Hypoplasia of Cerebellar Vermal Lobules VI and VII in Autism

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 318, Issue 21, 1988, Pages 1349-1354

  Courchesne, E ^a,b   Yeung Courchesne, R ^a   Hesselink, J R ^c   Jernigan, T L ^d  

^a RADY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTISM; CEREBELLUM VERMIS; CHILD; HUMAN; HYPOPLASIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0023906645     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198805263182102     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nerv Child 1943; 2: 217–50
2. Rimland B. Infantile autism: the syndrome and its implications for a neural theory of behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964: 54–8.
3. Rutter M, Schopler E, eds. Autism: a reappraisal of concepts and treatment. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
4. Schopler E, Mesibov GB, eds. Social behavior in autism. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.
5. Campbell M, Rosenbloom S, Perry R, et al. Computerized axial tomography in young autistic children. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 510–2.
6. Damasio H, Maurer RG, Damasio AR, Chui HC. Computerized tomographic scan findings in patients with autistic behavior. Arch Neurol 1980; 37: 504–10.
7. Prior MR, Tress B, Hoffman WL, Boldt D. Computed tomographic study of children with classic autism. Arch Neurol 1984; 41: 482–4.
8. Creasey H, Rumsey JM, Schwartz M, Duara R, Rapoport JL, Rapoport SI. Brain morphometry in autistic men as measured by volumetric computed tomography. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 669–72.
9. Williams RS, Hauser SL, Purpura DP, DeLong R, Swisher CN. Autism and mental retardation: neuropathologic studies performed in four retarded persons with autistic behavior. Arch Neurol 1980; 37: 749–53.
10. Bauman M, Kemper TL. Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology 1985; 35: 866–74.
11. Coleman PD, Romano J, Lapham L, Simon W. Cell counts in cerebral cortex of an autistic patient. J Autism Dev Disord 1985; 15: 245–55.
12. Ritvo ER, Freeman BJ, Scheibel AB, et al. Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC autopsy research report. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 862–6.
13. Courchesne E, Hesselink JR, Jernigan TL, Yeung-Courchesne R. Abnormal neuroanatomy in a nonretarded person with autism: unusual findings with magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 335–41.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
15. Courchesne E. A neurophysiological view of autism. In: Schopler E, Mesibov GB, eds. Neurobiological issues in autism. New York: Plenum Press, 1987:285–324.
16. Courchesne E, Kilman BA, Galambos R, Lincoln AJ. Autism: processing of novel auditory information assessed by event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984; 59: 238–48.
17. Courchesne E, Lincoln AJ, Kilman BA, Galambos R. Event-related brain potential correlates of the processing of novel visual and auditory information in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1985; 15: 55–76.
18. Ameli R, Courchesne E, Lincoln AJ, Kaufman AS, Grillon C. Visual memory processes in high-functioning individuals with autism. J Autism Dev Disord (in press).
19. Courchesne E, Courchesne RY, Hicks G, Lincoln AJ. Functioning of the brain-stem auditory pathway in non-retarded autistic individuals. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985; 61: 491–501.
20. Courchesne E, Lincoln AJ, Yeung-Courchesne R, Elmasian R, Grillon C. Pathophysiologic findings in non-retarded autism and receptive developmental language disorder. J Autism Dev Disord (in press).
21. Courchesne E. The missing ingredients in autism. Presented at the Conference on Brain and Behavioral Development: Biosocial Dimensions, Elridge, Md., May 19–22, 1985.
22. Leaton RN, Supple WF. Cerebellar vermis: essential for long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response. Science 1986; 232: 513–5.
23. Leaton Long-term habituation of acoustic startle following lesions of the cerebellar vermis or cerebellar hemisphere. Abstr Soc Neurosci 1986; 12: 978.
24. Thompson RF. Neuronal substrates of simple associative learning: classical conditioning. Trends Neurosci 1983; 6: 270–5.
25. Thompson The neurobiology of learning and memory. Science 1986; 233: 941–7.
26. McCormick DA, Thompson RF. Cerebellum: essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response. Science 1984; 223: 296–9.
27. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills? Behav Neurosci 1986; 100: 443–54.
28. Piaget J. The origin of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press, 1952.
29. Altman J. Morphological and behavioral markers of environmentally induced retardation of brain development: an animal model. Environ Health Perspect 1987; 74: 153–68.
30. Gilman S, Bloedel JR, Lechtenberg R. Disorders of the cerebellum. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1981:3–7.
31. Beitz AJ. Structural organization of the fastigial nucleus. In: Palay SL, Chan-Palay V, eds. The cerebellum: new vistas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1982:233–49.
32. Carpenter MB, Batton RR III. Connections of the fastigial nucleus in the cat and monkey. In: Palay SL, Chan-Palay V, eds. The cerebellum: new vistas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1982:250–91.
33. Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, van Huijzen C. The human central nervous system. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1981.
34. Newman PP, Reza H. Functional relationships between the hippocampus and the cerebellum: an electrophysiological study of the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 1979; 287: 405–26.
35. Reis DJ, Doba N, Nathan MA. Predatory attack, grooming, and consummately behaviors evoked by electrical stimulation of cat cerebellar nuclei. Science 1973; 182: 845–7.
36. Haroian AJ, Massopust LC, Young PA. Cerebellothalamic projections in the rat: an autoradiographic and degeneration study. J Comp Neurol 1981; 197: 217–36.
37. Haines DE, Dietrichs E. On the organization of interconnections between the cerebellum and hypothalamus. In: King JS, ed. New concepts in cerebellar neurobiology. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1987:113–49.
38. Ryan LJ, Young SJ, Groves PM. Reticular and cerebellar stimulation mimic amphetamine actions on amplitude and timing of frontal cortex evoked neostriatal responses in rats. Abstr Soc Neurosci 1987; 13: 978.
39. Ornitz EM. Neurophysiology of infantile autism. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985; 24: 251–62.
40. Kootz JP, Cohen DJ. Modulation of sensory intake in autistic children: cardiovascular and behavioral indices. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981; 20: 692–701.
41. Damasio AR, Maurer RG. A neurological model for childhood autism. Arch Neurol 1978; 35: 777–86.
42. DeMyer MK, Hingtgen JN, Jackson RK. Infantile autism reviewed: a decade of research. Schizophrenia Bull 1981; 7: 388–451.
43. Young JG, Cohen DJ, Shaywitz SE, et al. Assessment of brain function in clinical pediatric research: behavioral and biological strategies. Schizophrenia Bull 1982; 8: 205–35.
44. Rosenzweig MR, Bennett EL, Alberti M. Multiple effects of lesions on brain structure in young rats. In: Almli CR, Finger S, eds. Early brain damage. Vol. 2. Neurobiology and behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1984:49–70.
45. Fulton JF, Dow RS. The cerebellum: a summary of functional localization. Yale J Biol Med 1937; 10: 89–119.
46. Altman J. Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. III. Dating the time of production and onset of differentiation of cerebellar microneurons in rats. J Comp Neurol 1969; 136: 269–94.
47. Altman J, Bayer SA. Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. III. Regional differences in the time of origin, migration, and settling of Purkinje cells. J Comp Neurol 1985; 231: 42–65.
48. Bayer SA, Altman J. Directions in neurogenetic gradients and patterns of anatomical connections in the telencephalon. Prog Neurobiol 1987; 29: 57–106.
49. Folstein S, Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1977; 18: 297–321.
50. Caviness VS Jr, Rakic P. Mechanisms of cortical development: a view from mutations in mice. Annu Rev Neurosci 1978; 1: 297–326.
51. Sidman RL, Green MC. “Nervous,” a new mutant mouse with cerebellar disease. In: Sabourdy M, ed. Les mutants pathologiques chez l'animal, leur intérêt pour la recherche biomédicale. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1970:69–79.
52. Mullen RJ, Eicher EM, Sidman RL. Purkinje cell degeneration, a new neurological mutation in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 208–12.
53. Messer A. Cerebellar granule cells in normal and neurological mutants of mice. Adv Cell Neurobiol 1980; 1: 179–207.
54. Chaves E, Frank LM. Disorders of basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, and cranial nerves. In: Farmer TW, ed. Pediatric neurology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1983:605–48.
55. Jervis GA. Early familial cerebellar degeneration (report of three cases in one family). J Nerv Ment Dis 1950; 111: 398–407.
56. Sarnat HB, Alcalá H. Human cerebellar hypoplasia: a syndrome of diverse causes. Arch Neurol 1980; 37: 300–5.