Symptoms of Anxiety and Symptoms of Depression: Same Genes, Different Environments?

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 44, Issue 5, 1987, Pages 451-457

  Kendler, Kenneth S ^a   Heath, Andrew C ^a,b   Martin, Nicholas G ^a,b,c   Eaves, Lindon J ^a,b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c QIMR BERGHOFER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEPRESSION; ENVIRONMENT; GENETICS; HEREDITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SYMPTOM; TWINS;

ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; DISEASES IN TWINS; ENVIRONMENT; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GENES; HUMAN; MALE; MODELS, GENETIC; PHENOTYPE; SEX FACTORS; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.;

EID: 0023240012     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800170073010     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Fleiss JL, Gurland BJ, Cooper JE: Some contributions to the measurement of psychopathology. Br J Psychiatry 1971;119:647-656.
2. Paykel ES: Have multivariate statistics contributed to classification? Br J Psychiatry 1981;139:357-362.
3. Martin NG, Eaves LJ: The genetical analysis of covariance structure. Heredity 1977;38:79-95.
4. Kendler KS, Heath A, Martin NG, Eaves LJ: Symptoms of anxiety and depression in a volunteer twin population: The etiologic role of genetic and environmental factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:213-221.
5. Fahy TJ, Brandon S, Garside RF: Clinical syndromes in a sample of depressed patients: A general practice material. Proc R Soc Med 1969;62:331-335.
6. Derogatis LR, Klerman GL, Lipman RS: Anxiety states and depressive neurosis: Issues in nosologic discrimination. J Nerv Ment Dis 1972;155:392-403.
7. Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L, Rickels K: Factorial invariance of symptom dimensions in anxious and depressive neuroses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:659-665.
8. Mendels J, Weinstein N, Cohrane C: The relationship between depression and anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:649-653.
9. Roth M, Gurney C, Garside RF, Kerr TA: Studies in the classification of affective disorders: The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses—I. BrJ Psychiatry 1972;121:147-161.
10. Gurney C, Roth M, Garside RF, Kerr TA, Schapira K: Studies in the classification of affective disorders: The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses—II. Br J Psychiatry 1972;121:162-166.
11. Prusoff B, Klerman GL: Differentiating depressed from anxious outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;30:302-308.
12. Roth M, Mountjoy CQ: The distinction between anxiety states and depressive disorders, in Paykel ES (ed): Handbook of Affective Disorders. New York, Guilford Press, 1982, pp 70-92.
13. Mullaney JA: The relationship between anxiety and depression: A review of some principal component analytic studies. J Affect Dis 1984;7:139-148.
14. Bedford A, Foulds GA, Sheffield BF: A new personal disturbance scale (DDSI/SAD). Br J Soc Clin Psychiatry 1976;15:387-394.
15. Joreskog KG, Sobrom D, Lisrel VI: Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by the Method of Maximum Likelihood. Chicago, International Educational Services, 1983.
16. Harman HH: Factor Analysis, ed 3. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976.
17. Olsson U: Maximum likelihood estimation of the polychoric correlation coefficient. Psychometrika 1979;44:443-460.
18. Heath AC, Berg K: Effects of social policy on the heritability of education achievement, in Berg K (ed): Medical Genetics: Past, Present, Future. New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1985.
19. Heath AC, Berg K, Eaves LJ, Solaas MH, Sundet J, Nance WE, Corey LA, Magnus P: No decline in assortative mating for education level. Behav Genet 1985;15:349-369.
20. Heath AC, Berg K, Eaves LJ, Solaas MH, Corey LA, Sundet J, Magnus P, Nance WE: Education policy and the heritability of educational attainment. Nature 1985;314:734-736.
21. Derogatis LR, Serio JC, Cleary PA: An empirical comparison of three indices of factorial similarity. Psychol Rep 1972;30:791-804.
22. Mapother E: Discussion on manic-depressive psychosis. Br Med J 1926;2:872-879.
23. Kerr TA, Roth M, Schapira K, Gurney C: The assessment and prediction of outcome in affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1972;121:167-174.
24. Murphy JM, Neff RK, Sobol AM, Rice JX, Olivier DC: Computer diagnosis of depression and anxiety: The Stirling Country Study. Psychol Med 1985;15:99-112.
25. Jardine R, Martin NG, Henderson AS: Genetic covariation between neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Genet Epidemiol 1984;1:89-107.
26. Schalling D, Cronholm B, Asberg M, Espmark S: Ratings of psychic and somatic anxiety indicants: Interrater reliability and relations to personality variables. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:353-368.
27. Parker G: Reported parental characteristics in relation to trait depression and anxiety levels in a non-clinical group. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1979;13:260-264.
28. Parker G: Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1979;134:138-147.
29. Parker G: Parental representations of patients with anxiety neurosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981;63:33-36.
30. Barrett JE: The relationship of life events to the onset of neurotic disorders, in Barrett JE (ed): Stress and Mental Disorder. New York, Raven Press, 1979, pp 87-109.
31. Finlay-Jones R, Brown GW: Types of stressful live events and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychol Med 1981;11:803-815.
32. Torgersen S: Developmental differentiation of anxiety and affective neuroses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985;71:304-310.