Effect of Gradual Withdrawal on the Rebound Sleep Disorder after Discontinuation of Triazolam

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 317, Issue 12, 1987, Pages 722-728

  Greenblatt, David J ^a,b,c   Harmatz, Jerold S ^a,b,c   Zinny, Miguel A ^a,b,c   Shader, Richard I ^a,b,c  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Medical and Technical Research Associates ^*  (United States)

^c Medical and Technical Research Associates Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TRIAZOLAM;

CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; SLEEP DISORDER; THERAPY;

EID: 0023190754     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198709173171202     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Pakes GE, Brodgen RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Triazolam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with insomnia. Drugs 1981; 22: 81–110.
2. Roth T, Roehrs TA, Zorick FJ. Pharmacology and hypnotic efficacy of triazolam. Pharmacotherapy 1983; 3: 137–48.
3. Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Abernethy DR, Ochs HR, Shader RI. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer benzodiazepines. Clin Pharmacokinet 1983; 8: 233–52.
4. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Abernethy DR. Current status of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 354–8, 410–6.
5. Eberts FS Jr, Philopolous Y, Reineke LM, Vliek RW. Triazolam disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 29: 81–93.
6. Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Abernethy DR, Moschitto LJ, Smith RB, Shader RI. Reduced clearance of triazolam in old age: relation to antipyrine oxidizing capacity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 15: 303–9.
7. Scavone JM, Greenblatt DJ, Friedman H, Shader RI. Enhanced bioavailability of triazolam following sublingual versus oral administration. J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 26: 208–10.
8. Stoehr GP, Kroboth PD, Juhl RP, Wender DB, Phillips JP, Smith RB. Effect of oral contraceptives on triazolam, temazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 36: 683–90.
9. Smith RB, Divoll M, Gillespie WR, Greenblatt DJ. Effect of subject age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of oral triazolam and temazepam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983; 3: 172–6.
10. Jochemsen R, van Boxtel CJ, Hermans J, Breimer DD. Kinetics of five benzodiazepine hypnotics in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 34: 42–7.
11. Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Harmatz JS, MacLaughlin DS, Shader RI. Kinetics and clinical effects of flurazepam in young and elderly noninsomniacs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 475–86.
12. Divoll M, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Effect of age and gender on disposition of temazepam. J Pharm Sci 1981; 70: 1104–7.
13. Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Heuer H. Is temazepam an accumulating hypnotic? J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 24: 58–64.
14. Kales A, Kales JD. Sleep laboratory studies of hypnotic drugs: efficacy and withdrawal effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983; 3: 140–50.
15. Greenblatt DJ, Abernethy DR. Divoll M, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Pharmacokinetic properties of benzodiazepine hypnotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983; 3: 129–32.
16. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Divoll M, Harmatz JS. Adverse reactions to triazolam, flurazepam, and placebo in controlled clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 1984; 45: 192–5.
17. Vogel GW, Barker K, Gibbons P, Thurmond A. A comparison of the effects of flurazepam 30 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg on the sleep of insomniacs. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1976; 47: 81–6.
18. Ogura C, Nakazawa K, Majima K, et al. Residual effects of hypnotics: triazolam, flurazepam, and nitrazepam. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1980; 68: 61–5.
19. Bliwise D, Seidel W, Karacan I, et al. Daytime sleepiness as a criterion in hypnotic medication trials: comparison of triazolam and flurazepam. Sleep 1983; 6: 156–63.
20. Oswald I, Adam K, Borrow S, Idzikowski C. The effects of two hypnotics on sleep, subjective feelings and skilled performance. In: Passouant P, Oswald I, eds. Pharmacology of the states of alertness: proceedings of the Satellite Symposium of the 7th International Congress of Pharmacology, Montpellier, 24–25 July 1978. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979:51–63.
21. Church MW, Johnson LC. Mood and performance of poor sleepers during repeated use of flurazepam. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1979; 61: 309–16.
22. Kales A, Bixler EO, Kales JD, Scharf MB. Comparative effectiveness of nine hypnotic drugs: sleep laboratory studies. J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 17: 207–13.
23. Carskadon MA, Seidel WF, Greenblatt DJ, Dement WC. Daytime carry-over of triazolam and flurazepam in elderly insomniacs. Sleep 1982; 5: 361–71.
24. Mitler MM, Seidel WF, van den Hoed J, Greenblatt DJ, Dement WC. Comparative hypnotic effect of flurazepam, triazolam, and placebo: a long–term simultaneous nighttime and daytime study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984; 4: 2–13.
25. Kales A, Bixler EO, Scharf M, Kales JD. Sleep laboratory studies of flurazepam: a model for evaluating hypnotic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976; 19: 576–83.
26. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Bixler EO, Kales JD. Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety: a review. Pharmacology 1983; 26: 121–37.
27. Walsh JK, Schweitzer PK, Parwatikar S. Effects of lorazepam and its withdrawal on sleep, performance, and subjective state. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 34: 496–500.
28. Kales A, Bixler EO, Vela-Bueno A, Soldatos CR, Niklaus DE, Manfredi RL. Comparison of short and long half-life benzodiazepine hypnotics: triazolam and quazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 40: 378–86.
29. Oswald I, French C, Adam K, Gilham J. Benzodiazepine hypnotics remain effective for 24 weeks. Br Med J 1982; 284: 860–3.
30. Kales A, Scharf MB, Kales JD, Soldatos CR. Rebound insomnia: a potential hazard following withdrawal of certain benzodiazepines. JAMA 1979; 241: 1692–5.
31. Kales A, Bixler EO, Soldatos CR, Mitsky DJ, Kales JD. Dose–response studies of lormetazepam: efficacy, side effects, and rebound insomnia. J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 22: 520–30.
32. Vela-Bueno A, Oliveros JC, Dobladez-Blanco B, Arrigain-Ijurra S, Soldatos CR, Kales A. Brotizolam: a sleep laboratory evaluation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 25: 53–6.
33. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Bixler EO, Goff PJ, Vela-Bueno A. Midazolam: dose–response studies of effectiveness and rebound insomnia. Pharmacology 1983; 26: 138–49.
34. Mamelak M, Csima A, Price V. A comparative 25-night sleep laboratory study on the effects of quazepam and triazolam on chronic insomniacs. J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 24: 65–75.
35. Monti JM, Debellis J, Gratadoux E, Alterwain P, Altier H, D'Angelo L. Sleep laboratory study of the effects of midazolam in insomniac patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 21: 479–84.
36. Kales A, Kales JD, Bixler EO, Scharf MB, Russek E. Hypnotic efficacy of triazolam: sleep laboratory evaluation of intermediate-term effectiveness. J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 16: 399–406.
37. Greenblatt DJ. Analysis of benzodiazepines by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. In: Sunshine I, Jatlow PI, eds. Methodology for analytical toxicology. Vol. 2. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1982:19–24.
38. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Harmatz JS, Franke K, Koch-Weser J. Absorption rate, blood concentrations, and early response to oral chlordiazepoxide. Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134: 559–62.
39. Shader RI, Georgotas A, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Allen MD. Impaired absorption of desmethyldiazepam from clorazepate by magnesium aluminum hydroxide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 308–15.
40. Salzman C, Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS. Long v short half-life benzodiazepines in the elderly: kinetics and clinical effects of diazepam and oxazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40: 293–7.
41. Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Eckardt B, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Repeated diazepam dosing in cirrhotic patients: cumulation and sedation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 33: 471–6.
42. Greenblatt DJ, Abernethy DR, Morse DS, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Clinical importance of the interaction of diazepam and cimetidine. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1639–43.
43. Scavone JM, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Kinetic and dynamic interaction of brotizolam and ethanol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 21: 197–204.
44. Shader RI, Dreyfuss D, Gerrein JR, Harmatz JS, Allison SJ, Greenblatt DJ. Sedative effects and impaired learning and recall after single oral doses of lorazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 39: 526–9.
45. Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Moschitto LJ, Shader RI. Electron-capture gas Chromatographic analysis of the triazolobenzodiazepines alprazolam and triazolam. J Chromatogr 1981; 225: 202–7.
46. Friedman H, Greenblatt DJ, Burstein ES, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Population study of triazolam pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 22: 639–42.
47. Association of Sleep Disorders Centers and the Association for the Psycho-physiological Study of Sleep. Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders: 1979 first edition. Sleep 1979; 2:1–154.
48. Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Guilleminault C, Zarcone VP, Spiegel R. Self-reports versus sleep laboratory findings in 122 drug-free subjects with complaints of chronic insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 1976; 133: 1382–8.
49. Frankel BL, Coursey RD. Buchbinder R, Snyder F. Recorded and reported sleep in chronic primary insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 615–23.
50. Coates TJ, Killen JD, George J, et al. Discriminating good sleepers from insomniacs using all-night polysomnograms conducted at home. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982; 170: 224–30.
51. Kales A, Kales JD. Evaluation and treatment of insomnia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
52. Mellinger GD, Baiter MB, Uhlenhuth EH. Insomnia and its treatment: prevalence and correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 225–32.
53. Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Burstein ES. Lack of influence of cigarette smoking on triazolam pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 23: 759–63.