Efficiency of a model human image code

Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision

Volumn 4, Issue 12, 1987, Pages 2401-2417

  Watson, Andrew B ^a  

^a NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; MODEL; PHYSIOLOGY; VISION;

HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 0023504850     PISSN: 10847529     EISSN: 15208532     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.4.002401     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. A. B. Watson, "The Cortex transform: rapid computation of simulated neural images," Comput. Vision Graph. Image Process. 39, 311-327 (1987).
2. P. Lennie, "Parallel visual pathways: a review," Vision Res. 20, 561-594 (1980).
3. R. M. Shapley and P. Lennie, "Spatial frequency analysis in the visual system," Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 547-583 (1985).
4. R. L. De Valois, D. G. Albrecht, and L. G. Thorell, "Spatial frequency selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex," Vision Res. 22, 545-559 (1982).
5. M. A. Webster and R. L. De Valois, "Relationship between spatial frequency and orientation tuning of striate-cortex cells," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 1124-1132 (1985).
6. R. L. De Valois, E. W. Yund, and H. Hepler, "The orientation and direction selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex," Vision Res. 22, 531-544 (1982).
7. B. Sakitt and H. B. Barlow, "A model for the economical encoding of the visual image in cerebral cortex," Biol. Cybern. 43, 97-108 (1982).
8. A. B. Watson, "Detection and recognition of simple spatial forms," in Physical and Biological Processing of Images, O. J. Braddick and A. C. Sleigh, eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983), pp. 100-114.
9. S. A. Klein and D. M. Levi, "Hyperacuity thresholds of 1 sec: theoretical predictions and empirical validation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 1170-1190 (1985).
10. The parameters of the filters used here, in the terms defined in A. B. Watson, "The Cortex transform: rapid computation of simulated neural images," Comput. Vision Graph. Image Process. 39, 311-327 (1987), are β = 0.9, γ = 8, s = 2. The filters have center orientations of 22.5, 67.5, 112.5, and 157.5.
11. A. Weber, "Image bata base," USCIPI Rep. 1070 (Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1983).
12. A. B. Watson, "Ideal shrinking and expansion of discrete sequences," NASA Technical Memorandum 88202 (National Aeronautics and Space Adminstration, Moffett Field, Calif., 1986).
13. S. Tanimoto and T. Pavlidis, "A hierarchical data structure for picture processing," Comput. Graph. Image Process. 4, 104-119 (1975).
14. P. J. Burt and E. H. Adelson, "The Laplacian pyramid as a compact image code," IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-31, 532-540 (1983).
15. J. L. Crowley and R. M. Stern, "Fast computation of the difference of low-pass transform," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PAMI-6, 212-222 (1984).
16. h(x) will be odd along d. Thus the analytic filter consists of the original real even filter plus the corresponding complex odd filter, all divided by 2. These two components of the analytic filter correspond to odd and even receptive fields.
17. D. A. Pollen and S. F. Ronner, "Phase relationship between adjacent simple cells in the visual cortex," Science 212, 1409-1411 (1981).
18. A. B. Watson and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "A look at motion in the frequency domain," in Motion: Perception and Representation, J. K. Tsotsos, ed. (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 1983), pp. 1-10.
19. A. B. Watson and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Model of human visual-motion sensing," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 322-342 (1985).
20. J. P. H. van Santen and G. Sperling, "Elaborated Reichardt detectors," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 300-321 (1985).
21. E. H. Adelson and J. R. Bergen, "Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 284-299 (1985).
22. D. A. Dudgeon and R. M. Mersereau, Multidimensional Digital Signal Processing (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1984).
23. R. E. Williamson and H. F. Trotter, Multivariate Mathematics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1974).
24. P. J. Burt, "Fast filter transforms for image processing," Comput. Graph. Image Process. 16, 20-51 (1981).
25. A. Rosenfeld and A. C. Kak, Digital Picture Processing (Academic, New York, 1982), p. 191.
26. J. Max, "Quantizing for minimum distortion," IRE Trans. Inf. Theory IT-6, 7-12 (1960).
27. F. W. Campbell and J. J. Kulikowski, "Orientation selectivity of the human visual system," J. Physiol. 187, 437-445 (1966).
28. J. Nachmias and R. Sansbury, "Grating contrast: discrimination may be better than detection," Vision Res. 14, 1039-1042 (1974).
29. G. E. Legge and J. M. Foley, "Contrast making in human vision," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1458-1471 (1980).
30. J. M. Foley and G. E. Legge, "Contrast detection and nearthreshold discrimination in human vision," Vision Res. 21, 1041-1053 (1981).
31. G. E. Legge, "A power law for contrast discrimination," Vision Res. 21, 457-467 (1981).
32. H. R. Wilson, D. K. McFarlane, and G. C. Phillips, "Spatial frequency tuning of orientation selective units estimated by oblique masking," Vision Res. 23, 873-882 (1983).
33. A. Bradley and I. Ohzawa, "A comparison of contrast detection and discrimination," Vision Res. 26, 991-997 (1986).
34. D. J. Sharma and A. N. Netravali, "Design of quantizers for dpcm coding of picture signals," IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-25, 1267-1274 (1977).
35. G. C. Phillips and H. R. Wilson, "Orientation bandwidths of spatial mechanisms measured by masking," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 226-232 (1984).
36. W. K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing (Wiley, New York, 1978).
37. G. Sperling, M. Landy, Y. Cohen, and M. Pavel, "Intelligible coding of ASL image sequences at extremely low information rates," Comput. Vision Graph. Image Process. 31, 335-391 (1985).
38. D. E. Pearson and J. A. Robinson, "Visual communication at very low data rates," Proc. IEEE 73, 795-812 (1985).
39. The 82% value is chosen for mathematical convenience (it is the probability reached when the Weibull exponent is 1). Any percentage point that can be accurately estimated would do as well.
40. A. B. Watson, K. R. K. Nielsen, A. Poirson, A. Fitzhugh, A. Bilson, K. Nguyen and A. J. Ahumada, Jr., "Use of a raster framebuffer in vision research," Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. 18, 587-594 (1986).
41. A. B. Watson and D. G. Pelli, "QUEST: a Bayesian adaptive psychometric method," Percept. Psychophys. 33, 113-120 (1983).
42. A. B. Watson, "Probability summation over time," Vision Res. 19, 515-522 (1979).
43. J. G. Robson and N. G. Graham, "Probability summation and regional variation in contrast sensitivity across the visual field," Vision Res. 21, 409-418 (1981).
44. N. Ahmed, T. Nataragan, and K. R. Rao, "Discrete cosine transform," IEEE Trans. Comput. C-23, 90-93 (1974).
45. J. W. Modestino, N. Farvardin, and M. A. Ogrinc, "Performance of block cosine image coding with adaptive quantization," IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-33, 210-217 (1985).
46. E. J. Delp and O. R. Mitchell, "Image compression using block truncation coding," IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-27, 1335-1342 (1979).
47. J. W. Woods and S. D. O'Neil, "Subband coding of images," IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. ASSP-43, 1278-1288 (1986).
48. D. J. Sakrison, "Image coding applications of vision models," in Image Transmission Techniques, W. K. Pratt, ed. (Academic, New York, 1979).
49. J. O. Limb and C. B. Rubinstein, "On the design of quantizers for dpcm coders: a functional relationship between visibility, probability, and masking," IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-26, 573-578 (1978).
50. J. C. Candy and R. H. Bosworth, "Methods of designing differential quantizers based on subjective evaluations of edge busyness," Bell Sys. Tech. J. 51, 1495-1516 (1972).
51. A. N. Netravali and B. Prasada, "Adaptive quantization of picture signals using spatial masking," Proc. IEEE 65, 536-548 (1977).
52. W. F. Schreiber, C. F. Knapp, and N. D. Kay, "Synthetic highs-an experimental TV bandwidth reduction system," J. Soc. Motion Piet. Eng. 68, 525-537 (1959).
53. M. Kunt, A. Ikonomopoulos, and M. Kocher, "Second-generation image-coding techniques," Proc. IEEE 73, 549-574 (1985).
54. M. S. Livingstone and D. H Hubei, "Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex," J. Neurosci. 4, 309-356 (1984).
55. D. H. Hubei and T. N. Wiesel, "Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex," J. Physiol. 195, 215-243 (1968).
56. D. H. Hubei and T. N. Wiesel, "Functional architecture of the macaque monkey visual cortex. Ferrier lecture," Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 198, 1-59 (1977).
57. D. H. Hubei and T. N. Wiesel, "Sequence regularity and geometry of orientation columns in the monkey striate cortex," J. Comp. Neurol. 158, 267-294 (1974).