxine and triiodothyronine bound by plasma proteins. J Clin Invest 66:367
46. Pardridge WM, Mietus LJ 1979 Transport of protein-bound steroid hormones into liver in vivo. Am J Physiol 237:E367
47. Pardridge WM 1979 Carrier-mediated transport of thyroid hormones through the rat blood-brain barrier: primary role of albumin-bound hormone. Endocrinology 105:605
48. Pardridge WM, Mietus LJ 1979 Transport of steroid hormones through the rat blood-brain barrier: primary role of albumin-bound hormone. J Clin Invest 64:145
49. Pardridge WM, Sakiyama R, Coty WA 1985 Restricted transport of vitamin D and A derivatives through the rat blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 44:1138
50. Hillier AP 1970 The rates of release and binding of thyroxine by bovine serum. J Physiol (Lond) 208:473
51. Hillier AP 1971 The mechanisms of thyroxine transfer from plasma to tissue binding sites. J Physiol (Lond) 217:635
52. Oldendorf WH 1970 Measurement of brain uptake of radiolabeled substances using a tritiated water internal standard. Brain Res 24:372
53. Pardridge WM 1981 Transport of protein-bound hormones into tissues in vivo. Endocr Rev 2:103
54. Laufer LR, Gambone JC, Chaudhuri G, Pardridge WM, Judd HL 1983 The effect of membrane permeability and binding by human serum proteins on sex steroid influx into the uterus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:1282
55. Chaudhuri G, Steingold KA, Pardridge WM, Judd HL 1988 TeBG-and CBG-bound steroid hormones in rabbits are available for influx into uterus in vivo. Am J Physiol 254:E79
56. Mendel CM, Cavalieri RR, Weisiger RA 1988 On plasma proteinmediated transport of steroid and thyroid hormones (Letter to the Editor). Am J Physiol 255:E221
57. Pardridge WM 1988 Reply (Letter to the Editor). Am J Physiol 255:E224
58. Pardridge WM, Landaw EM, Miller LP, Braun LD, Oldendorf WH 1985 Carotid artery injection technique: bounds for bolus mixing by plasma and by brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:576
59. Cefalu WT, Pardridge WM, Premachandra BN 1985 Hepatic bioavailability of thyroxine and testosterone in familial dysalbu-minemic hyperthyroxinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:783
60. Sutherland RL, Brandon MR 1976 The thyroxine-binding properties of rat and rabbit serum proteins. Endocrinology 98:91
61. Verheugen C, Pardridge WM, Judd HL, Chaudhuri G 1984 Differential permeability of uterine and liver vascular beds to estrogens and estrogen conjugates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:1128
62. Lewi PJ, Marsboom RP 1981 Toxicology Reference Data—Wistar Rat. Elsevier, New York, p 69
63. Perrin FM, Forest MG 1975 Time course of the effect of adrenalectomy on transcortin binding characteristics: appraisal of different methods of calculation. Endocrinology 96:869
64. Rojanasathit S, Haddad JG 1977 Ontogeny and effect of vitamin D deprivation on rat serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D binding protein. Endocrinology 100:642
65. Mendel CM, Weisiger RA, Jones AL, Cavalieri RR 1987 Thyroid hormone-binding proteins in plasma facilitate uniform distribution of thyroxine within tissues: a perfused rat liver study. Endocrinology 120:1742
66. Weisiger RA, Mendel CM, Cavalieri RR 1986 The hepatic sinusoid is not well-stirred: estimation of the degree of axial mixing by analysis of lobular concentration gradients formed during uptake of thyroxine by the perfused rat liver. J Pharm Sci 75:233
67. Mendel CM, Modeling of the transport of thyroxine into liver: rejection of the “enhanced dissociation” hypothesis as applied to thyroxine. Am J Physiol, in press
68. Mendel CM, Cavalieri RR 1984 Thyroxine distribution and metabolism in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:499
69. Recant L, Riggs DS 1952 Thyroid function in nephrosis. J Clin Invest 31:789
70. Gordon AH, Gross J, O’Connor D, Pitt-Rivers R 1952 Nature of the circulating thyroid hormone-plasma protein complex. Nature 169:19
71. Robbins J, Rail JE 1952 Zone electrophoresis in filter paper of serum 1-131 after radioiodide administration. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 81:530
72. Larson F, Deiss WP, Albright EC 1952 Localization of protein-bound radioactive iodine by filter paper electrophoresis. Science 115:626
73. McLean FC, Hastings AB 1935 The state of calcium in the fluids of the body. I. The conditions affecting the ionization of calcium. J Biol Chem 108:285
74. Robbins J, Rail JE 1957 The interaction of thyroid hormones and protein in biological fluids. Recent Prog Horm Res 13:161
75. Ingbar SH, Freinkel N 1960 Regulation of the peripheral metabolism of the thyroid hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res 16:353
76. Vermeulen A, Stoica T, Verdonck L 1971 The apparent free testosterone concentration, an index of androgenicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:759
77. 3 concentration. J Clin Invest 67:589
78. Bikle DD, Gee E, Halloran B, Haddad JG 1984 Free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in serum from normal subjects, pregnant subjects, and subjects with liver disease. J Clin Invest 74:1966
79. Bianchi R, Iervasi G, Pilo A, Vitek F, Ferdeghini M, Cazzuola F, Giraudi G 1987 Role of serum carrier proteins in the peripheral metabolism and tissue distribution of thyroid hormones in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia and congenital elevation of thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Invest 80:522
80. Fisher DA, Nicoloff JT, Low JC, Dussault JH 1972 Simultaneous measurement of thyroxine and triiodothyronine peripheral turnover kinetics in man. J Clin Invest 51:473
81. Nicoloff JT, Dowling JT 1968 Studies of peripheral thyroxine distribution in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. J Clin Invest 47:2000
82. Kaptein EM, Robinson WJ, Grieb DA, Nicoloff JT 1982 Peripheral serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and reverse triiodothyronine kinetics in the low thyroxine state of acute nonthyroidal illnesses: a noncompartmental analysis. J Clin Invest 69:526
83. Bellabarba D, Inada M, Varsano-Aharon N, Sterling K 1968 Thyroxine transport and turnover in major nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:1023
84. Inada M, Sterling K 1967 Thyroxine turnover and transport in Laennec’s cirrhosis of the liver. J Clin Invest 46:1275
85. Faber J, Heaf J, Kirkegaard C, Lumholtz IB, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Kolendorf K, Friis T 1983 Simultaneous turnover studies of thyroxine, 3,5,3’-and 3,3’5-triiodothyronine, 3,5-, 3,3’-and 3’5’-diiodothyronine, and 3’-monoiodothyronine in chronic renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:211
86. Kaptein EM, Feinstein EL, Nicoloff JT, Massry SG 1983 Serum reverse triiodothyronine and thyroxine kinetics in patients with chronic renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:181
87. Vagenakis AG, Portnay GI, O’Brian JT, Rudolph M, Arky RA, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE 1977 Effect of starvation on the production and metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in euthyroid obese patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45:1305
88. 3 syndrome. Am J Physiol 251:E156
89. 3 in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46:203
90. Suda AK, Pittman CS, Shimizu T, Chambers JB 1978 The production and metabolism of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine and 3,3’5’-triiodothyronine in normal and fasting subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:1311
91. 131I thyroxine in man. In: Cassano C, Andreoli M (eds) Current Topics in Thyroid Research. Academic Press, New York, p 336
92. Tait JF 1963 Review: the use of isotopic steroids for the measurement of production rates in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 23:1285
93. Tait JF, Burstein S 1964 In vivo studies of steroid dynamics in man. In: Pincus G, Thimann KV, Astwood EB (eds) The Hormones. Academic Press, New York, vol 5:441
94. Baird DT, Horton R, Longcope C, Tait JF 1969 Steroid dynamics under steady-state conditions. Recent Prog Horm Res 25:611
95. Ekins R 1985 Roles of serum thyroxine-binding proteins and maternal thyroid hormones in fetal development. Lancet 1:1129
96. Robbins J, Johnson ML 1982 Possible significance of multiple transport proteins for the thyroid hormones. In: Albertini A, Ekins RP (eds) Free Hormones in Blood. Elsevier, New York, p 53
97. Hillier AP 1970 The binding of thyroid hormones to phospholipid membranes. J Physiol (Lond) 211:585
98. Schussler GC, Vance VK 1968 Effect of thyroid-suppressive doses of triiodothyronine on thyroxine turnover and on the free thyroxine fraction. J Clin Invest 47:720
99. 4 to T conversion in the rat. Metabolism 27:1680
100. Kaplan MM 1979 Changes in the particulate subcellular component of hepatic thyroxine-5’-monodeiodinase in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. Endocrinology 105:548
101. Oppenheimer JH, Bernstein G, Surks MI 1968 Increased thyroxine turnover and thyroidal function after stimulation of hepatocellular binding of thyroxine by phénobarbital. J Clin Invest 47:1399
102. Cavalieri RR, Sung LC, Becker CE 1973 Effects of phénobarbital on thyroxine and triiodothyronine kinetics in Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:308
103. Oppenheimer JH, Shapiro HC, Schwartz HL, Surks MI 1971 Dissociation between thyroxine metabolism and hormonal action in phenobarbital-treated rats. Endocrinology 88:115
104. 125I-thyroxine in the rat: augmentation by phénobarbital and chlordane. Endocrinology 82:406
105. Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL, Shapiro HC, Bernstein G, Surks MI 1970 Differences in primary cellular factors influencing the metabolism and distribution of 3,5,3’-L-triiodothyronine and L-thyroxine. J Clin Invest 49:1016
106. Cavalieri RR, Pitt-Rivers R 1981 The effects of drugs on the distribution and metabolism of thyroid hormones. Pharmacol Rev 33:55
107. Oppenheimer JH, Fisher LV, Nelson KM, Jailer JW 1961 Depression of the serum protein-bound iodine level by diphenylhydan-toin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21:252
108. Wolff J, Standaert ME, Rail JE 1961 Thyroxine displacement from serum proteins and depression of serum protein-bound iodine by certain drugs. J Clin Invest 40:1373
109. Oppenheimer JH, Tavernetti RR 1962 Studies on the thyroxine-diphenylhydantoin interaction: effect of 5,5’-diphenylhydantoin on the displacement of L-thyroxine from thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Endocrinology 71:496
110. Chin W, Schussler GC 1968 Decreased serum free thyroxine concentration in patients treated with diphenylhydantoin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:181
111. Larsen PR, Atkinson Jr AJ, Wellman HN, Goldsmith RE 1970 The effect of diphenylhydantoin on thyroxine metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 49:1266
112. Hansen JM, Skovsted L, Lauridsen UB, Kirkegaard C, Siersbaek-Nielsen K 1974 The effect of diphenylhydantoin on thyroid function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:785
113. Heyma P, Larkins RG, Perry-Keene D, Peter CT, Ross D, Sloman JG 1977 Thyroid hormone levels and protein binding in patients on long-term diphenylhydantoin treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 6:369
114. Yeo PPB, Bates D, Howe JG, Ratcliffe WA, Schardt CW, Heath A, Evered DC 1978 Anticonvulsants and thyroid function. Br Med J 1:1581
115. 3 in diphenylhydantoin-treated patients. Metabolism 28:1161
116. Blackshear JL, Schultz AL, Napier JS, Stuart DD 1983 Thyroxine replacement requirements in hypothyroid patients receiving phenytoin. Ann Intern Med 99:341
117. Theodoropoulos T, Fang S-L, Azizi F, Ingbar SH, Vagenakis AG, Braverman LE 1980 Effect of diphenylhydantoin on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in the rat. Am J Physiol 239:E468
118. Surks MI, Ordene KW, Mann DN, Kumara-Siri MH 1983 Diphenylhydantoin inhibits the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in man and rat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:940
119. Jansen M, Krenning EP, Oostdijk W, Docter R, Kingma BE, van den Brande JVL, Hennemann G 1982 Hyperthyroxinaemia due to decreased peripheral triiodothyronine production. Lancet 2:849
120. Kleinhaus N, Faber J, Kahana L, Schneer J, Scheinfeld M 1988 Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia due to a generalized 5’-deiodinase defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:684
121. Larsen PR, Silva JE, Kaplan MM 1981 Relationships between circulating and intracellular thyroid hormones: physiological and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 2:87
122. Kaptein EM 1986 Thyroid hormone metabolism in illness. In: Henneman G (ed) Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. Marcel Dekker, New York, d 297
123. Jennings AS, Ferguson DC, Utiger RD 1979 Regulation of the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in the perfused rat liver. J Clin Invest 64:1614
124. Mortimore GE, Pösö AR 1986 The lysosomal pathway of intracellular proteolysis in liver: regulation by amino acids. Adv Enzyme Regul 25:257
125. 3 syndrome. Am J Physiol 251:E156
126. Cavalieri RR, Steinberg M, Searle GL 1970 The distribution kinetics of triiodothyronine: studies of euthyroid subjects with decreased plasma thyroxine-binding globulin and patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Invest 49:1041
127. Premachandra BN, Wortsman J, Nisula BC, Williams IK 1986 Modulation of thyroid parameters by exogenous thyroxine in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. Metabolism 35:283
128. Hennemann G, Krenning EP, Otten M, Docter R, Bos G, Visser TJ 1979 Raised total thyroxine and free thyroxine index but normal free thyroxine: a serum abnormality due to inherited increased affinity of iodothyronines for serum binding protein. Lancet 1:639
129. Musa BU, Kumar RS, Dowling JT 1968 Effects of salicylates on the distribution and early plasma disappearance of thyroxine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:1461
130. Stoekigt JR, Lim C-F, Barlow JW, Wynne KN, Mohr VS, Topliss DJ, Hamblin PS, Sabto J 1985 Interaction of furosemide with serum thyroxine-binding sites: in vivo and in vitro studies and comparison with other inhibitors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:1025
131. Atkins PW 1982 Physical Chemistry, ed 2. Freeman, New York, p 939
132. Benvenga S, Gregg RE, Robbins J 1988 Binding of thyroid hormones to human plasma lipoproteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:6
133. Crispell KR, Coleman J 1956 A study of the relative binding capacity of plasma proteins, intact human red cells, and human red cell stroma for radioactive 1-131 labeled L-thyroxine. J Clin Invest 35:475
134. Oppenheimer JH, Surks MI, Schwartz HL 1969 The metabolic significance of exchangeable cellular thyroxine. Recent Prog Horm Res 25:381
135. Felicetta JV, Green WL, Nelp WB 1980 Inhibition of hepatic binding of thyroxine by cholecystographic agents. J Clin Invest 65:1032
136. Schwartz HL, Schadlow AR, Faierman D, Surks MI, Oppenheimer JH 1973 Heparin administration appears to decrease cellular binding of thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:598
137. Mendel CM, Cavalieri RR 1984 Red blood cell thyroxine in nonthyroid illness and in heparin-treated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:1117
138. Mendel CM, Frost PH, Kunitake ST, Cavalieri RR 1987 Mechanism of the heparin-induced increase in the concentration of free thyroxine in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:1259
139. Refetoff S, DeGroot LJ, Benard B, DeWind LT 1972 Studies of a sibship with apparent hereditary resistance to the intracellular action of thyroid hormone. Metabolism 21:723
140. Refetoff S, DeGroot LJ, Barsano CP 1980 Defective thyroid hormone feedback regulation in the syndrome of peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:41
141. Riad-Fahmy D, Read G, Hughes IA 1979 Corticosteroids. In: Gray CH, James VHT (eds) Hormones in Blood. Academic Press, New York, p 179
142. Doe RP, Lohrenz FN, Seal US 1965 Familial decrease in corticosteroid-binding globulin. Metabolism 14:940
143. Lohrenz F, Doe RP, Seal US 1968 Idiopathic or genetic elevation of corticosteroid-binding globulin? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:1073
144. Brien TG 1988 Pathophysiology of free cortisol in plasma. Ann NY Acad Sci 538:130
145. Lamberts SWJ, Poldermans D, Zweens M, de Jong FH 1986 Familial cortisol resistance: differential diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:1328
146. Hiramatsu R, Nisula BC 1987 Erythrocyte-associated cortisol: measurement, kinetics of dissociation, and potential physiological significance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:1124
147. Peterson RE 1971 Metabolism of adrenal corticol steroids. In: Christy NP (ed) The Human Adrenal Cortex. Harper and Row, New York, p 87
148. Migeon CJ 1972 Adrenal androgens in men. Am J Med 53:606
149. Reed MJ, Murray MAF 1979 The oestrogens. In: Gray CH, James VHT (eds) Hormones in Blood. Academic Press, New York, p 262
150. Tait JF, Bougas J, Little B, Tait SAS, Flood C 1965 Splanchnic extraction and clearance of aldosterone in subjects with minimal and marked cardiac dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 25:219
151. Zager PG, Burtis WJ, Luetscher JA, Dowdy AJ, Sood S 1976 Increased plasma protein binding and lower metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone in plasma of low cortisol concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:207
152. Fraser DR 1983 The physiological economy of vitamin D. Lancet 1:969
153. Smith JE, Goodman DS 1971 The turnover and transport of vitamin D and of a polar metabolite with the properties of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in human plasma. J Clin Invest 50:2159
154. Haussler MR, McCain TA 1977 Basic and clinical concepts related to vitamin D metabolism and action. N Engl J Med 297:974
155. Mawer EB, Davies M, Backhouse J, Hill LF, Taylor CM 1976 Metabolic fate of administered 1,25-dihyroxycholecalciferol in controls and in patients with hypoparathyroidism. Lancet 1:1203
156. 3 from intestinal lymph. Am J Physiol 245:E326
157. Haddad JG, Jennings AS, Aw TC 1988 Vitamin D uptake and metabolism by perfused rat liver: influences of carrier proteins. Endocrinology 123:498
158. Koelz HR, Sherrill BC, Turley SD, Dietschy JM 1982 Correlation of low and high density lipoprotein binding in vivo with rates of lipoprotein degradation in the rat: a comparison of lipoproteins of rat and human origin. J Biol Chem 257:8061
159. Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL 1985 Stereospecific transport of triiodothyronine from plasma to cytosol and from cytosol to nucleus in rat liver, kidney, brain, and heart. J Clin Invest 75:147
160. Oppenheimer JH 1979 Thyroid hormone action at the cellular level. Science 203:971
161. Cheng S-Y, Maxfield FR, Robbins J, Willingham MC, Pastan IH 1980 Receptor-mediated uptake of 3,3’,5-triiodo-L-thyronine by cultured fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:3425
162. 3 cells. J Biol Chem 257:3139
163. 3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:5527
164. Segal J, Ingbar SH 1982 Specific binding sites for triiodothyronine in the plasma membrane of rat thymocytes: correlation with biochemical responses. J Clin Invest 70:919
165. Cheng S-Y 1983 Characterization of binding and uptake of 3,3’,5-triiodo-L-thyronine in cultured mouse fibroblasts. Endocrinology 112:1754
166. Krenning E, Docter R, Bernard B, Visser T, Hennemann G 1981 Characteristics of active transport of thyroid hormone into rat hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 676:314
167. Hennemann G, Krenning EP, Polhuys M, Mol JA, Bernard BF, Visser TJ, Docter R 1986 Carrier-mediated transport of thyroid hormone into rat hepatocytes is rate-limiting in total cellular uptake and metabolism. Endocrinology 119:1870
168. Mol JA, Krenning EP, Docter R, Rozing J, Hennemann G 1986 Inhibition of iodothyronine transport into rat liver cells by a monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 261:7640
169. Docter R, Krenning EP, Bernard HF, Hennemann G 1987 Active transport of iodothyronines into human cultured fibroblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:624
170. Pontecorvi A, Lakshmanan M, Robbins J 1987 Intracellular transport of 3,5,3’-triiodo-L-thyronine in rat skeletal myoblasts. Endocrinology 121:2145
171. Centanni M, Robbins J 1987 Role of sodium in thyroid hormone uptake by rat skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 80:1068
172. Krenning EP, Docter R 1986 Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormone. In: Hennemann G (ed) Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 107
173. Surks MI, Oppenheimer JH 1977 Concentration of L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine specifically bound to nuclear receptors in rat liver and kidney: quantitative evidence favoring a major role of T3 in thyroid hormone action. J Clin Invest 60:555
174. Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL, Koerner D, Surks MI 1974 Limited binding capacity sites for L-triiodothyronine in rat liver nuclei: nuclear-cytoplasmic interrelation, binding constants, and cross-reactivity with L-thyroxine. J Clin Invest 53:768
175. Mooradian AD, Schwartz HL, Mariash CN, Oppenheimer JH 1985 Transcellular and transnuclear transport of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine in isolated hepatocytes. Endocrinology 117:2449
176. Siiteri PK, Murai JT, Hammond GL, Nisker JA, Raymoure WJ, Kuhn RW 1982 The serum transport of steroid hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res 38:457
177. Funder JW, Feldman D, Edelman IS 1973 The roles of plasma binding and receptor specificity in the mineralocorticoid action of aldosterone. Endocrinology 92:994
178. Matulich DT, Spindler BJ, Schambelan M, Baxter JD 1976 Mineralocorticoid receptors in human kidney. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43:1170
179. Walters MR 1985 Steroid hormone receptors and the nucleus. Endocr Rev 6:512
180. Funder JW, Pearce PT, Smith R, Smith AI 1988 Mineralocorticoid action: target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated. Science 242:583
181. Bayley TA, Higgins HP, Row VV, James W, Vidal R 1969 The metabolic significance of thyroxine-binding globulin: studies in a family with decreased thyroxine-binding globulin. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 61:137
182. Heinonen OP, Lamberg BA, Virtano J 1970 Inherited decrease of the binding capacity of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 64:171
183. Hennemann G, Docter R, Dolman A 1971 Relationship between total thyroxine and absolute free thyroxine and the influence of absolute free thyroxine on thyroxine disposal in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:63
184. Thomson JA, Meredith EM, Baird SG, McAinsh WR, Hutchison JH 1972 Increased free thyroxine values in patients with familial elevation of thyroxine binding globulin. Q J Med 41:49
185. Premachandra BN, Gossain VV, Perlstein IB 1976 Increased free thyroxine in a euthyroid patient with thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:309
186. Smals AGH, Ross AH, Kloppenborg PWC 1981 Dichotomy between serum free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine concentrations in familial thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:917
187. Silverberg JDH, Premachandra BN 1982 Familial hyperthyroxinemia due to abnormal thyroid hormone binding. Ann Intern Med 96:183
188. Rajatanavin R, Young RA, Braverman LE 1984 Effect of chloride on serum thyroxine binding in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:388
189. Chopra IJ, Teco GNC, Nguyen AH, Solomon DH 1979 In search of an inhibitor of thyroid hormone binding to serum proteins in nonthyroid illnesses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49:63
190. Woeber KA, Maddux BA 1981 Thyroid hormone binding in nonthyroid illness. Metabolism 30:412
191. Lim C-F, Bai Y, Topliss DJ, Barlow JW, Stoekigt JR 1988 Drug and fatty acid effects on serum thyroid hormone binding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:682
192. Silva JE, Larsen PR 1977 Pituitary nuclear 3,5,3’-triiodothyro-nine and thyrotropin secretion: an explanation for the effect of thyroxine. Science 198:617
193. Silva JE, Larsen PR 1978 Contributions of plasma triiodothyronine and local thyroxine monodeiodination to triiodothyronine to nuclear triiodothyronine receptor saturation in pituitary, liver, and kidney of hypothyroid rats: Further evidence relating saturation of pituitary nuclear triiodothyronine receptors and the acute inhibition of thyroid stimulating hormone release. J Clin Invest 61:1247
194. Larsen PR, Silva JE, Kaplan MM 1981 Relationships between circulating and intracellular thyroid hormones: physiological and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 2:87
195. Bianco AC, Silva JE 1987 Intracellular conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine is required for the optimal thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 79:295
196. Oppenheimer JH 1983 The nuclear receptor-triiodothyronine complex: relationship to thyroid hormone distribution, metabolism, and biological action. In: Oppenheimer JH, Samuels HH (eds) Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action. Academic Press, New York, p 1
197. Cumming DC, Wall SR 1985 Non-sex hormone-binding globulin-bound testosterone as a marker for hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:873
198. Nankin HR, Calkins JH 1986 Decreased bioavailable testosterone in aging normal and impotent men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:1418
199. Tenover JS, Matsumoto AM, Plymate SR, Bremner WJ 1987 The effects of aging in normal men on bioavailable testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion: response to clomiphene citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:1118
200. Belgorosky A, Martinez A, Domene H, Heinrich JJ, Bergada C, Rivarola MA 1987 High serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and low serum non-SHBG-bound testosterone in boys with idiopathic hypopituitarism: effect of recombinant human growth hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:1107
201. Ruutiainen K, Sannikka E, Santti R, Erkkola R, Adlercreutz H 1987 Salivary testosterone in hirsutism: correlations with serum testosterone and the degree of hair growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:1015
202. Belgorosky A, Rivarola MA 1987 Progressive increase in nonsex hormone-binding globulin-bound testosterone from infancy to late prepuberty in boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:482
203. Mendel CM, Murai JT, Siiteri PK, Monroe SE, Inoue M 1989 Conservation of free but not total or non-sex-hormone-binding-globulin-bound testosterone in serum from Nagase analbumi-nemic rats. Endocrinology 124:3128
204. Mahoudeau JA, Corvol P, Bricaire H 1973 Rabbit testosterone-binding globulin. II. Effect on androgen metabolism in vivo. Endocrinology 92:1120
205. Daniel J-Y, Leboulenger F, Vaudry H, Floch HH, Assenmacher I 1982 Interrelations between binding affinity and metabolic clearance rate for the main corticosteroids in the rabbit. J Steroid Biochem 16:379
206. Klosterman LL, Murai JT, Siiteri PK 1986 Cortisol levels, binding, and properties of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the serum of primates. Endocrinology 118:424
207. Chrousos GP, Renquist D, Brandon D, Eil C, Pugeat M, Vigersky R, Cutler Jr GB, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB 1982 Glucocorticoid hormone resistance during primate evolution: receptor-mediated mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2036
208. Cassorla FG, Albertson BD, Chrousos GP, Booth JD, Renquist D, Lipsett MB, Loriaux DL 1982 The mechanism of hypercorti-solemia in the squirrel monkey. Endocrinology 111:448
209. Pugeat MM, Chrousos GP, Nisula BC, Loriaux DL, Brandon D, Lipsett MB 1984 Plasma cortisol transport and primate evolution. Endocrinology 115:357
210. Arriza JL, Weinberger C, Cerelli G, Glaser TM, Handelin BL, Housman DE, Evans RM 1987 Cloning of human mineralocorti-coid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science 237:268
211. Coe CL, Murai JT, Wiener SG, Levine S, Siiteri PK 1986 Rapid cortisol and corticosteroid-binding globulin responses during pregnancy and after estrogen administration in the squirrel monkey. Endocrinology 118:435
212. Siiteri PK, Simberg NH 1986 Changing concepts of active androgens in blood. Clin Endocrinol Metab 15:247
213. Kovacs WJ, Bell BW, Turney MK, Danzo BJ 1988 Monoclonal antibodies to rat androgen-binding protein recognize both of its subunits and cross-react with rabbit and human testosterone-binding globulin. Endocrinology 122:2639
214. Hryb DJ, Khan MS, Romas NA, Rosner W 1986 Specific binding of human corticosteroid-binding globulin to cell membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:3253
215. Singer CJ, Khan MS, Rosner W 1988 Characteristics of the binding of corticosteroid-binding globulin to rat cell membranes. Endocrinology 122:89
216. Mendel CM 1987 Binding of lipoproteins to inert materials revisited with computer-assisted analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 918:205
217. Keller N, Richardson UI, Yates FE 1969 Protein binding and the biological activity of corticosteroids: in vivo induction of hepatic and pancreatic alanine aminotransferases by corticosteroids in normal and estrogen-treated rats. Endocrinology 84:49
218. Rosner W, Hochberg R 1972 Corticosteroid-binding globulin in the rat: isolation and studies of its influence on cortisol action in vivo. Endocrinology 91:626
219. Slaunwhite Jr WR, Lockie GN, Back N, Sandberg AA 1962 Inactivity in vivo of transcortin-bound cortisol. Science 135:1062
220. Chopra IJ, Huang T-S, Hurd RE, Beredo A, Solomon DH 1984 A competitive ligand binding assay for measurement of thyroid hormone-binding inhibitor in serum and tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:619
221. Chopra IJ, Teco GNC, Mead JF, Huang T-S, Beredo A, Solomon DH 1985 Relationship between serum free fatty acids and thyroid hormone binding inhibitor in nonthyroid illnesses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:980
222. Mendel CM, Frost PH, Cavalieri RR 1986 Effect of free fatty acids on the concentration of free thyroxine in human serum: the role of albumin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:1394
223. Martin ME, Benassayag C, Nunez EA 1988 Selective changes in binding and immunological properties of human corticosteroid binding globulin by free fatty acids. Endocrinology 123:1178
224. Ashbrook JD, Spector AA, Santos EC, Fletcher JE 1975 Long chain fatty acid binding to human plasma albumin. J Biol Chem 250:2333
225. Martin M-E, Vranckx R, Benassayag C, Nunez EA 1986 Modifications of the properties of human sex steroid-binding protein by nonesterified fatty acids. J Biol Chem 261:2954
226. Benassayag C, Vallette C, Hassid J, Raymond JP, Nunez EA 1986 Potentiation of estradiol binding to human tissue proteins by unsaturated nonesterified fatty acids. Endocrinology 118:1
227. Bass NM 1985 Function and regulation of hepatic and intestinal fatty acid binding proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 38:95
228. Ramsey BL, Westphal U 1978 Steroid-protein interactions: 40. The effect of fatty acids on progesterone binding to human serum albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta 529:115
229. Pardridge WM 1982 Transport of protein-bound thyroid and steroid hormones into tissues in vivo: a new hypothesis on the role of hormone binding plasma proteins. In: Albertini A, Ekins RP (eds) Free Hormones in Blood. Elsevier, New York, p 45
230. Pardridge WM 1979 Carrier-mediated transport of thyroid hormones through the rat blood-brain barrier: primary role of albumin-bound hormone. Endocrinology 105:605
231. Pardridge WM, Mietus LJ 1980 Transport of thyroid and steroid hormones through the blood-brain barrier of the newborn rabbit: primary role of protein-bound hormone. Endocrinology 107:1705
232. Pardridge WM, Mietus LJ 1980 Palmitate and cholesterol transport through the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 34:463
233. Pardridge WM, Sakiyama R, Fierer G 1983 Transport of propranolol and lidocaine through the rat blood-brain barrier: primary role of globulin-bound drug. J Clin Invest 71:900
234. Pardridge WM 1988 Recent advances in blood-brain barrier transport. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 28:25
235. Pardridge WM, Landaw EM 1987 Steady state model of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine transport in liver predicts high cellular exchangeable hormone concentration relative to in vitro free hormone concentration. Endocrinology 120:1059
236. Horie T, Mizuma T, Kasai S, Awazu S 1988 Conformational change in plasma albumin due to interaction with isolated rat hepatocyte. Am J Physiol 254:G465
237. Terasaki T, Nowlin DM, Pardridge WM 1988 Differential binding of testosterone and estradiol to isoforms of sex hormone-binding globulin: selective alteration of estradiol binding in cirrhosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:639
238. Terasaki T, Pardridge WM 1988 Differential binding of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to acidic isoforms of thyroid hormone binding globulin in human serum. Biochemistry 27:3624
239. Weisiger RA, Gollan JL, Ockner RK 1981 Receptor for albumin on the liver cell surface may mediate uptake of fatty acids and other albumin-bound substances. Science 211:1048
240. Ghinea N, Fixman A, Alexandra D, Popov D, Hasu M, Ghitescu L, Eskenasy M, Simionescu M, Simionescu N 1988 Identification of albumin-binding proteins in capillary endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 107:231
241. Schnitzer JE, Carley WW, Palade GE 1988 Albumin interacts specifically with a 60-kDa microvascular endothelial glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:6773
242. Pardridge WM, Landaw EM 1988 Reply. (Letter to the Editor). Am J Physiol 255:E405
243. Mendel CM, Cavalieri RR, Gavin LA, Pettersson T, Inoue M 1989 Thyroxine transport and distribution in Nagase analbumi-nemic rats. J Clin Invest 83:143
244. Nagase S, Shimamune K, Shumiya S 1979 Albumin-deficient rat mutant. Science 205:590
245. Inoue M 1985 Metabolism and transport of amphipathic molecules in analbuminemic rats and human subjects. Hepatology 5:892
246. Dubey RK, McAllister CB, Inoue M, Wilkinson GR, Plasma binding and transport of diazepam across the blood-brain barrier: no evidence for in vivo enhanced dissociation. J Clin Invest, in press
247. Dubey RK, McAllister CB, Wilkinson GR 1988 Steady-state, equilibrium brain uptake of plasma bound diazepam: no evidence of enhanced in vivo dissociation. FASEB J 2:A381 (Abstract)
248. Jones DR, Hall SD, Jackson EK, Branch RA, Wilkinson GR 1988 Brain uptake of benzodiazepines: effects of lipophilicity and plasma protein binding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:816
249. Ungerstedt U, Hallström A 1987 In vivo microdialysis—a new approach to the analysis of neurotransmitters in the brain. Life Sci 41:861
250. Sakiyama R, Pardridge WM, Musto NA 1988 Influx of testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) and TeBG-bound sex steroid hormones into rat testis and prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:98
251. Herington AC, Ymer S, Stevenson J 1986 Identification and characterization of specific binding proteins for growth hormone in normal human sera. J Clin Invest 77:1817
252. Baumann G, Stolar M, Amburn K, Barsano CP, DeVries BC 1986 A specific growth hormone-binding protein in human plasma: initial characterization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:134
253. Baumann G, Amburn KD, Buchanan TA 1987 The effect of circulating growth hormone-binding protein on metabolic clearance, distribution, and degradation of human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:657
254. Baumann G, Amburn K, Shaw MA 1988 The circulating growth hormone (GH)-binding protein complex: a major constituent of plasma GH in man. Endocrinology 122:976
255. Daughaday WH, Trivedi B 1987 Absence of serum growth hormone binding protein in patients with growth hormone receptor deficiency (Laron dwarfism) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:4636
256. Baumann G, Shaw MA, Winter RJ 1987 Absence of the plasma growth hormone-binding protein in Laron-type dwarfism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:814
257. Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, Hammonds RG, Collins C, Henzel WJ, Barnard R, Waters MJ, Wood WI 1987 Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. Nature 330:537
258. Spencer SA, Hammonds RG, Henzel WJ, Rodriguez H, Waters MJ, Wood WI 1988 Rabbit liver growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, characterization, and sequence. J Biol Chem 263:7862
259. Gelato MC, Kiess W, Lee L, Malozowski S, Rechler MM, Nissley P 1988 The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor is present in monkey serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:669
260. Beguin Y, Huebers HA, Josephson B, Finch CA 1988 Transferrin receptors in rat plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:637
261. Oppenheimer JH, Surks MI 1964 Determination of free thyroxine in human serum: a theoretical and experimental analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 24:785
262. Burke CW, Anderson DC 1972 Sex-hormone-binding globulin is an oestrogen amplifier. Nature 240:39
263. Ewing LL, Chubb CE, Robaire B 1976 Macromolecules, steroid binding and testosterone secretion by rabbit testes. Nature 264:84
264. Tipping E, Ketterer B 1981 The influence of soluble binding proteins on lipophile transport and metabolism in hepatocytes. Biochem J 195:441
265. Dowling JT, Appleton WG, Nicoloff JT 1967 Thyroxine turnover during human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27:1749
266. Dowling JT, Hutchinson DL, Hindle WR, Kleeman CR 1961 Effects of pregnancy on iodine metabolism in the primate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21:779
267. Longcope C 1986 The male and female reproductive systems. In: Ingbar SH, Braverman LE (eds) Werner’s The Thyroid, ed 5. Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 1194
268. Assali NS, Rauramo L, Peltonen T 1960 Measurement of uterine blood flow and uterine metabolism. VIII. Uterine and fetal blood flow and oxygen consumption in early human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 79:86
269. 133Xe method. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83:723
270. Pritchard JA, MacDonald PC 1980 Williams Obstetrics. Apple-ton-Century-Crofts, New York, p 221
271. Woods RJ, Sinha AK, Ekins RP 1984 Uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones by the rat foetus in early pregnancy. Clin Sci 67:359
272. Larsson M, Pettersson T, Carlström A 1985 Thyroid hormone binding in serum of 15 vertebrate species: isolation of thyroxine-binding globulin and prealbumin analogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 58:360
273. Guyton AC 1976 Textbook of Medical Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 370
274. Brissot P, Wright TL, Ma W-L, Weisiger RA 1985 Efficient clearance of non-transferrin-bound iron by rat liver: implications for hepatic iron loading in iron overload states. J Clin Invest 76:1463