Diode Laser-Pumped Solidstate Lasers

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 1988, Pages 895-912

  Fan, Tso Yee ^a   Byer, Robert L ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAND STRUCTURE; LASERS, SEMICONDUCTOR;

DIODE LASER-PUMPED SOLID-STATE LASERS; LASER-PUMPED TRANSITIONS; STOICHIOMETRIC NEODYMIUM LASERS; UPPER LASER LEVEL POPULATION;

LASERS, SOLID STATE;

EID: 0024034592     PISSN: 00189197     EISSN: 15581713     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/3.210     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. R. Newman, “Excitation of the Nd 3+ fluorescence in CaWO4 by recombination radiation in GaAs,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 34, p. 437, 1963.
2. R.J. Keyes and T.M. Quist, “Injection luminescent pumping of CaF, U 3+ with GaAs diode lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 50–52, 1974.
3. R.N. Hall, G.E. Fenner, J.D. Kingsley, T.J. Soltys, and R.O. Carlson, “Coherent light emission from GaAs junctions,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 366–368, 1962.
4. M.I. Nathan, W.P. Dumke, G. Burns, F.H. Dill, Jr., and G.J. Lasher, “Stimulated emission of radiation from GaAs p-n junction,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 62–64, 1962.
5. N. Holonyak, Jr. and S.F. Bevacqua, “Coherent (visible) light emission from Ga(As1-xPs) junctions,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 82–83, 1962.
6. T.M. Quist, R.H. Rediker, R.J. Keyes, W.E. Krag, B. Lax, A.L. McWhorter, and H.J. Zeiger, “Semiconductor maser of GaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 91–92, 1962.
7. S.A. Ochs and J.I. Pankove, “Injection-luminescence pumping of a CaF, Dy 2+ laser,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 52, pp. 713–714, 1964.
8. M. Ross, “YAG laser operation by semiconductor laser pumping,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 56, pp. 196–197, 1968.
9. R.B. Allen and S.J. Scalise, “Continuous operation of a YAIG: Nd laser by injection luminescent pumping.” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 14. pp. 188–190, 1969.
10. F.W. Ostermayer, Jr., “GaAs1-xPx diode pumped YAG: Nd lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 18, pp. 93–96, 1971.
11. F.W. Ostermayer, Jr., R.B. Allen, and E.G. Dierschke. “Room-temperature cw operation of a GaAs1-xPx diode-pumped YAG: Nd laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 289–292, 1971.
12. H.G. Danielmeyer and F.W. Ostermayer, Jr., “Diode-pump-modulated Nd:YAG laser,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, pp. 2911–2913, 1972.
13. N.P. Barnes, “Diode-pumped solidstate lasers,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 44, pp. 230–237, 1972.
14. L.C. Conant and C.W. Reno, “GaAs laser diode pumped Nd: YAG laser,” Appl. Opt., vol. 13, pp. 2457–2458, 1974.
15. J.E. Jackson and R.R. Rice, “Output fluctuations of highfrequency pulse-pumped Nd: YAG laser,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 45, pp. 2353–1355, 1974.
16. G.I. Farmer and Y.C. Kiang, “Low-current-density LED-pumped Nd: YAG laser using a solid cylindrical reflector,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 45, pp. 1356–1371, 1974.
17. Zh. I. Alferov, V.M. Andreev, D.Z. Garbuzov, N. Yu. Davidyuk, V.R. Larionov, P.P. Pashinin, A.M. Prokhorov, V.D. Rumyantsev, V.M. Tuchkevich, and M.M. Khaleev, “YAG: Nd pumping by a planar AlAs-GaAs heterojunction light-emitting diode,” Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., vol. 20, pp. 231–233, 1975.
18. Zh. I. Alferov, V.I. Bilak, D.Z. Garbuzov, N. Yu. Davidyuk, and M.F. Stel'makh, “Possibility of increasing the pulse power of a YAG: Nd 3+ laser with semiconductor pump,” Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 338–339, 1975.
19. A.L. Zakgeim, Yu. M. Makushenko, V.M. Marakhonov. S.A. Nikishin, and R.P. Seisyan, “Enhanced output of an Nd 3+: YAG laser with a semiconductor pump system,” Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 281–282, 1978.
20. V.I. Bilak, I.S. Goldobin, G.M. Zverev, I.I. Kuratev, V.A. Pashkov, M.F. Stel'makh, Yu. V. Tsvetkov, and N.M. Solov'eva. “Neodymium YAG laser pumped by light-emitting diodes,” Sov. J. Quantum Electron., vol. 11, pp. 1471–1476, 1981.
21. S.A. Belozerov, L.S. Kornienko, N.V. Kravtsov, I.I. Kuratev, S.I. Rusakov, M.F. Stel'makh, A.A. Shelaev, and A.I. Shelaev, “Nd: YAG solidstate ring laser pumped by a light-emitting diode,” Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 19–20. 1984.
22. L.J. Rosenkrantz. “GaAs diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser.” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, pp. 4603–4605, 1973.
23. R.B. Chesler and D.A. Draegert, “Miniature diode-pumped Nd: YAIG lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 235–236. 1973.
24. D.A. Draegert. “Single-diode end-pumped Nd: YAG laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-9. pp. 1146–1149, 1973.
25. R.B. Chesler and S. Singh, “Performance model for end-pumped miniature Nd: YAIG lasers,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 44. pp. 5441–5443, 1973.
26. K. Iwamoto, I. Hino, S. Matsumoto, and K. Inoue, “Room temperature cw operated superluminescent diodes for optical pumping of Nd: YAG laser,” Japan. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 15, pp. 2191–2194. 1976.
27. K. Washio, K. Iwamoto, K. Inoue, I. Hino, S. Matsumoto, and F. Saito, “Room-temperature cw operation of an efficient miniaturized Nd: YAG laser end-pumped by a superluminescent diode.” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 720–722, 1976.
28. F.W. Ostermayer, Jr., “LED end-pumped Nd: YAG lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electon., vol. QE-13. pp. 1–6. 1977.
29. H.P. Weber, T.C. Damen. H.G. Danielmeyer, and B.C. Tofield. “Nd-ultraphosphate laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 22. pp. 534–536, 1973.
30. H.P. Weber, “Nd pentaphosphate lasers,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 7, pp. 431–442, 1975.
31. H.G. Danielmeyer, “Stoichiometric laser materials,” Festkörperprobleme XV, pp. 253–277, 1975.
32. G. Huber, “Miniature neodymium lasers,” in Current Topics in Materials Science, Vol. 4, E. Kaldis. Ed. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1980, pp. 1–43.
33. S.R. Chinn. J.W. Pierce, and H. Heckscher, “Lowthreshold. transversely excited NdP5O14 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-11, pp. 747–754, 1975.
34. S.R. Chinn. J.W. Pierce, and H. Heckscher, “Lowthreshold transversely excited NdP5O14 laser,” Appl. Opt., vol. 15. pp. 1444–1449. 1976.
35. S.R. Chinn, H.Y.-P. Hong, and J.W. Pierce, “Spiking oscillations in diode-pumped NdP5O14 and NdAl3(BO2)4 lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-12, pp. 189–193. 1976.
36. M. Saruwatari and T. Kimura, “LED pumped lithium neodymium tetraphosphate lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-12, pp. 584–591, 1976.
37. J.-P. Budin, M. Neubauer, and M. Rondot, “Miniature Nd-penta-phosphate laser with bonded mirrors side pumped with low-current-density LED's,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 33, pp. 309–311, 1978.
38. J.-P. Budin, M. Neubauer, and M. Rondot, “On the design of neodymium miniature lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-14, pp. 831–839, 1978.
39. M. Saruwatari, T. Kimura, T. Yamada, and J. Nakano, “LiNdP4O12 laser pumped with an AlxGa1-xAs electroluminescent diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 682–684, 1975.
40. M. Saruwatari, T. Kimura, and K. Otsuka, “Miniaturized cw LiNdP4O12 laser pumped with a semiconductor laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 291–293, 1976.
41. K. Kubodera and K. Otsuka, “Efficient LiNdP4O12 lasers pumped with a laser diode,” Appl. Opt., vol. 18, pp. 3882–3883, 1979.
42. G.M. Zverev, I.I. Kuratev, and A.V. Shestakov, “solidstate microlasers based on crystals with a high concentration of neodymium ions,” Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Phys. Ser., vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 108–112, 1982.
43. B.I. Denker, A.A. Izyneev, I.I. Kuratev, Yu. V. Tsvetkov, and A.V. Shestakov, “Lasing in phosphate glasses with high neodymium ion concentrations under pumping with light-emitting diodes,” Sov. J. Quantum Electron., vol. 10, pp. 1167–1168, 1980.
44. J. Stone and C.A. Burrus, “Neodymium-doped fiber lasers: Room temperature cw operation with an injection laser pump,” Appl. Opt., vol. 13, pp. 1256–1258, 1974.
45. J. Stone, C.A. Burrus, A.G. Dentai, and B.I. Miller, “Nd:YAG single-crystal fiber laser: room-temperature cw operation using a single LED as an end pump,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 37–39, 1976.
46. C.A. Burrus, J. Stone, and A.G. Dentai, “Room-temperature 1.3 üm c.w. operation of a glass-clad Nd: YAG single-crystal fibre laser end pumped with a single L.E.D.,” Electron. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 600–601, 1976.
47. J. Stone and C.A. Burrus, “Self-contained LED-pumped single-crystal Nd: YAG fiber laser,” Fiber Integrated Opt., vol. 2, pp. 19–46, 1979.
48. K. Kubodera and K. Otsuka, “Diode-pumped miniature solidstate laser: Design considerations,” Appl. Opt., vol. 16, pp. 2747–2752, 1977.
49. K. Kubodera and K. Otsuka, “Single-transverse-mode LiNdP4O12 slab waveguide laser,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 50, pp. 653–659, 1979.
50. K. Kubodera and K. Otsuka, “Laser performance of a glass-clad LiNdP4O12 rectangular waveguide,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 50, pp. 6707–6712, 1979.
51. A.R. Reinberg, L.A. Riseberg, R.M. Brown, R.W. Wacker, and W.C. Holton, “GaAs:Si LED pumped Yb-doped YAG laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 11–13, 1971.
52. D.E. Castleberry, “Energy transfer in sensitized rare earth lasers,” Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Inst. Technol., Cambridge, 1975.
53. S.R. Chinn, “Intracavity second-harmonic generation in a Nd pentaphosphate laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 176–179, 1976.
54. I.I. Kuratev, “solidstate lasers with semiconductor pumping,” Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Phys. Ser., vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 104–112, 1984.
55. K. Kubodera and K. Otsuka, “Spike-mode oscillations in laser-diode pumped LiNdP4O12 lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-17, pp. 1139–1144”, 1981.
56. S.R. Chinn and W.K. Zwicker, “FM modelocked Nd0.5La0.5P5O14 laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 847–849, 1979.
57. K. Otsuka, S. Tarucha, K. Kubodera, and J. Noda, “Gigabit optical pulse generations in integrated lasers, in Picosecond Lasers and Applications, Proc. SPIE, vol. 322, 1982, pp. 172–180.
58. K. Kubodera and J. Noda, “Pure singlemode LiNdP4O12 solidstate laser transmitter for 1.3 üm fiber-optic communications,” Appl. Opt., vol. 21, pp. 3466–3469, 1982.
59. H.R. Telle, “Tunable cw laser oscillation of NdP5O14 at 1.3 üm,” Appl. Phys. B., vol. 35, pp. 195–198, 1984.
60. B. Zhou, T.J. Kane, G.J. Dixon, and R.L. Byer, “Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-pumped Nd: YAG laser,” Opt. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 62–64, 1985.
61. D.L. Sipes, “Highly efficient neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser end pumped by a semiconductor laser array,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 47, pp. 74–76, 1985.
62. T. Baer and M.S. Keirstead, “Intracavity frequency doubling of a Nd: YAG laser pumped by a laser diode array,” in Postdeadline Papers, Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington DC, 1985, paper ThZZ1.
63. J. Berger, D.F. Welch, D.R. Scifries, W. Streifer, and P.S. Cross, “370 mW, 1.06 üm, cw TEM00 output from a Nd: YAG laser rod end pumped by a monolithic diode array,” in Postdeadline Papers, Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper ThT10.
64. T.J. Kane, A.C. Nielsson, and R.L. Byer, “Frequency stability and offset locking of a laser-diode-pumped Nd: YAG monolithic nonplanar ring oscillator,” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 175–177, 1987.
65. T.J. Kane, W.J. Kozlovsky, R.L. Byer, and C.E. Byvik, “Coherent laser radar at 1.06 üm using Nd: YAG lasers,” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 239–241, 1987.
66. W.J. Kozlovsky, C.D. Nabors, and R.L. Byer, “Second harmonic generation of a cw diode-pumped Nd: YAG laser using an externally resonant cavity,” Opt. Lett., vol. 13, 1988, to be published.
67. W.R. Trutna, Jr., D.K. Donald, and M. Nazarathy, “Unidirectional Diodelaser-pumped Nd: YAG ring laser with a small magnetic field,” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 248–250, 1987.
68. A. Owyoung and P. Esherick, “Uses of elastooptically tuned diode laser-excited monolithic (Nd:YAG) lasers,” in Tech. Dig. Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper WN1.
69. W.P. Risk, J.C. Baumert, G.C. Bjorklund, F.M. Schellenberg, and W. Lenth, “Generation of blue light by intracavity frequency mixing of the laser and pump radiation of a miniature neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 52, pp. 85–87, 1988.
70. L.B. Allen, Jr., R.R. Rice, H.G. Koenig, and D.D. Meyer, “Linear array configurations and applications of the double-sided heat sink diode,” in Advances in Laser Engineering and Applications, Proc. SPIE, vol. 247, 1980, pp. 100–105.
71. R.J. Smith, R.R. Rice, and L.B. Allen, Jr., “100 mW laser diode pumped Nd: YAG laser,” in Advances in Laser Engineering and Applications, Proc. SPIE, vol. 247, 1980, pp. 144–148.
72. M. Katzman, “Laser space communication technology status,” in Control and Communication Technology in Laser Systems, Proc. SPIE, vol. 295, 1981, pp. 2–9.
73. M. Katzman, “Lightweight laser transmitter packs power,” Elec. Opt. Syst. Design, vol. 14, no. 10, p. 12, 1982.
74. D.L. Begley and D.J. Krebs, “Diode laser-pumped neodymium lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 3, no. 13, p. 103, 1986.
75. F. Hanson, “Laser diode transverse pumping of neodymium laser rods,” in Postdeadline Papers, Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper ThU3.
76. R.R. Rice and C.A. Krebs, “Progress in diode pumped lasers,” presented at Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Baltimore, MD, 1987, paper TuD5.
77. M.K. Reed, W.J. Kozlovsky, and R.L. Byer, “Diodelaser array pumped neodymium slab oscillators,” Opt. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 204–206, 1988.
78. R.J. Mears, L. Reekie, S.B. Poole and D.N. Payne, “Neodymium-doped silica singlemode fibre lasers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 21, pp. 738–740, 1985.
79. I.P. Alcock, A.I. Ferguson, D.C. Hanna, and A.C. Trapper, “Continuous-wave oscillation of a monomode neodymium-doped fibre laser at 0.9 üm on the transition,” Opt. Commun., vol. 58, pp. 405–408, 1986.
80. H. Po, F. Hakimi, R.J. Mansfield R.P. Tumminelli, B.C. McCollum, and E. Snitzer, “Neodymium fiber lasers at 0.905, 1.06, and 1.4 ü,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 3, no. 13, p. 103, 1986.
81. M.J.F. Digonnet, C.J. Gaeta, and H.J. Shaw, “1.064-and 1.32-üm Nd: YAG single crystal fiber lasers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-4, pp. 454–460, 1986.
82. T.Y. Fan, G.J. Dixon, and R.L. Byer, “Efficient GaAlAs Diodelaser-pumped operation of Nd: YLF at 1.047 üm with intracavity doubling to 523.6 nm,” Opt. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 204–206, 1986.
83. W.J. Kozlovsky, T.Y. Fan, and R.L. Byer, “Diode-pumped continuous-wave Nd: glass laser,” Opt. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 788–790, 1986.
84. A. Cordova-Plaza, T.Y. Fan, M.J.F. Digonnet, R.L. Byer, and H.J. Shaw, “Nd: MgO: LiNbO3 continuous-wave laser pumped by a laser diode,” Opt. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 209–211. 1988.
85. T.Y. Fan, A. Cordova-Plaza, M.J.F. Digonnet, R.L. Byer, and H.J. Shaw, “Nd: MgO: LiNbO3 spectroscopy and laser devices,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 3, pp. 140–148, 1987.
86. A. Cordova-Plaza, M.J.F. Digonnet, and H.J. Shaw, “Miniature CW and active internally Q-switched Nd: MgO: LiNbO3 laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-23, pp. 262–266, 1987.
87. R.A. Fields, M. Birnbaum, C.L. Fincher, “Highly efficient diode-pumped Nd: crystal lasers,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper FL4.
88. J. Hamel, A. Cassimi, H. Abu-Safia, M. Leduc, and L.D. Schearer, “Diode pumping of LNA lasers for helium optical pumping,” Opt. Commun., vol. 63, pp. 114–117, 1987.
89. R. Allen, L. Esterowitz, L. Goldberg, J.F. Weiler, and M. Storm, “Diode-pumped 2 üm holmium laser,” Electron. Lett., vol. 22, p. 947, 1986.
90. H. Hemmati, “Efficient holmium: yttrium lithium fluoride laser longitudinally pumped by a semiconductor laser array,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 51, pp. 564–565, 1987.
91. T.Y. Fan, G. Huber, R.L. Byer, and P. Mitzscherlich, “Continuous wave operation at 2.1 üm of a diode laser pumped, Tm-sensitized Ho:Y3Al5O12 laser at 300 K,” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 678–680, 1987.
92. T.Y. Fan, G. Huber, R.L. Byer, and P. Mitzscherlich, “Spectroscopy and diode laser-pumped operation of Tm, Ho: YAG,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., this issue, pp. 924–933.
93. G.J. Kintz, L. Esterowitz, and R. Allen, “cw diode-pumped Tm 3+, Ho 3+: YAG 2.1 üm room-temperature laser,” Electron. Lett., vol. 23, p. 616, 1987.
94. T.Y. Fan and R.L. Byer, “Modeling and CW operation of a quasi-three-level 946 nm Nd: YAG laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-23, pp. 605–612, 1987.
95. T.Y. Fan and R.L. Byer, “Continuous wave operation of a room temperature, diode laser-pumped 946 nm Nd: YAG laser.” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 809–811, 1987.
96. G.J. Dixon, Z.M. Zhang, R.S.F. Chang, and N. Djeu, “Efficient blue emission from intensity-doubled 946 nm Nd: YAG laser,” Opt. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 137–139, 1988.
97. W.P. Risk and W. Lenth, “Room temperature, cw 946 nm Nd: YAG laser pumped by laser-diode-arrays and intracavity frequency doubling to 473 nm,” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 993–995, 1987.
98. M.D. Thomas, H.H. Zenzie, J.C. McCarthy, E.P. Chicklis, and H.P. Jenssen, “Tm 3+: YLF laser operation at 2.31 üm,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper THJ4.
99. G.J. Kintz, L. Esterowitz, and R. Allen, “Cascade laser emission at 2.31 and 2.08 üm from laser diode pumped Tm, Ho: YLF, in Tech. Dig., Topical Meet. Tunable Solidstate Lasers, 1987, paper MC2.
100. G.J. Kintz, R. Allen, and L. Esterowitz, “cw and pulsed 2.8 ftm laser emission from diode-pumped Er 3+: LiYF4 at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 50, pp. 1553–1555, 1987.
101. C.A. Millar, I.D. Miller, B.J. Ainslie, S.P. Craig, and J.R. Armitage, “Low threshold cw operation of an erbium-doped fibre laser pumped at 807 nm wavelength,” Electron. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 865–866, 1987.
102. L. Reekie. I.M. Jauncey, S.B. Poole, and D.N. Payne, “Diodelaser-pumped operation of an Er 3+ doped singlemode fibre laser,” Electron Lett., vol. 23, pp. 1076–1078, 1987.
103. R.R. Rice, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., St. Louis, MO, private communication.
104. T. Baer, “Laser diode array pumping of solidstate lasers,” in Tech. Dig. Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington. DC, 1986, paper WG3.
105. M. Kimball-Linne and T. Baer, “Q-switching of diode-pumped solidstate lasers,” in Tech. Dig. Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987. paper WS4.
106. A.I. Ferguson, “Optically pumped Q-switching micro-YAG lasers,” in Tech. Dig. Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC. 1987, paper WS3.
107. W. Grossman, Lightwave Electronics, Mountain View, CA, private communication.
108. J.J. Smith and C. Ma, “Power scaling of Q-switched laser-diode-pumped Nd: YAG lasers,” in Tech. Dig. Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper FL6.
109. I.P. Alcock and A.I. Ferguson, “Mock-locking and Q-switching of an optically pumped miniature Nd 3+:YAG lasers,” Opt. Commun., vol. 58, pp. 417–419, 1986.
110. S. Basu and R.L. Byer, “Diodelaser-pumped modelocked Nd: glass laser,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper WN3.
111. A. Owyoung, G.R. Hadley, P. Esherick, R.L. Schmitt, and L.A. Rahn, “Gain switching of a monolithic single-frequency laser-diode-excited Nd: YAG laser,” Opt. Lett., vol. 10. pp. 484–486, 1985.
112. R.L. Schmitt and L.A. Rahn, “Diodelaser-pumped Nd: YAG laser injection seeding system,” Appl. Opt., vol. 25, pp. 629–633, 1986.
113. P. Esherick and A. Owyoung, “Polarization feedback stabilization of an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser for spectroscopic applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 4, pp. 41–47, 1987.
114. M.J. Dyer, W.K. Bischel, and D.G. Scerbak, “Injection locking of Nd: YAG lasers using a diode-pumped cw YAG seed laser,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington. DC, 1987, paper WN4.
115. A.A. Mak, V.A. Fromzel, and A.A. Shcherbakov, “State-of-the-art and prospects for increasing the efficiency of solidstate lasers, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz., vol. 48, pp. 1466–1476, 1984.
116. P.F. Moulton, “Recent advances in solidstate lasers.” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1984, paper WA2.
117. E. Reed and E.G. Erickson, “Flashlamp-pumped Q-switched Nd/Cr: GdScGa-garnet laser,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC. 1984, paper WA3.
118. J.A. Caird, W.F. Krupke, M.D. Shinn, L.K. Smith, and R.B. Wilder, Jr., “Measurements of losses and lasing efficiency in Nd:Cr:GSGG laser rods,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1985. paper THR3.
119. R. Beck and K. Gürs, “Ho laser with 50-W output and 6.5% slope efficiency,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 46, pp. 5224–5225, 1975.
120. P.S. Cross, “Diode array pumps for solidstate lasers,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper WS1.
121. A. Larsson, M. Mittelstein, Y. Arakawa. and A. Yariv, “High-efficiency broad-area single-quantum-well lasers with narrow sin-gle-lobed far-field patterns prepared by molecular beam epitaxy,” Electron. Lett., vol. 22, pp. 79–81, 1986.
122. K.C. Peng, L.A. Wu, and H.J. Kimble, “Frequency-stabilized Nd: YAG laser with high output power,” Appl. Opt., vol. 24, pp. 938–940, 1985.
123. A.L. Schawlow and C.H. Townes, “Infrared and optical masers.” Phys. Rev., vol. 112, pp. 1940–1949. 1958.
124. K. Kubodera, K. Otsuka, and S. Mizazawa, “Stable LiNdP4O12 miniature laser,” Appl. Opt., vol. 18, pp. 884–890, 1979.
125. D.G. Hall, R.J. Smith, and R.R. Rice, “Pump-size effects in Nd: YAG lasers.” Appl. Opt., vol. 19, pp. 3041–3043, 1980.
126. M.J.F. Digonnet and C.J. Gaeta, “Theoretical analysis of optical fiber laser amplifiers and oscillators,” Appl. Opt., vol. 24, pp. 333–342. 1985.
127. P.F. Moulton, “An investigation of the Co: MgF, laser system,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-21, pp. 1582–1595, 1985.
128. L.W. Casperson, “Laser power calculations: sources of error,” Appl. Opt., vol. 19, pp. 422–434, 1980.
129. V.I. Zhekov, V.A. Lobachev. T.M. Murina, and A.M. Prokhorov, “Cooperative phenomena in yttrium erbium aluminum garnet crystals,” Sov. J. Quantum Electron., vol. 14, pp. 128–130, 1984.
130. D.G. Hall, “Optimum mode size criterion for low-gain lasers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 20, pp. 1579–1583, 1981.
131. D.K. Killinger, “Phonon-assisted upconversion in 1.64 üm Er:YAG lasers,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper ThJ4.
132. S.A. Pollack, D.B. Chang, and N.L. Moise, “Upconversion-pumped infrared erbium laser,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 160, pp. 4077–4086, 1986.
133. R.W. Wallace, “Oscillation of the 1.833 ü line in Nd 3+ YAG.” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-7, pp. 203–204, 1971.
134. M.D. Shinn, W.F. Krupke, T.A. Kirchoff, C.B. Finch, and L.A. Boatner, “Promethium (Pm 3+) solid state laser,” in Postdeadline Papers, Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington. DC, 1987, paper ThU17.
135. L.F. Johnson and H.J. Guggenheim, “Laser emission at 3 üm from Dy 3+ in BaY2F8,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 96–98, 1973.
136. A.J. Silversmith, W. Lenth, and R.M. MacFarlane, “Infrared-pumped erbium laser at 550 nm,” in Tech. Dig., Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper ThJ2.
137. B.M. Antipenko, A.A. Mak, O.B. Raba, K.B. Seiranyan, and T.V. Uvarov, “New lasing transition in the Tm 3+ ion.” Sov. J. Quantum Electron., vol. 13, pp. 558–560, 1983.
138. G. Kintz, R. Allen, and L. Esterowitz, “Two for one photon conversion observed in alexandrite pumped Tm 3+, Ho 3+: YAG at room temperature,” in Postdeadline Papers, Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Opt. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 1987, paper ThU4.
139. H. Chou, P. Albers. A. Cassanho, and H.P. Jenssen. “Cw tunable laser emission of Nd 3+: Na0.4Y0.4F2.2,” in Tunable Solidstate Lasers II, A.B. Budgor, L. Esterowitz. and L.G. DeShazer, Eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 322–327.
140. R.L. Byer, “Diode pumped solidstate lasers,” Science, vol. 239. pp. 742–747. 1988.