The prevention of diphtheria in canada and britain 1914-1945

Journal of Social History

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1986, Pages 163-176

  Lewis, Jane ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANADA; DIPHTHERIA; HISTORY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; UNITED KINGDOM;

CANADA; DIPHTHERIA; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MODERN; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE;

EID: 0022939436     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: 15271897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/20.1.163     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. N.E. McKinnon, Mary A. Ross, and R.D. Defries, “Reduction in Diphtheria in 36, 000 Toronto School Children as a Result of an Immunization Campaign, ” Canadian Public Health Journal (hereafter CPHJ) 22 (1931): 217-233.
2. J.G. FitzGerald, “Diphtheria Toxoid as an Immunizing Agent, ” CPHJ 18 (1927): 201-209.
3. J.G. FitzGerald, “Diphtheria Toxoid in the Prevention of Diphtheria in Canada” Canadian Medical Association Journal 23 (1930): 178-183.
4. J.G. FitzGerald, D.T. Fraser and N.E. McKinnon, “Diphtheria a Preventable Disease, ” Lancerl (1933): 391-396
5. Claude E. Dolman’s review, “Landmarks and Pioneers in the Control of Diphtheria, ” CPHJ 64 (1973): 317-336.
6. H.J. Parish, Victory with Vaccines. The Story of Immunization (Edinburgh, 1968), p. 95.
7. Sidney Chave, “The Medical Officer of Health, 1847-1974, ” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 67 (1974): 1243-1247.
8. Cited in “The Case for Diphtheria Immunization, ” Editorial, Public Health 53 (1940): 119.
9. Fitz Gerald et al., “Diphtheria: a preventable disease.”
10. O. Dolman, “Landmarks and Pioneers.”
11. Robert D. Defries, The First Forty Years, 1914-1955: Connaught Medical Research Laboratories, University of Toronto (Toronto, 1968).
12. R. Prigge, “The Development of Diphtheria Vaccines, ” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 13 (1955): 473-478, reviews the work done on the conversion of toxin and toxoid.
13. Provincial Archives of Ontario (PAO), RG 62, B-l-b, Box 439, “Diphtheria Antitoxin for the Prevention and Cure of Diphtheria” 1919.
14. Quoted in PAO, RG 8, I-l-A-1, Box 16, J.W.S. McCullough, Chief Officer of Health to W.J. Hanna, Provincial Secretary, 12/13/15.
15. PAO, RG 8, I-l-A-1, Box 16, Memorandum for the Provincial Secretary on Improvements in Public Health work during the Past Ten Years, 15/2/15.
16. PAO, RG 62, A-l, Box 332, R.W. Defries to McCullough, 19/2/25.
17. J.G. FitzGerald, “Diphtheria Toxoid as an Immunizing Agent, ” Canadian Medical Association Journal (1927): 524-529.
18. F. Adams, “Immunization Against Diphtheria” CPHJ 19 (1928): 51-56.
19. PAO, RG 62, A-l, Box 332, “Department of Health Memorandum on How to Prevent Diphtheria, ” 1926.
20. A.L. McKay, and D.T. Fraser, “The Prevention of Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever” text of a radio talk prepared for the Canadian Social Hygiene Council, CPHJ 16 (1926): 521-524.
21. Gordon Bates, “Diphtheria Toxoid Week in Toronto, ” CPHJ 29 (1938): 578-582.
22. O. Dolman, “Landmarks and Pioneers, ” p. 320.
23. PRO, MH 55/299, Conference at the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever Prophylaxis, 17-19/6/31.
24. Elwin H.T. Nash and J. Graham Forbes, “Diphtheria and Immunization: its possibilities and difficulties, ” Public Health 46 (1933): 245-271; and “Prophylaxis of Measles, Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria, ” Editorial, British Medical Journal (hereafter BMJ) 1 (1934): 290-291.
25. S.M. Copeman, Report on Diphtheria, Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects for the Ministry of Health #10 (London, 1921), p. 2.
26. “Toxoid and Toxoid-antitoxin in Diphtheria Immunization, ” Editorial, BMJ 2 (1929): 2-3.
27. “Now is the Time, ” Editorial, CPHJ 19 (1928): 383.
28. Elwin H.T. Nash and J. Graham Forbes, “Diphtheria Immunization: its possibilities and difficulties.” Reports on the Canadian trials had already appeared: Mary A. Ross and Neil E. McKinnon, “The Efficacy of Toxoid in Controlling Diphtheria” CPHJ 22 (1933): 496-500.
29. “Diphtheria Prophylaxis, ” Medical Officer 57 (1937): 12.
30. PRO, MH 55/712, Dale to Carnwath, 7/4/37.
31. PRO, MH 55/297, “Memorandum on the Supply and Early Administration of Diphtheria Antitoxin and on the use of the Schick Test and Methods of Active Immunization for the Prevention of Diphtheria, ” June 1922; and PRO, MH 55/298, Newman to Eaton, 19/5/28.
32. F.S. Burke, “The Administrative Control of the Diphtheria Toxoid Campaign in Toronto, ” CPHJ 21 (1930): 209-218.
33. J. Graham Forbes, The Prevention of Diphtheria, MRC Special Report #115 (London, 1972).
34. “The LCC and Diphtheria Immunization, ” Medical Officer 38 (1927): p. 252.
35. In fact the technique used for swabbing was often poor as Guy Bousfield pointed out in “Ineffective Swabbing in Diphtheria Epidemics, ” Lancet 1 (1930): 633.
36. James Grant, “An Investigation of Diphtheria Carriers, ” BMJ 2 (1931): 566.
37. S.F. Dudley et al., Active Immunization against Diphtheria: its effect on the distribution of antitoxin immunity and case and carrier infection, MCR Special Report #195 (London, 1934).
38. “Medicine and the State, ” Editorial, Medical Officer 44 (1930): 245.
39. J. Graham Forbes, Diphtheria Past and Present: Its Aetiology, Distribution, Transmission and Prevention (London, 1931).
40. “Diphtheria Immunization” Editorial, Medical Officer 48 (1932): 188.
41. Diphtheria Prevention in London, ” Editorial, Lancet 1 (1932): 687.
42. PRO, MH 55/299, Newman to O’Brien, 2/11/31.
43. Memorandum 170, Nov. 1932.
44. Diphtheria, ” Editorial, Medical Officer 60 (1938): 245.
45. H.J. Parish, A History of Immunization (Edinburgh: E.S. Livingstone), pp. 151-153.
46. PRO, MH 55/715, North to Montmorency, 5/2/38.
47. J. Graham Forbes, “Progress of Diphtheria Prevention: a survey and some results” BMJ 2 (1937): 1209-1213.
48. PRO, MH 55/715, Sir A.S. MacNalty’s note, 1/4/38.
49. PRO, MH 55/1748, World League Against Vivisection to W.A. Robins, 6/3/22 and PRO, MH 55/1749, cutting from The Times 9/3/22.
50. G.H. Dart, “Innoculation Against Diphtheria, ” Medical Officer 53 (1935): 217-9.
51. Paul Adolphus Bator, “The Health Reformers Versus the Common Canadian: the controversy over compulsory vaccination against smallpox in Toronto and Ontario, 1900-1920, " Ontario History LXXV (Dec 1983): 349-373.
52. PRO, MH 55/715, Dr. Hutchinson’s note, 31/3/38.
53. PRO, MH 55/711, Ledingham to MacNalty, 20/22/39.
54. On evacuation see R.M. Titmuss, Problems in Social Policy (London, 1950).
55. PRO, MH 55/715, Ministry of Health to the Clerk of Heanor UDC, 31/1/39.
56. PRO, MH 55/716, Minute 22/11/39. The file also includes a record of the inquiries made by councils throughout 1939.
57. PRO, MH 55/715, Royal College of Physicians to MacNalty, 26/1/40.
58. Ministry of Health, “Diphtheria Prophylaxis, ” Circ. 2220, 22/11/40.
59. Ministry of Health, “Diphtheria Prophylaxis, ” Circ. 2230, 7/12/40.
60. Dolman, “Landmarks and Pioneers, " p. 320.
61. PRO, MH 55/1743, D.J. Ingram to Mr. Dark, 7/4/41.
62. “Diphtheria Immunization, ” Medical Officer 68 (1942): 143, and 69 (1943).
63. “Social Survey on Diphtheria, ” Public Health 60 (1946): 4.
64. See Paul Adolphus Bator, “Saving Lives on the Wholesale Plan: public health reform in the city of Toronto, 1900-1930, ” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1979; and Janice Dickin McGinnis, “From Health to Welfare. Federal Government Policies Regarding Stardards of Public Health for Canadians, 1919-1945” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, 1980.
65. PAO, RG 8 I-l-A, Box 65, Minister's Office, Ottawa to Principal Secretary, 24/8/17.
66. Bator, “Saving Lives on the Wholesale Plan, ” p. 313.
67. Quoted in Idem.
68. For example, Charles Thompson, “The Medical Profession of the Future” Medical Officer 53 (1935): 165-168.
69. R.M.F. Picken, “The Changing Relations between the Medical Officer of Health and the Medical Profession, ” Public Health 52 (1929): 262.
70. Charles Webster, “Healthy or Hungry Thirties?” History Workshop Journal 13 (1982): 110-129.
71. “The Menace of the Clinic, ” Editorial, Lancet 2 (1928): 174-175.