Mechanistic Aspects of Maleic Anhydride Synthesis from C4 Hydrocarbons Over Phosphorus Vanadium Oxide

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 88, Issue 1, 1988, Pages 55-80

  Centi, Gabriele ^a   Trifirò, Ferruccio ^a   Ebner, Jerry R ^b   Franchetti, Victoria M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b MONSANTO COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUTANE - OXIDATION; CATALYSIS; CATALYSTS - MATERIALS; HYDROCARBONS - PROCESSING; PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS;

BUTENES; MALEIC ANHYDRIDE; PHOSPHORUS VANADIUM OXIDE; VANADIUM PHOSPHORUS OXIDE; ZIRCONIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATES;

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 0023859781     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: 15206890     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr00083a003     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Malow, M. Hydrocarbon Process. 1980, 11, 149.
2. Haase, H. Chem. -Ing. -Tech. 1972, 1–2, 80.
3. Weissermel, K.; Arpe, H. J. Industrial Organic Chemistry; Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, New York, 1978.
4. Kanetaka, J.; Asano, T.; Masamune, S. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1970, 62, 31.
5. Chem. Mark. Rep. 1986, 230, 8.
6. Ind. Chem. News 1986, 3, 9.
7. Wohlfahrt, K.; Emig, G. Hydrocarbon Process. 1980, 6, 83.
8. Wurzbacher, G. Chem. -Ing. -Tech. 1973, 22, 1297.
9. De Maio, D. A. Chem. Eng. 1980, 5, 104.
10. Budi, F.; Neri, A.; Stefani, G. Hydrocarbon Process. 1982,1, 159.
11. Arnold, S. C.; Sucire, G. D.; Verde, V.; Neri, L. Hydrocarbon Process. 1985, 9, 123.
12. Varma, R. A.; Saraf, D. N. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1979, 18, 7.
13. Udovich, C. A.; Edwards, R. C. U. S. Patent 4 564688 (to Amoco), 1986.
14. Barone, B. J. U. S. Patent 4 251390 (to Denka), 1981.
15. Schneider, R. A. U. S. Patent 3864280 (to Chevron), 1975.
16. Schneider, R. A. U. S. Patent 4043943 (to Chevron), 1977.
17. Keppel, R. A.; Franchetti, V. M. U. S. Patent 4 632 915 (to Monsanto), 1986.
18. Wrobleski, J. T.; Edwards, J. W.; Graham, C. R.; Keppel, R. A.; Raffelson, M. U. S. Patent 4 562268 (to Monsanto), 1985.
19. Dutta, S.; Arnold, S. C.; Sucire, G. D.; Verde, L. In Proceedings, 8th International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering (Edinburg, Sept 1984); Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; EFCE Series 37, p 517.
20. Blum, P. R.; Nicholas, M. L. U. S. Patent 4317 778 (to Sohio), 1982.
21. Chem. Eng. News 1987, 2, 24.
22. Contractor, R. M.; Bergna, H. E.; Horowitz, H. S.; Black-stone, C. M.; Malone, B.; Torardi, C. C.; Griffiths, B.; Chowdhry, U.; Sleight, A. W. Catal. Today 1987, 1, 49.
23. Catalysis Today (Proceedings, 1st Symposium on New Developments in Selective Oxidation); Ruiz, P.; Delmon, B., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1987; Vol. 1, 2.
24. Hodnett, B. K. Catal. Rev. —Sci. Eng. 1985, 27, 373.
25. Hucknall, D. J. Selective Oxidation of Hydrocarbons; Academic: London, 1974.
26. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1985, 492.
27. Hodnett, B. K.; Delmon, B. Appl. Catal. 1983, 9, 203.
28. Hodnett, B. K.; Permanne, Ph.; Delmon, B. Appl. Catal. 1983, 6, 231.
29. Hodnett, B. K.; Delmon, B. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1983, 92, 695.
30. Martini, G.; Morselli, L.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1978, 8, 431.
31. Bordes, E.; Courtine, P.; Johnson, J. W. In Proceedings, 10th International Symposium on Reactivity of Solids (Dijon, France, Sept 1984), p 512.
32. Bordes, E.; Johnson, J. W.; Raminosona, A.; Courtine, P. Mater. Sci. Monogr. 1985, 28B, 887.
33. Bordes, E.; Courtine, P. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1985, 294.
34. van Geem, P. C.; Nobel, A. P. P. Catal. Today 1987, 1, 5.
35. Pyatnitskaya, A. I.; Komashko, G. A.; Zazhigalov, V. A. Katal Katal. 1979, 17, 94.
36. Pyatnilskaya A. I.; Komashko, G. A.; Zazhigalov, V. A.; Gorokhovatskii, Ya. B. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1977, 6, 341.
37. Garbassi, F.; Bart, J. C.; Montino, F.; Petrini, G. Appl. Catal. 1985, 16, 271.
38. Garbassi, F.; Bart, J. C.; Tassinari, R.; Vlaic, G.; Lagarde, P. J. Catalysis 1986, 98, 317.
39. Hodnett, B. K.; Delmon, B. J. Catal. 1984, 88, 43.
40. Hodnett, B. K.; Delmon, B. Appl. Catal. 1985,15,141.
41. Hodnett, B. K.; Delmon, B. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1984, 23, 465.
42. Wenig, R. W.; Schrader, G. L. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1986, 25, 612.
43. Wenig, R. W.; Schrader, G. L. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 6480.
44. Ai, M. J. Catal. 1986, 100, 336.
45. Ai, M.; Boutry, P.; Montarnal, R. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1970, 8–9, 2775.
46. Ai, M.; Boutry, P.; Montarnal, R.; Thomas, G. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1970, 8–9, 2783.
47. Ai, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1970, 43, 3490.
48. Ai, M.; Suzuki, S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1974, 47, 3074.
49. Nakamura, M.; Kawai, K.; Fujiwara, Y. J. Catal. 1974, 34, 345.
50. Seeboth, H.; Kubias, K.; Wolf, H.; Lucke, B. Chem. Tech. (Leipzig) 1976, 28, 730.
51. Seeboth, H.; Ladwig, G.; Kubias, B.; Wolf, G.; Lucke, B. Ukr. Khim. Zh. 1977, 43, 842.
52. Bordes, E.; Courtine, P. J. Catal. 1979, 57, 236.
53. Matsuura, I. Hyomen 1982, 20, 605.
54. Shimoda, T.; Okuhara, T.; Misono, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1985, 58, 2163.
55. Morselli, L.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F.; Zucchi, M.; Emig, G. Chim. Ind. (Milan) 1978, 60, 791.
56. Poli, G.; Ruggeri, O.; Trifirò, F. In Proceedings, 9th International Symposium on the Reactivity of Solids (Krakow, Poland, 1980), p 512.
57. Emig, G.; Trifirò, F.; Hofmann, H. Chem. -Ztg. 1980, 5, 165.
58. Poli, G.; Resta, I.; Ruggeri, O.; Trifirò, F. Appl. Catal. 1981, 1, 395.
59. Lanzarini, G.; Trifirò, F.; Ruggeri, O. Ann. Chim. (Paris) 1981, 461.
60. Eds.; Centi, G.; Galassi, C.; Manenti, I.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F. In Preparation of Catalysts III; Poncelet, G., Grange, P., Eds.; Jacobs, Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1983; 543. P.
61. Centi, G.; Manenti, I.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F. Appl. Catal. 1984, 9, 177.
62. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Appl. Catal. 1984, 9, 191.
63. Grasselli, R. K. In Surface Properties and Catalysis by Non-Metals; Bonnelle, J. P., Delmon, B., Derouane, E., Eds.; NATO ASI Series C. 105; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1982; pp 273, 289.
64. Dadyburjor, D. B.; Jewar, S. S.; Ruckenstein, R. Catal. Rev. —Sci. Eng. 1979, 19, 293.
65. Haber, J. In Proceedings, 8th International Congress on Catalysis, (Berlin, 1984); Dechema: Frankfurt am Main, 1984; Vol. I, p 85.
66. Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Appl. Catal. 1984, 12, 1.
67. Kung, H. H. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1986, 25,171.
68. Grasselli, R. K.; Burrington, J. D.; Brazdil, J. F. Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 1981, 72, 203.
69. Grasselli, R. K.; Burrington, J. D. Adv. Catal. 1981, 30,133.
70. Centi, G.; Trifirò, F.; Vaccari, A.; Pajonk, G. M.; Teichner, S. J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1981, 7–8, 1.
71. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Manenti, I.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F. In Proceedings, 9th Ibero-American Symposium on Catalysis (Lisbon, Portugal, July 1984), p 973.
72. Centi, G.; Fornasari, G.; Trifirò, F. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1985, 24, 32.
73. Gleaves, J. T.; Ebner. J. R.; Kuechler, T. C. Catal. Rev., accepted.
74. Ebner, J. R.; Gleaves, J. T. U. S. Patent 4626412 (to Monsanto Co.), 1986.
75. Bordes, E. Preprints, ACS Symposium of Division of Petroleum Chemistry, “Hydrocarbon Oxidation”, New Orleans Meeting, sept 1987.
76. Jordan, B.; Calvo, C. Can. J. Chem. 1973, 51, 2621.
77. Jordan, B.; Calvo, C. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Crystallogr. Cryst. Chem. 1976, B32, 2899.
78. Gopal, R.; Calvo, C. J. Solid State Chem. 1972, 5, 432.
79. Bhargava, R. N.; Condrate, R. A. Appl. Spectrosc. 1977, 31, 230.
80. Ladwig, G. Z. Anorg. Allq. Chem. 1965, 338, 266.
81. Seifer, G. B.; Tananaev, I. V. Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 1963, 8, 521.
82. Bordes, E.; Courtine, P.; Pannetier, G. Ann. Chim. (Paris) 1973, 8, 105.
83. Ballutaud, D.; Bordes, E.; Courtine, P. In Studies in Inorganic Chemistry; Metselaar, R., et al., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1983; Vol. 3, p 512.
84. Ballutaud, D.; Bordes, E.; Courtine, P. Mater. Res. Bull. 1982, 17, 519.
85. Tachez, M.; Theobald, F.; Bordes, E. J. Solid State Chem. 1981, 40, 280.
86. Tachez, M.; Theobald, F.; Bernard, J.; Hewat, A. W. Rev. Chim. Miner. 1982, 19, 291.
87. Tietze, H. R. Aust. J. Chem. 1981, 34, 2035.
88. Chernorukov, N. G. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater. 1981, 17, 338.
89. Chernorukov, N. G.; Egorov, N. P.; Korshunov, I. A. Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 1978, 23, 1479.
90. Johnson, J. W.; Jacobson, A. J.; Brody, J. F.; Rich, S. M. Inorg. Chem. 1982, 21, 3820
91. Johnson, J. W.; Jacobson, A. J. Angew, Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1983, 22, 412.
92. Jacobson, A. J.; Johnson, J. W.; Brody, J. F.; Scanlon, J. C.; Lewansowski, J. T. Inorg. Chem. 1985, 24, 1782.
93. Johnson, J. W.; Johnston, D. C.; Jacobson, A. J.; Brody, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 8123.
94. Leonowicz, M. E.; Johnson, J. W.; Brody, J. F.; Shannon, H. F.; Newsam, J. M. J. Solid State Chem. 1985, 56, 370.
95. Bordes, E.; Courtine, P.; Johnson, J. W. J. Solid State Chem. 1984, 55, 270.
96. Torardi, C. C.; Calabrese, J. C. Inorg. Chem. 1984,23,1308.
97. Centi, G.; Trifirò, F.; Poli, G. Appl. Catal. 1985, 19, 225.
98. Busca, G.; Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. J. Catal. 1986, 99, 400.
99. Whitinghaum, M. S.; Jacobson, A. J., Eds. Intercalation Chemistry; Academic: New York, 1982.
100. Beneke, K.; Lagaly, G. Inorg. Chem. 1983, 22, 1503.
101. Dines, M. B.; Di Giacomo, P. M. Inorg. Chem. 1981, 20, 92.
102. Alberti, G.; Costantino, U. J. Mol. Catal. 1984, 27, 235.
103. Alberti, G.; Costantino, U.; Perego, G. J. Solid State Chem. 1986, 63, 455.
104. Johnson, J. W.; Jacobson, A. J.; Brody, J. F.; Lewandowski, J. T. Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 3842.
105. Zazhigalov, V. A.; Pyatnitskaya, A. I.; Bachetokova, I. V.; Komashko, G. A.; Ladwig, G.; Belousov, V. M. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1983, 23, 119.
106. Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Chim. Ind. (Milan) 1986, 68, 74.
107. Busca, G.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Appl. Catal. 1986, 25, 265.
108. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F.; Poli, G. J. Thermal Anal. 1985, 30, 1241.
109. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Manenti, I.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F. 187th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society (E. V. Murphee Award Symposium), St. Louis, April 1984.
110. Gorbunova, Yu. E.; Linde, S. A. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 1979, 24, 138.
111. Middlemiss, N. Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, 1978.
112. Johnston, D. C.; Johnson, J. W. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1985, 1720.
113. Johnson, J. W.; Johnston, D. C.; Jacobson, A. J. Preprints, 4th International Symposium on the Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Sept 1986), p 85.
114. Ladwig, G. Z. Chem. 1968, 8, 307.
115. Moser, T. P.; Schrader, G. L. J. Catal. 1985, 92, 43.
116. Buchanan, J. S.; Apostolakis, J.; Sundaresan, S. Appl. Catal. 1985, 19, 65.
117. Khulbe, K. C.; Mann, R. S. Acta Chim. Hung. 1977, 92, 17.
118. Martini, G.; Trifirò, F.; Vaccari, A. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 1573.
119. Bergeret, G.; David, M.; Broyer, J. P.; Volta, J. C.; Hecquet, G. Catal. Today 1987, 1, 37.
120. Volta, J. C. 19th Swedish Symposium on Catalysis (Lund, Sweden, Oct 1986).
121. Bergeret, G.; Broyer, J. P.; David, M.; Gallezot, P.; Volta, J. C.; Hecquet, G. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1986, 825.
122. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F.; Vaccari, A. In Adsorption and Catalysis on Oxide Surfaces; Che, M., Bond, G. C., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1985; p 287.
123. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F. Catal. Today 1987, 1, 17.
124. Schneider, P.; Emig, G.; Hofmann, H. Chem. -Ing. -Tech. 1985, 57, 728.
125. Courtine, P. In Solid State Chemistry in Catalysis; Grasselli, R. K., Brazdil, J. F., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1985; ACS Symp. Ser. 279, p 37.
126. Zazhigalov, V. A.; Zaitsev, Yu. P.; Belousov, V. M.; Wustneck, N.; Wolf, H.; Seeboth, H. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1986, 30, 47.
127. Wiisteck, N.; Wolf, H.; Seeboth, H. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1982, 21, 497.
128. Minow, G.; Schnabel, K. H.; Ohlmann, G. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1983, 22, 399.
129. Szakacs, S.; Wolf, H.; Mink, G.; Bertoti, I.; Wustneck, N.; Lucke, B.; Seeboth, H. Catal Today 1987, 1, 27.
130. Zazhigalov, V. A.; Zaitsev, Yu. P.; Belousov, V. M.; Wustneck, N.; Wolf, H. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1984, 24, 375.
131. Pepera, M. A.; Callahan, J. L.; Desmond, M. J.; Milberger, E. C.; Blum, P. R.; Bremer, N. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 4883.
132. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F.; Grasselli, R. K. Preprints, ACS Symposium of Division of Petroleum Chemistry, “Hydrocarbon Oxidation”, New Orleans Meeting, Sept 1987.
133. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Appl. Catal. 1985, 15, 151.
134. Morselli, L.; Trifirò, F.; Urban, L. J. Catal. 1982, 75, 112.
135. Centi, G.; Fornasari, G.; Trifirò, F. J. Catal. 1984, 89, 44.
136. Buchanan, J. S.; Sundaresan, S. Appl. Catal. 1986, 26, 211.
137. Wrobleski, J. T.; Brooks, R. F.; Ellis, W. S.; Mount, R. A. Monsanto Internal Report, 1982.
138. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Manenti, I.; Trifirò, F. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1985, 24, 221.
139. Levenspiel, O. Chemical Reaction Engineering; Wiley: New York, 1972.
140. Ebner, J. R.; Gleaves, J. T.; Kuechler, T. C.; Li, T. P. In Chemicals from Syngas and Methanol; Fahey, D., Ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987; ACS Symp. Ser. 328, p 189.
141. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Manenti, I.; Riva, A.; Trifirò, F. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1983, 22, 565.
142. Callahan, J. L.; Grasselli, R. K. AIChE J. 1963, 9, 755.
143. Escardino, A.; Sola, C.; Ruiz, F. An. Quim. 1973, 69, 1157.
144. Wohlfahrt, K.; Hofmann, H. Chem. -Ing. -Tech. 1980,52, 811.
145. Sharma, R. K.; Cresswell, D. L. Paper presented at AIChE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, Nov 1984.
146. Lerou, J. J.; Weiher, J. F., Paper presented at Pittsburgh/ Cleveland Catalysis Society Meeting, May 1986.
147. Kruchinin, Yu. A.; Mischenko, Yu. A.; Nechiporuk, P. P.; Gel’stein, A. I. Kinet. Katal. 1984, 25, 392.
148. Varma, R. L.; Saraf, D. M. J. Catal. 1978, 55, 361.
149. Varma, R. L.; Saraf, D. M. J. Catal. 1978, 55, 361.
150. Varma, R. L.; Saraf, D. M. Indian J. Chem. Eng. 1978, 6, 314.
151. Brkic, D.; Trifirò, F. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1979, 18, 333.
152. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1983, 22, 570.
153. Sunderland, P. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1976,15,90.
154. Hofmann, H.; Emig, G.; Roder, W. In Proceedings, 8th International Symposium on Chemical Engineering; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; EFCE Series 37, p 419.
155. Muller, B.; Baerns, M. Chem. -Ing. -Tech. 1980, 52, 826.
156. Matsuura, I. In Proceedings, 8th International Congress on Catalysis (Berlin, 1984); Dechema: Frankfurt am Main, 1984; Vol. IV, p 473.
157. Zein El Deen, A.; Baerns, M. In Proceedings, 5th Ibero-Am-erican Symposium on Catalysis, 1978, p 67.
158. Mori, K.; Miyamoto, A.; Murakami, Y. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 4265.
159. Aika, K.; Lunsford, J. H. J. Phys. Chem. 1977, 81, 1393.
160. Takita, Y.; Lunsford, J. H. J. Phys. Chem. 1979, 83, 683.
161. Iwamoto, M.; Lunsford, J. H. J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 3079.
162. Driscoll, D. J.; Martin, W.; Wang, Ji-W.; Lunsford, J. H. In Adsorption and Catalysis on Oxide Surfaces; Che, M., Bond, G. C., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985; p 403.
163. Che, M.; Tench, A. J. Adv. Catal. 1982, 31, 77.
164. Che, M.; Tench, A. J. Adv. Catal. 1983, 32, 1.
165. Yang, T. J.; Lunsford, J. H. J. Catal. 1980, 63, 505.
166. Khan, M. M.; Somorjai, G. A. J. Catal. 1985, 91, 263.
167. Liu, H. F.; Liu, R. -S.; Liew, K. Y.; Johnson, R. E.; Lunsford, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984,106,4117.
168. Ebner, J. R.; Gleaves, J. T. Proceedings, 5th IUCCP Symposium: Oxygen Complexes and Oxygen Activation by Metal Complexes, College Station, TX, Mar 1987.
169. Fricke, R.; Jershekewitz, H. -G.; Lischke, G.; Ohlmann, G. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1979, 23, 448.
170. Busca, G.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F.; Lorenzelli, V. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 1337.
171. Busca, G.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985,107,7757.
172. Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Preprints, ACS Symposium of Division of Petroleum Chemistry, “Hydrocarbon Oxidation”, New Orleans Meeting, Sept 1987.
173. Atkinson, R. Chem. Rev., 1985, 85, 69.
174. Puttock, S. J.; Rochester, C. H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1986, 82, 2773.
175. Puttock, S. J.; Rochester, C. H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1986, 82, 3013.
176. Mars, P.; van Krevelen, D. W. Chem. Eng. Sci. (Special Supplement), 1954, 3, 41.
177. Glaeser, L. C.; Brazdil, J. F.; Hazle, M. A.; Mehicic, M. Grasselli, R. K. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1985, 81, 2903.
178. Ueda, W.; Moro-oka, Y.; Ikawa, T. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1982, 78, 495.
179. Shets, V. A.; Sarichev, M. E.; Kazanskii, V. B. J. Catal. 1968, 11, 378.
180. Petts, R. W.; Waugh, K. C. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1982, 78, 803.
181. Weiss, F.; Marion, J.; Metzger, J.; Cognion, J. -M. Kinet. Catal. (Engl. Transl.) 1973, 14, 32.
182. Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. J. Mol. Catal. 1986, 35, 255.
183. Cavani, F.; Centi, G.; Manenti, I.; Trifirò, F. Italian Patent 20415 A/84, 1984.
184. Busca, G.; Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. In Proceedings, 4th International Congress on Catalysts Deactivation (Antwerp, Belgium, Sept 1987).
185. Busca, G.; Lavalley, J. C. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 1986, 42a, 443.
186. Puttock, S. J.; Rochester, C. H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1986, 82, 3033.
187. Rozhkova, E. V.; Gerei, S. V.; Gorokhovatskii, Ya. B. Kinet. Catal. (Engl. Transl.) 1975, 15, 618.
188. Centi, G.; Dyrek, K.; Labanowska, M.; Trifirò, F. In Proceedings, 31st International Congress on Pure and Applied Chemistry (Sofia, Bulgaria, July 1987).
189. Sleight, A. W. In Advanced Materials in Catalysis, Burton, J. J., Garten, R. L., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1977; p 181.
190. Brazdil, J. F.; Teller, R. G.; Grasselli, R. K.; Kostiner, E. In Solid State Chemistry in Catalysis; Grasselli, R. K., Brazdil, J. F., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1985; p 57 ACS Symp. Ser. 279
191. Centi, G.; Trifirò, F. Catal. Rev. —Sci. Eng. 1986, 28, 165.
192. Jung, J. S.; Bordes, E.; Courtine, P. In Adsorption and Catalysis on Oxide Surfaces; Che, M., Bond, G. C., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985; p 334.
193. Volta, J. C.; Portefaix, J. L. Appl. Catal. 1985, 18, 1.
194. Ziol-kowski, J. J. Catal. 1983, 84, 74, 317.
195. Germain, J. E. In Adsorption and Catalysis on Oxide Surfaces; Che, M., Bond, G. C., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985; p 232.
196. Crabtree, R. H. Chem. Rev. 1985, 85, 245.
197. Schwartz, J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 302.
198. Gesser, H. D.; Hunter, N. R.; Prakash, C. B. Chem. Rev. 1985, 85, 235.
199. Pitchai, P.; Klier, K. Catal. Rev. —Sci. Eng. 1986, 28, 13.