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1
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84913878493
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Technically, children with a father and his other wife should not be ‘foster children’. However, they frequently suffer discrimination because their father's other wife sees them as potential competitors with her own children and, worse, as a reminder of a marriage she herself may have helped to end.
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2
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78650150167
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Educational assistance, kinship, and the social structure in Sierra Leone
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(1972)
Africana Res. Bull.
, vol.2
, pp. 30-62
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Sinclair1
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4
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0038862946
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The fostering of children in urban Ghana: problems of ethnographic analysis in a multicultural context
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(1973)
Urban Anthrop.
, vol.2
, pp. 48-73
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Schildkrout1
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5
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84925916572
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Characteristics of women workers in Lagos
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(1978)
Lab. & Soc.
, vol.3
, pp. 158-171
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Fapohunda1
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7
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84925977423
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Child fosterage among the Mende of Upper Bambara Chiefdom Sierra Leone rural-urban and occupational comparisons
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(1982)
Ethnology
, vol.21
, pp. 243-257
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Isaac1
Conrad2
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10
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84913822196
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Bledsoe C. and Isiugo-Abanihe U. Strategies of child fosterage among Mende “grannies” in Sierra Leone. In African Reproduction and Social Organization (Edited by Lesthaeghe R.). University of California, Berkeley Calif. In press.
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13
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84913853457
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Page H. Child-bearing versus child-rearing: co-residence of mother and child in sub-Saharan Africa. In African Reproduction of Social Organization (Edited by Lesthaeghe R.). University of California, Berkeley, Calif. In Press.
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19
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0022884984
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Separation from the mother at time of weaning
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(1986)
Trop Doct
, vol.16
, pp. 176-177
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Schmutzhard1
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21
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0015723974
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Family structure, child location and nutritional disease in rural Haiti
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For analogous findings in other regions, see
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(1973)
Environ. Child Hlth
, vol.19
, pp. 288-298
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Rawson1
Berggren2
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22
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0019825635
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The social background of childhood nutrition in the Ciskei
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(1981)
Soc. Sci. Med.
, vol.15 A
, pp. 551-555
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Thomas1
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23
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84934870106
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Some observations on the development of kwashiorkor: a study of some 205 cases
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1565
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S. Afr. med. J.
, vol.30
, pp. 396-399
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Petrorius1
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29
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0008367039
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The profile of mortality and its determinants in Senegal, 1960–1980
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Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Population Studies, No. 94, United Nations, New York, Determinants of Mortality Change and Differentials in Developing Countries: The Five-Country Case Study Project Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Population Studies, No. 94 1986 United Nations New York 110, See especially
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(1986)
Determinants of Mortality Change and Differentials in Developing Countries: The Five-Country Case Study Project
, pp. 86-116
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Cantrelle1
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30
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84913841114
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Liberia has even higher rates of fosterage than Sierra Leone. From the 1974 Liberian census, U. Isiugo-Abanihe [Child Fostering in West Africa: Prevalence, Determinants and Demographic Consequences. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn., 1983] estimated that 36% of all surviving children of women 15–19 (children mostly 2 and under) were away from their mothers. Forty percent of all fosters were 5 and under. For Ghana in 1971 he found that 20% of all children from 0–5 were away from their mothers. And in Nigeria, Changing African Family project data from 1973 showed that 32% of all men reported some children under 15 were away, as did 24% of all women. The Nigerian figures, however, exclude children living with fathers but not with mothers.
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33
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84913822756
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Bledsoe C. Tinned milk and child fosterage: side-stepping the post-partum sex taboo. Paper for a Rockefeller Foundation Conference on the Cultural Roots of African Fertility Regimes, Ife, Nigeria.
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35
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84913866428
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An irony of modernization is that tinned milk helps school girls, working women, and unmarried women to send their small children to caretakers (Ref. [27]). Yet if such a caretaker lacks the money to buy milk, she may dilute it or substitute starchy mixtures.
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37
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84913844573
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We assume that in each age group the number of girls and boys is the same.
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38
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84913876383
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A mother may visit her child, and, seeing his condition, bring him to the hospital. Alternatively, guardians may send for a sick child's parents to bring him to the hospital. Consequently, children rarely die with guardians or remain very ill for long periods with them.
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39
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84913856275
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Whereas these problems tend to contaminate the ‘mother’ category, the guardian category could contain some mothers; someone else might bring the child to the hospital although the mother herself had been taking care of him. However, though the ‘guardian’ category is small by comparison with the number of children who were likely living with guardians when they got sick, we believe it is much less contaminated than the ‘mother’ category.
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40
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84913813848
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We separate anemia, oedema, and weight loss from nutrition-related maladies because of possible associations with other illnesses. Moreover, malnutrition may not stem from food deprivation; it can result from a prior disease that decreases the child's consumption and increases caloric requirements.
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42
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84913833387
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Additional data reveal that malnourished foster children die in the hospital more frequently than children with mothers (33% vs 26.5%), although foster children spent on average much less time in the hospital: less than 1 day vs 2.6 days for children with mothers. Moreover, malnutrition was associated with the deaths of young foster children to a much greater extent than children with mothers: 42.9% vs 20.5%, respectively.
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