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Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1987, Pages 398-415

"Fit localities for an asylum": the historical geography of the nineteenth-century "mad-business" in England as viewed through the pages of the Asylum Journal

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0023521733     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: 10958614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80049-X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (100)

References (92)
  • 1
    • 84919112319 scopus 로고
    • The Ninth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • Note that I will be using the following abbreviations: AJ for the Asylum Journal, AJMS for the Asylum Journal of Mental Science, and JMS for the Journal of Mental Science. The numberings of volumes are, even for AJMS and JMS, sequential from Volume 1 of AJ
    • (1855) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 10
    • Bucknill1
  • 2
    • 0042076533 scopus 로고
    • I use the term “mad-business” to identify the great diversity of institutions that have housed the mentally distressed at different times and in different places, and in so doing I follow the example set by, London
    • (1969) George III and the mad-business
    • Macalpine1    Hunter2
  • 3
    • 84919134185 scopus 로고
    • The President's Address to the Association
    • See the history sketched out in
    • (1861) JMS , vol.7 , pp. 4-5
    • Bucknill1
  • 5
    • 84919112319 scopus 로고
    • The Ninth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 5-6
    • Bucknill1
  • 6
    • 84919134184 scopus 로고
    • President's Address at the Annual Meeting
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 16
    • Winslow1
  • 7
    • 84919134184 scopus 로고
    • President's Address at the Annual Meeting
    • See, for example
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 8-9
    • Winslow1
  • 8
    • 84919112319 scopus 로고
    • The Ninth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 6
    • Bucknill1
  • 9
    • 84919134184 scopus 로고
    • President's Address at the Annual Meeting
    • See, for example
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 11-14
    • Winslow1
  • 10
    • 84919134182 scopus 로고
    • Retiring President's Address at the Annual Meeting
    • (1859) JMS , vol.5 , pp. 58-66
    • Winslow1
  • 11
    • 84919112319 scopus 로고
    • The Ninth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 11-22
    • Bucknill1
  • 12
    • 84919134181 scopus 로고
    • Official Report of the Special General Meeting of the Association
    • The Association debated at some length the “threat” posed by impending legislation, as can be seen from Anon.
    • (1859) JMS , vol.5 , pp. 373-408
    • Bucknill1
  • 13
    • 84919134180 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Committee appointed at the Special General Meeting
    • (1859) JMS , vol.5 , pp. 440-444
    • Conolly1
  • 14
    • 84919112319 scopus 로고
    • The Ninth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • See, for example
    • (1855) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 8-9
    • Bucknill1
  • 15
    • 84919134179 scopus 로고
    • On the existing relation between the Lunacy, Commission and medical superintendents of public asylums
    • See
    • (1859) JMS , vol.5 , pp. 95-100
    • Huxley1
  • 16
    • 84919150398 scopus 로고
    • The Association's resentment at the appointment of non-specialist Lunacy Commissioners was voiced in Anon., The new Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 127-128
    • Huxley1
  • 17
    • 84919151268 scopus 로고
    • Prospectus
    • Anon
    • (1853) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 1
    • Huxley1
  • 18
    • 84919111770 scopus 로고
    • Psychological gossip
    • See, for example, which stressed how insanity was related to both the material aspects of brain physiology and the immaterial aspects of sensory inputs
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 333-341
    • J.H.1
  • 19
    • 84919134178 scopus 로고
    • On the somatic and psychical causes of disease in the structure and functions of the brain
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 508-532
    • Burnett1
  • 20
    • 84919133201 scopus 로고
    • Review of Van Leeuwen's “Report on the establishment, construction and operation of the best asylums for the insane in France and elsewhere”
    • See
    • (1853) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 75-77
    • Thurnam1
  • 21
    • 84919133200 scopus 로고
    • On the medico-moral treatment of the insane
    • (1853) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 91-93
    • Van Leeuwen1
  • 22
    • 84919133199 scopus 로고
    • (1859) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 70
  • 23
    • 84919133198 scopus 로고
    • What's in a name?
    • was later discussed in
    • (1861) JMS , vol.7 , pp. 136-138
    • Bucknill1
  • 24
    • 84919133197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See R. Porter, Laymen, doctors and medical knowledge in the eighteenth century: the evidence of the Gentleman's Magazine, in R. Porter (Ed.), Patients and practitioners: lay perceptions of medicine in pre-industrial society (Cambridge 1985) 283–314
  • 25
    • 0004328310 scopus 로고
    • See the observations contained, Foucault complains about the tendency of most historical reconstructions to be “totalising” exercises insensitive to the many “differences” that fragment the unity of past happenings, times and places. Instead of such exercises he proposes a “general history” sensitive to “difference” and to the way in which the fragments of past realities do relate to one another, but not in the sense of adding up to some coherent, articulated and (grand) theorisable whole My historical geography of the “mad-business” aspires more to the character of a “general history” than to that of a “total history”, Foucault complains about the tendency of most historical reconstructions to be “totalising” exercises insensitive to the many “differences” that fragment the unity of past [[Truncated]]
    • (1972) The archaeology of knowledge
    • Foucault1
  • 26
    • 1842630417 scopus 로고
    • On residences for the insane
    • (1859) JMS , vol.5 , pp. 412
    • Conolly1
  • 27
    • 84919133196 scopus 로고
    • On the prospects of physicians engaged in practice in cases of insanity
    • For a similar argument see
    • (1860) JMS , vol.6 , pp. 182
    • Conolly1
  • 28
    • 84919157915 scopus 로고
    • Prospectus
    • See Anon.
    • (1853) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 2
  • 29
    • 84919133195 scopus 로고
    • The custody of the insane poor
    • See
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 462
    • Bucknill1
  • 30
    • 84919156332 scopus 로고
    • On the employment of seclusion in the treatment of the insane
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 187
    • Bucknill1
  • 31
    • 12644320971 scopus 로고
    • On the want of better provisions for the labouring and middle classes when attacked or threatened with insanity
    • See
    • (1860) JMS , vol.6 , pp. 321-327
    • Gaskell1
  • 32
    • 84919103467 scopus 로고
    • On the establishment of a state asylum
    • See
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 364-377
    • Wood1
  • 33
    • 84919133194 scopus 로고
    • Review of Arlidge's ‘On the state of lunacy and the legal provisions for the insane’
    • Anon
    • (1860) JMS , vol.6 , pp. 55
  • 34
    • 84919111199 scopus 로고
    • The Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales
    • See, for example
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 264
    • Bucknill1
  • 35
    • 84919117040 scopus 로고
    • Copy of letter to Dr. Browne on idiot schools
    • (1861) JMS , vol.7 , pp. 294-295
    • Conolly1
  • 36
    • 84919110700 scopus 로고
    • Review of Sieveking's “On epilepsy and epileptiform seizures”
    • See
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 421-422
    • Bucknill1
  • 37
    • 84919113432 scopus 로고
    • Five cardinal questions on administrative psychiatry
    • See
    • (1861) JMS , vol.7 , pp. 343-370
    • Mundy1
  • 38
    • 84919113432 scopus 로고
    • Five cardinal questions on administrative psychiatry
    • (1861) JMS , vol.7 , pp. 344-345
    • Mundy1
  • 39
    • 84919113432 scopus 로고
    • Five cardinal questions on administrative psychiatry
    • (1861) JMS , vol.7 , pp. 352-353
    • Mundy1
  • 40
    • 84919103860 scopus 로고
    • The accumulation of chronic lunatics in asylums: questions of further accommodation
    • Anon
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 194
  • 41
    • 0348113400 scopus 로고
    • Does vivilization favour the generation of mental disease?
    • More extensive investigation of these connections is reported in papers such as
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 94-110
    • Tuke1
  • 42
    • 84919103860 scopus 로고
    • The accumulation of chronic lunatics in asylums: questions of further accommodation
    • Anon
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 194
  • 43
    • 84919133201 scopus 로고
    • Review of Van Leeuwen's “Report on the establishment, construction and operation of the best asylums for the insane in France and elsewhere”
    • (1853) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 76
    • Thurnam1
  • 44
    • 84919158185 scopus 로고
    • Visiting physicians to county asylums
    • Anon
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 36
  • 45
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • See
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 113-115
    • Conolly1
  • 46
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Second notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 145-149
    • Conolly1
  • 47
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Third notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 164-166
    • Conolly1
  • 48
    • 84919116766 scopus 로고
    • Fourth notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 180-185
    • Conolly1
  • 49
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Third notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 164
    • Conolly1
  • 50
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Third notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 164-165
    • Conolly1
  • 51
    • 84919133193 scopus 로고
    • The new asylum for the middle classes at Coton Hill, near Stafford
    • In the Stafford case it was not entirely a matter of relocation, since what actually occurred was a splitting of the existing public county asylum into two parts: a public section for pauper patients, which remained housed at the asylum's old site within the town of Stafford, and a new asylum for middle class patients — funded partly by charity and partly by payments from patients — which was erected at Coton Hill, just outside Stafford but still only half a mile from the old asylum. Unsurprisingly, it was the wealthier patients who ended up with the “better deal”. See Anon
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 88-91
  • 52
    • 84919133192 scopus 로고
    • The new lunatic hospital at Nottingham: laying the foundation stone
    • A similar split took place several years later when Nottinghamshire's provision for pauper and middle class insane patients was divided between two establishments, one remaining in Nottingham and the other “migrating” to a more attractive out-of-town locality. See Anon
    • (1858) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 296-304
  • 53
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 113
    • Conolly1
  • 54
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Third notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 166
    • Conolly1
  • 55
    • 84919145473 scopus 로고
    • Description of the Lincolnshire County Asylum
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 74
    • Palmer1
  • 56
    • 84919133191 scopus 로고
    • History and description of the Kent Asylum
    • For a similarly informed “geological account”, see
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 40
    • Huxley1
  • 57
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of the Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 500-501
    • Bucknill1
  • 58
    • 84919133189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huxley, meanwhile, criticized the selection of a south aspect for the Kent County Asylum, since one side of the establishment alone received the whole day's sun
  • 59
    • 84919133188 scopus 로고
    • History and description. On the existing relation between the Lunacy, Commission and medical superintendents of public asylums
    • See
    • (1859) JMS , vol.5 , pp. 40
    • Huxley1
  • 60
    • 84919111199 scopus 로고
    • The Ninth Report of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales
    • See
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 2-3
    • Bucknill1
  • 61
    • 84919111199 scopus 로고
    • The Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales
    • See
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 259-262
    • Bucknill1
  • 62
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • The Ninth Report of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • See
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 3
    • Bucknill1
  • 63
    • 84919133186 scopus 로고
    • Review of Nightingale's “Notes on nursing”
    • See
    • (1860) JMS , vol.6 , pp. 485
    • Bucknill1
  • 64
    • 34250834034 scopus 로고
    • Statistics of land attached to the county asylums of England
    • (1853) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 7
    • Thurnam1
  • 65
    • 84919133185 scopus 로고
    • The restraint system, as practised at the North and East Ridings Asylum and at the Asylum for the County of Bedford
    • Anon
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 82
  • 66
    • 70749129026 scopus 로고
    • Second notice of the Eighth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy
    • See also
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 148
    • Conolly1
  • 67
    • 84919133184 scopus 로고
    • The restraint system, as practised at the North and East Ridings Asylum and at the Asylum for the County of Bedford
    • See Anon., Interestingly enough, an anonymous “county superintendent” suggested that this abuse—the emphasis on farming to the point of keeping patients under restraint—arose because claims made about the economics of lunatic labour were so vastly exaggerated that the impression was given of lunacy “qualifying, rather than disqualifying” an individual for “active and profitable employment”
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1
  • 68
    • 84919142756 scopus 로고
    • Lunatic economy and farm profits: a letter
    • See Anon.
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 125-126
  • 69
    • 84919133185 scopus 로고
    • The restraint system, as practised at the North and East Ridings Asylum and at the Asylum for the County of Bedford
    • This phrase occurs in Anon
    • (1854) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 83
  • 70
    • 84919113522 scopus 로고
    • The new pauper lunatic asylum for the county of Essex
    • See
    • (1855) AJ , vol.1 , pp. 167
    • Campbell1
  • 71
    • 84919109182 scopus 로고
    • The new lunatic hospital at Nottingham: laying the foundation stone
    • Anon
    • (1854) AJMS , vol.4 , pp. 300
  • 72
    • 84857661833 scopus 로고
    • A descriptive notice of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum, Hayward's Heath
    • See, footnote on 261–262
    • (1860) JMS , vol.6
    • Robertson1
  • 73
    • 84857682654 scopus 로고
    • St Luke's Hospital for lunatics
    • See, where Stephens's arguments were summarized and evaluated
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 215-229
    • Bucknill1
  • 74
    • 84857682654 scopus 로고
    • St Luke's Hospital for lunatics
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 219-220
    • Bucknill1
  • 75
    • 84857682654 scopus 로고
    • St Luke's Hospital for lunatics
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2 , pp. 220
    • Bucknill1
  • 76
    • 84857682654 scopus 로고
    • St Luke's Hospital for lunatics
    • (1856) AJMS , vol.2
    • Bucknill1
  • 77
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • See
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 468
    • Bucknill1
  • 78
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • See
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 467
    • Bucknill1
  • 79
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of the Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 468
    • Bucknill1
  • 80
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of the Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 467-478
    • Bucknill1
  • 81
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 468
    • Bucknill1
  • 82
    • 84919133183 scopus 로고
    • AJMS
    • An interesting point here is that Hood did not subscribe as fully as most commentators to the view that urban-industrial areas tended to “produce” more insanity than rural-agricultural areas. See
    • (1857) Review of Hood's “Statistics of insanity” , vol.3 , pp. 520
    • Hawkes1
  • 83
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of the Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 469
    • Bucknill1
  • 84
    • 84919133182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huxley, meanwhile, criticized the selection of a south aspect for the Kent County Asylum, since one side of the establishment alone received the whole day's sun
  • 85
    • 84919133190 scopus 로고
    • Round-up of the Annual Reports of County Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals of the Insane in England and Wales published during 1856
    • (1857) AJMS , vol.3 , pp. 469-470
    • Bucknill1
  • 86
    • 84919102429 scopus 로고
    • A descriptive notice of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum, Hayward's Health
    • footnote on
    • (1860) JMS , vol.6 , pp. 263
    • Lockhart Robertson1
  • 87
    • 84919133181 scopus 로고
    • Review of the First Annual Report of the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland
    • In this respect it was usually stressed that an asylum “should be as central as possible to the mass of population in the county or district for which it was erected, and should be convenient with respect to its easy access by railway or other public conveyance”, Appendix: “Suggestions and instructions issued by the Board of Commissioners”, No. 1—Sites, 478”)
    • (1859) JMS , vol.5
    • Lockhart Robertson1
  • 88
    • 84919102429 scopus 로고
    • A descriptive notice of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum, Hayward's Heralth
    • footnote on
    • (1860) JMS , vol.6 , pp. 263
    • Lockhart Robertson1
  • 89
    • 84919154252 scopus 로고
    • They were not, for instance, generated by some sort of “central place” logic. The problems associated with seeking to explain the location patterns of health care facilities through the “central place analogy” are hinted at in D. M. Smith, Geographical perspectives on health and health care, Occasional Paper No. 20, Department of Geography, Queen Mary College, University of London
    • (1982) Contemporary perspectives on health and health care , pp. 6-7
    • Cornwall1
  • 90
    • 84919158129 scopus 로고
    • The road from Mandalay towards a geographical philosophy
    • This phrase derives from, I am particularly attracted by the way that Kirk portrays locational decisions as embedded in the complex conceptual materials of the “behavioural environment” peculiar to a particular people in a particular time and place
    • (1978) Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , vol.3 , Issue.NS , pp. 388
    • Kirk1
  • 91
    • 84919133180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also W. Kirk, Historical geography and the concept of the behavioural environment Indian Geographical Journal Silver Jubilee Edition 152–60
  • 92
    • 0003350980 scopus 로고
    • Problems of geography
    • (1963) Geography , vol.48 , pp. 357-371
    • Kirk1


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