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1
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84915882488
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In late 1985, these five initiatives constituted the majority of the local energy conservation initiatives in the UK that went beyond simply being a local energy project. Replication of several approaches, the Hackney Cold War and the Energy Action City concept, in particular, have meant that since this time they have been joined by other such initiatives.
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2
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84915836103
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The Process of Consumer Energy Conservation: A Conceptual Framework for Programme Analysis
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Two such frameworks have been, Internationales Institut fur Umwelt and Gesellschaft, Berlin, Part 1
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(1983)
CECP Technical Report
, vol.1
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Joerges1
Olsen2
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3
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84915882487
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Municipal responses to the energy challenge: Community innovation in six countries
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E. Monnier et al., Internationales Institut fur Umwelt and Gesellschaft, New York, USA, While both have been drawn upon in the development of this research programme, they have been found to be deficient for the purposes of this research. Joerges and Olsen predicated their work on the belief that ‘the goal of energy conservation is to reduce energy consumption from non-renewable resources’, (p 7) — as will be seen this is not necessarily the underlying concern of the initiatives studied. Woodward only developed a partial framework focusing on the specific processes and actors involved in instigating change at the local level, rather than examining the wider implications of local energy strategies. Both attempts have suffered from the degree of generalization required to enable international comparisons to be performed.
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(1986)
Consumer Behaviour and Energy Policy
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Woodward1
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4
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84915882486
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While both energy supply and energy demand are interrelated there is a tendency to treat them as independent variables. Energy policy in the UK has been criticized as being overly concerned with the supply-side at the expense of foregoing cost-effective investments in energy conservation (eg Select Committee on Energy, The Government's Statement on the New Nuclear Power Programme, Session 1980–1981, HC 114-i, HMSO, London, UK, 1981; Select Committee on Energy, Energy Conservation in Buildings, Session 1981–1982, HC401, HMSO, London, UK, 1982; and Select Committee on Energy, The Energy Efficiency Office, Session 1984–1985, HC87, HMSO, London, UK, 1985). The emphasis within this research project has been on conservation initiatives, however, the Coalfields Communities Campaign with its aim to engender practical support for communities dependent on coal would represent an initiative orientated towards energy supply.
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5
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84915882485
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See eg, Greenpeace, London, UK, which argues for the phasing out of UK nuclear power within four years
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(1986)
Shut Them Down
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Nectoux1
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6
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84915882484
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At the international level, both the ‘Economic summit’ of seven western industrialized nations and the EEC have issued proclamations to reduce energy consumption, particularly oil. Nationally, the UK has operated various conservation programmes, including the Public Sector Programme and the Homes Insulation Scheme, while the electricity and gas industries are organized on a regional basis. At the community scale, the EEO supports local energy projects which provide assistance to those on low incomes and pensioners.
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8
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84915882483
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The domestic sector, for example, could be further disaggregated into public and private sectors, which in turn can be divided into local authority and housing association dwellings, and owner-occupied and privately rented dwellings respectively.
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9
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84915882482
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It has been noted further that participation may also be differentiated according to mobilization (concentration of power in a single direction) and decentralization (dispersal of power in different directions). See J. Gyford, The Politics of Local Socialism, G. Allen, London, UK, 1985.
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13
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84915882481
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Expanding the nuclear component of the electricity supply industry in the UK has been presented to the public as a strategy to reduce the over reliance, and thus the system vulnerability, of the industry to labour disruptions in the coal industry; D. Simpson and J. Walker, ‘Extending cost-benefit analysis for energy investment choices’, Energy Policy, Vol 15, No 3, June 1987, pp 217–227.
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20
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84915882478
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D. Newbury makes the case for short-run marginal costing in ‘Pricing policy’, in Belgrave and Cornell, op cit, Ref 16.
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21
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84915882477
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Areas of Priority Treatment are areas designated by Strathclyde Regional Council, using indicators derived from the 1981 Census Data, as suffering from the characteristics of multiple deprivation.
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22
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84915882476
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Much of HWG's operating area consists of tenement blocks and multi-storey high rises, thus there are many fewer lofts to insulate compared to the number of dwellings to draught-proof.
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23
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84915882475
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In HWG's Annual Report 1985–1986, for example, it states that ‘claims on behalf of tenants for heating additions alone have totalled £100 000 a year’, Heatwise Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, p 8.
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25
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84915882473
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As defined by Section II of the Housing (Scotland) Act 1974, HMSO, London, UK.
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27
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0344264980
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Glasgow District Council, Glasgow, UK, Grieve estimated Glasgow's public sector capital requirements to be £200 million/year over the next 10 years. In 1986/87 Glasgow District Council's actual capital housing allocation was £65 million.
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(1986)
Inquiry into Housing in Glasgow
, pp. 23
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Grieve1
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29
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84915882472
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Although over a two year period the total number of dwellings improved would be the same as previous arrangements, the number of tenants benefitting from some improvement in any one year would be greater than before.
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30
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84915882471
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The capital cost of the heating system is paid by a third party, and leased to the local authority for a specified number of years, usually five to 10, after which ownership reverts to the local authority. Such a procedure allows the local authority to pay for the heating systems through their current expenditure account and thus avoid the DoE imposed limits on capital expenditure.
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31
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0023525379
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Hard-to-heat estates: Evaluating the benefits of heating and insulation improvements
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(1987)
Energy Policy
, vol.15
, Issue.2
, pp. 145-157
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Sheldrick1
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35
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84915882467
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The case load was so great the LEP prepared a proposal for Lewisham Borough Council to employ six people specifically to deal with such work. A revised strategy to employ two people had not been acted upon as of August 1987.
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38
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84915882464
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Although council approval was given in 1985 to establish a full-time energy coordinator post within the authority, the council has not yet (at the time of writing) attempted to fill it.
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39
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84915882463
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The direct involvement of the Deputy Leader ended with him becoming Leader of the Council, assuming the additional responsibilities of the higher office.
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40
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84915882462
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The uniqueness of Cardiff was in the application of such a designation across the whole city, rather than just focusing on specific districts within it.
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41
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84915882461
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A conscious decision of the CEA campaign was to keep the use of the word ‘energy’ to a minimum, preferring to use terms considered less esoteric, such as ‘fuel bills’ and ‘heating’.
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42
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84915882460
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The £100 million figure excludes fuels consumed in transport.
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44
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84915831877
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Cardiff campaign boost energy awareness
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Energy Efficiency Office, London, UK, No 8
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(1986)
Focus
, pp. 27-31
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Energy Management1
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45
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84915882458
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Funding the cost of monitoring has been the standard practice for energy efficiency demonstration projects, while the costs of an aerial survey and a marketing campaign are being offered by the EEO to local authorities following the CEA approach.
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46
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84915882457
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Op cit, Ref 40.
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48
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84915882455
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This is possibly attributable to CEA overlapping with 1986 as ‘Energy Efficiency Year’ and the EEO's related national Monergy campaign, with sponsors preferring to opt for a national rather than local audience.
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49
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84915882454
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S.M. Macgill and B. Sheldrick, ‘Monergy: Qualifying imperfect indicators of need and of performance’, in Government and Policy, (forthcoming).
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50
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84915882453
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In focusing only on the Priority Ranked Assessment programme Newcastle City Council may be compared unfavourably with the other initiatives as the council has been the catalyst and facilitator, if not the instigator, of a wide array of energy conservation initiatives targeted on other sectors and types of consumption, utilizing a variety of methods, with individual, regional and national, as well as local, implications. (See B. Sheldrick, ‘Local Authority involvement with energy conservation in the UK’, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, 1986.)
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53
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84915882452
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HWG offers both a welfare benefit and heating advice service on an individual basis. However, the overwhelming demand from individual clients has been for welfare benefit advice only.
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54
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84915882451
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The transport sector, where such regulations could be implemented and have an impact, is excluded here as none of these particular initiatives have targeted that sector.
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58
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84915882449
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This indirect involvement is not confined to local energy initiatives but would occur for any project submitted under these two programmes.
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62
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84915882447
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Hard to Heat Estates: Policy and Practice
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Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, York, UK
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(1985)
WP DHSS/267/BS.10/85
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Sheldrick1
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63
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84915882446
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Central government determines the capital expenditure limits for each local authority and, for specified authorities, can prescribe limits on the revenue raised for expenditure on their current accounts — both Hachney and Newcastle councils have been rate capped.
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66
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84915882445
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This law only affected financial agreements entered into after 1 April 1987 allowing for authorities to arrange long-term agreements before this date (see Wolmar, op cit, Ref 56). Hackney council has entered into a financial agreement to enable it to install central heating in 10 000 council dwellings between 1987 and 1992.
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67
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84915882444
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Such funding was extended by London Borough of Lewisham to all GLC funded initiatives for a three months period after April 1986: LEP has since ceased to operate.
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68
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84915882443
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DHSS Single Payments accounted for only 37% of HWG's material costs and 8% of its total costs in 1985/86 (HWG, op cit, Ref 20), and an estimated 31% and 13% respectively in 1986/1987.
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69
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84915882442
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Newcastle City Council operates a ‘bypass programme’ to upgrade the heating and insulation characteristics of dwellings where tenants originally chose not to be included in the scheme but later changed their mind.
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