Ion-Exchanged Glass Waveguides: A Review

Journal of Lightwave Technology

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 1988, Pages 984-1000

  Ramaswamy, R V ^a   Srivastava, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLASS -- ION EXCHANGE; INTEGRATED OPTICS; OPTICAL FIBERS;

PASSIVE GLASS WAVEGUIDES; SINGLE-MODE STRUCTURES;

WAVEGUIDES, OPTICAL;

EID: 0024018196     PISSN: 07338724     EISSN: 15582213     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/50.4090     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. T. Izawa and H. Nakagome, “Optical waveguide formed by electrically induced migration of ions in glass plates,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 21, p. 584, 1972.
2. T. Findakly, “Glass waveguides by ion-exchange: A review,” Opt. Eng., vol. 24, p. 244, 1985.
3. R. H. Doremus, “Ion exchange in glass,” in Ion Exchange-A Series of Advances, vol. 2, J. A. Marinsky, Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1969, ch. 1.
4. R. Terai and R. Hayami, “Ionic diffusion in glasses,” J. Noncryst. Solids, vol. 18, p. 217, 1975.
5. T. G. Giallorenzi, E. J. West, R. Kirk, R. Ginther, and R. A. Andrews, “Optical waveguides formed by thermal migration of ions in glass,” Appl. Opt., vol. 12, p. 1240, 1973.
6. G. Stewart, C. A. Miller, P. J. R. Layboum, C. D. W. Wilkinson, and R. M. de la Rue, “Planar optical waveguides formed by silverion migration in glass,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-13, p. 192, 1977.
7. G. H. Chartier, P. Jaussaud, A. D. de Oliveira, and O. Parriaux, “Fast fabrication method for thick and highly multimode optical waveguides,” Electron. Lett., vol. 13, p. 763, 1977.
8. V. Neuman, O. Parriaux, and L. M. Walpita, “Double-alkali effect: Influence of index profile of ion-exchanged waveguides,” Electron. Lett., vol. 15, p. 704, 1979.
9. L. Ross, H. J. Lilienhof, H. Holscher, H. F. Schlaak, and A. Brandenburg, “Improved substrate glass for planar waveguides by Cs-ion exchange,” in Tech. Dig. Top. Meet. Integrated and Guided-Wave Optics (Atlanta, GA), Feb. 26-28, 1986, pap. ThBB2, pp. 25–26.
10. R. G. Eguchi, E. A. Maunders, and I. K. Naik, “Fabrication of low-loss waveguides in BK-7 by ion-exchange,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 408, p. 21, 1983.
11. G. Stewart and P. J. R. Laybourn, “Fabrication of ion-exchanged optical waveguides from dilute silver nitrate melts,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-14, p. 930, 1978.
12. R. K. Lagu and V. Ramaswamy, “Fabrication of single-mode glass waveguides by electrolytic release of silver ions,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 45, p. 117, 1984.
13. G. L. Yip and J. Albert, “Characterization of planar optical waveguides by K+-ion exchange in glass,” Opt. Lett., vol. 10, p. 151, 1985.
14. J. E. Gortych and D. G. Hall, “Fabrication of planar optical waveguides by K+-ion exchange in BK7 and pyrex glass,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-22, p. 892, 1986.
15. J. L. Jackel, K. Y. Lee, and F. J. Favire, “Do glass waveguides depolarize?” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-3, p. 818, 1985.
16. L. Ross, N. Fabricius, and H. Oeste, “Single-mode integrated optical waveguides by ion-exchange in glass,” presented at Euro. Fiber Optic Conf. LAN 87, Basel, Switzerland, 1987.
17. I. Fainaro, M. Ish Shalom, M. Ron, and S. Lipson, “Interdiffusion of silver in glasses and the related variations in electronic polarizability,” Phys. Chem. Glasses, vol. 25, p. 16, 1984.
18. H. C. Cheng, R. V. Ramaswamy, and R. Srivastava, “Buried Na+-Ag+ ion-exchanged glass waveguides: Theory and experiment,” in Tech. Dig. 7th Top. Meet. Gradient-Index Optical Imaging Systems GRIN '87 (Reno, NV), Jan. 15-16, 1987, pap. ThC2-l.
19. R. V. Ramaswamy, R. Srivastava, and P. Chludzinski, “Influence of Ag+-Na+ ion-exchange equilibrium on the index profile of single-mode glass waveguides,” in Tech. Dig. Gradient-Index Optical Imaging Systems GRIN '87 (Reno, NV), Jan. 1987, pap. ThB4-1.
20. S. I. Najafi, R. Srivastava, and R. V. Ramaswamy, “Wavelength-dependent propagation characteristics and mode cutoffs in Ag+-Na+ exchanged planar glass waveguides,” Appl. Opt., vol. 25, p. 1840, 1986.
21. G. H. Chattier, P. Jaussaud, A. D. de Oliveira, and O. Parriaux, “Optical waveguides fabricated by electric-field controlled ion exchange in glass,” Electron. Lett., vol. 14, p. 132, 1978.
22. J. Viljanen and M. Leppihalme, “Fabrication of optical strip waveguides with nearly circular cross section by silver ion migration technique,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 51, p. 3563, 1980.
23. C. W. Pitt, A. A. Stride, and R. I. Trigle, “Low temperature diffusion process for fabricating optical waveguides in glass,” Electron. Lett., vol. 16, p. 701, 1980.
24. T. Findakly and E. Garmire, “Reduction and control of optical waveguide losses in glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 37, p. 855, 1980.
25. S. I. Najafi, P. G. Suchoski, Jr., and R. V. Ramaswamy, “Silver film-diffused glass waveguides: Diffusion process and optical properties,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-22, p. 2213, 1986.
26. H. M. Garfinkel, “Ion-exchange equilibria between glass and molten salts,” J. Phys. Chem., vol. 72, p. 4175, 1968.
27. J. Crank, The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon, 1956.
28. P. Chludzinski, R. V. Ramaswamy, and T. J. Anderson, “Silver-sodium ion-exchange in soda-lime silicate glass,” Phys. Chem. Glasses, vol. 28, p. 169, 1987.
29. J. G. Kirkwood and J. Oppenheim, Chemical Thermodynamics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1961.
30. V. Rothmund and G. Kornfeld, “Der basenaustausch im permutit,” I. Z. Anorg Allg. Chem., vol. 103, p. 129, 1918.
31. G. Schulze, “Versuche uber die diffusion vonsilber in glas,” Ann. Physik, vol. 40, p. 335, 1913.
32. S. N. Houde-Walter and D. T. Moore, “Delta-n control in GRIN glass by additives in AgCl diffusion baths,” Appl. Opt., vol. 25, p. 3373, 1986.
33. N. Fabricius, H. Oeste, and L. Ross, “Reproducibility of the thermal ion exchange process in substrate glass BGG 21,” unpublished.
34. M. L. Huggins and K. H. Sun, “Calculation of density and optical constants of a glass from its composition in weight percentage,” J. Amer. Cer. Soc., vol. 26, p. 4, 1943.
35. S. D. Fantone, “Refractive index and spectral models for gradient-index materials,” Appl. Opt., vol. 22, p. 432, 1983.
36. M. Abouel-Leil and F. Leonberger, “A model for ion exchanged waveguides in glass,” presented at 86th Ann. Meet. American Ceramic Society, Chicago, IL, Apr. 1986, pap. 105–186.
37. J. Albert and G. L. Yip, “Stress-induced index change for K+-Na+ ion exchange in glass,” Electron. Lett., vol. 23, p. 737, 1987.
38. A. Brandenburg, “Stress in ion-exchanged glass waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-4, p. 1580, 1986.
39. K. Tsutsumi, H. Hirai, and Y. Yuba, “Characteristics of swelling of sodium-potassium ion-exchanged glass waveguides,” Electron. Lett., vol. 22, p. 1299, 1986.
40. W. G. French and A. D. Pearson, “Refractive index changes produced in glass by ion-exchange,” Ceram. Bull., vol. 49, no. 11, p. 474, 1970.
41. R. H. Doremus, “Exchange and diffusion of ions in glass,” J. Phys. Chem., vol. 68, p. 2212, 1964.
42. D. E. Day, “Mixed alkali glasses─Their properties and uses,” J. Noncryst. Solids, vol. 21, p. 343, 1976.
43. R. G. Walker, C. D. W. Wilkinson, and J. A. H. Wilkinson, “Integrated optical waveguiding structures made by silver ion exchange in glass: 1. The propagation characteristics of stripe ion-exchanged waveguides; a theoretical and experimental investigation,” Appl. Opt., vol. 22, p. 1923, 1983.
44. H. J. Lilienhof, E. Voges, D. Ritter, and B. Pantschew, “Field-induced index profiles of multimode ion-exchanged strip waveguides,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-18, p. 1877, 1982.
45. R. K. Lagu and R. V. Ramaswamy, “Process and waveguide parameter relationships for the design of planar silver ion-exchanged glass waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-4, p. 176, 1986.
46. J. Albert and G. L. Yip, “Refractive-index profiles of planar wave-guides made by ion-exchange in glass,” Appl. Opt., vol. 24, p. 3692, 1985.
47. M. Abouel-Leil and A. R. Cooper, “Analysis of field-assisted binary ion exchange,” J. Amer. Cer. Soc., vol. 62, p. 390, 1979.
48. T. Kaneko and H. Yamamoto, “On the ionic penetration of silver film into glasses under the electric field,” in Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Glass (Kyoto, Japan), 1974, pp. 8-79–8-86.
49. R. V. Ramaswamy and S. I. Najafi, “Planar, buried, ion-exchanged glass waveguides: Diffusion characteristics,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-22, p. 883, 1986.
50. H. Yoshida and T. Kataoka, “Migration of two ions during electrolysis of glass waveguide,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 58, p. 1739, 1985.
51. G. Chartier, P. Collier, A. Guez, P. Jaussaud, and Y. Won, “Graded-index surface or buried waveguides by ion-exchange in glass,” Appl. Opt., vol. 19, p. 1092, 1980.
52. S. I. Najafi and R. V. Ramaswamy, “Diffusion and modal characterization of Ag+-Na+ exchanged channel waveguides,” in Tech. Dig. Top. Meet. Integrated and Guided-Wave Optics (Atlanta, GA), Feb. 26–28, 1986, pap. FDD 2, pp. 60–61.
53. H. C. Cheng, R. V. Ramaswamy, and R. Srivastava, “Modeling and fabrication of buried, fiber-compatible single-mode channel waveguides by Ag+-Na+ ion exchange,” to be published.
54. H. W. Holscher, H. J. Lilienhof, and H. F. Schlaak, “Fabrication of monomode ring coupler by field enhanced K+ ion-exchange in BK-7 glass,” presented at Third Int. Symp. Optical and Optoelectronic Appl. Sci. and Eng., Innsbruck, Austria, Apr. 13–23, 1986, pap. 651–09.
55. R. K. Lagu, R. V. Ramaswamy, and S. I. Najafi, “Fabrication and characterization of buried glass waveguides with symmetric index profiles,” in Tech. Dig. Third Euro. Conf. Int. Optics (ECIO) (Berlin, W. Germany), May 1985, pap. II-R, pp. 75–80.
56. M. McCourt, R. Rimet, and C. Nissim, “Multiplexing characteristics of K+ and Ag+ ion-exchanged directional couplers,” presented at Euro. Fiber-Optic Conf. LAN 87, Basel, Switzerland, 1987.
57. T. W. Cline, “Diffused channel glass waveguide optical splitters,” in Tech. Dig. Top. Meet. Integrated and Guided Wave Optics IGFO 86 (Atlanta, GA), Feb. 1986, pap. FDD4.
58. J. L. Jackel, “Glass waveguides made using ion exchange in a KN03: AgN03 equimolar melt,” in Tech. Dig. Gradient-Index Optical Imaging Systems (GRIN) (Reno, NV), Jan. 1987, pap. Th B 3-1.
59. R. K. Lagu, S. I. Najafi, and V. Ramaswamy, “In situ measurement of ionic concentration during fabrication of ion-exchanged wave-guides,” Appl. Opt., vol. 23, p. 3925, 1984.
60. J. M. White and P. F. Heidrich, “Optical waveguide refractive index profiles determined from measurement of mode indices: A simple analysis,” Appl. Opt., vol. 15, p. 151, 1976.
61. P. K. Tien, R. Ulrich, and R. J. Martin, “Modes of propagating lightwaves in thin deposited semiconductor films,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 14, p. 291, 1969.
62. R. Srivastava, C. K. Kao, and R. V. Ramaswamy, “WKB analysis of planar surface waveguides with truncated index profiles,” J. Light-wave Technol., vol. LT-5, p. 1605, 1987.
63. Y. H. Won, P. C. Jaussaud, and G. H. Chartier, “Three-prism loss measurements of optical waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 37, p. 269, 1980.
64. R. G. Walker and C. D. W. Wilkinson, “Integrated optical ring resonators made by silver ion-exchange in glass,” Appl. Opt., vol. 22, p. 1029, 1983.
65. A. Mahapatra and J. M. Connors, “Double tapped ring resonators fabricated in glass,” presented at Top. Meet. Optical Fiber Communications and Int. Conf. Integrated Optics and Optical Commun., Reno, NV, Jan. 1987, pap. TuK3.
66. P. G. Suchoski, Jr., and R. V. Ramaswamy, “Minimum mode-size low-loss Ti: LiNbO3 channel waveguides for efficient modulator operation at 1.3 μm,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-23, p. 1673, 1987.
67. W. K. Burns and G. B. Hocker, “Endfire coupling between optical fibers and diffused channel waveguides,” Appl. Opt., vol. 16, p. 2048, 1977.
68. H. Zhenguang, A. Miliou, H. C. Cheng, R. Srivastava, and R. V. Ramaswamy, “Fiber compatible buried low-loss single-mode K+-Na+ ion exchanged waveguides,” to be published.
69. R. K. Lagu and R. V. Ramaswamy, “A variational finite-difference method for analyzing channel waveguides with arbitrary index profiles,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-22, p. 968, 1986.
70. R. G. Walker and C. D. W. Wilkinson, “Integrated optical waveguiding structures made by silver ion-exchange in glass 2: Directional coupler and bends,” Appl. Opt., vol. 22, p. 1929, 1983.
71. A. Mahapatra and J. M. Connors, “High finesse ring resonators-fabrication and analysis,” SP1E Integrated Optical Circuit Engineering III, vol. 651, p. 272, 1986.
72. A. Mahapatra and J. M. Connors, “Tapped ring resonators fabricated in glass,” SPIE Integrated Optical Circuit Engineering IV, vol. 704, p. 168, 1986.
73. T. J. Cullen, C. N. Ironside, C. T. Seaton, and G. I. Stegeman, “Semiconductor-doped glass ion-exchanged waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 49, p. 1403, 1986.
74. T. Findakly and B. Chen, “Single-mode integrated optical 1 x N star coupler,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 40, p. 549, 1982.
75. M. Haruna, M. Belanger, and G. L. Yip, “Passive 3-branch optical power divider by K+-ion exchange in glass,” Electron. Lett., vol. 21, p. 535, 1985.
76. G. L. Yip and J. Finak, “Directional-coupler power divider by two-step K+-ion exchange,” Opt. Lett., vol. 9, p. 423, 1984.
77. H. F. Schlaak, A. Brandenburg, and G. Sulz, “Integrated optical couplers with circular waveguides,” in Tech. Dig. Topical Meet. Integrated and Guided Wave Optics (Atlanta, GA), Feb. 1986, pap. FDD2.
78. L. Ross and H. J. Lilienhof, “Buried waveguides for passive integrated optics by Cs+ ion-exchange,” presented at SPIE 3rd Int. Sym. Optical and Optoelectronic Appl. Sci. and Eng., Innsbruck, Austria, Apr. 13-23, 1986.