Multiple opioid systems and pain

Pain

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 1986, Pages 303-347

  Millan, Mark J ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

analgesia; antinociception; endogenous opioid peptides; endorphins; opioids

Indexed keywords

BETA ENDORPHIN; DYNORPHIN; ENDORPHIN; ENKEPHALIN; METENKEPHALIN; NALOXONE; OPIATE; OPIATE RECEPTOR;

ANALGESIA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHRONIC PAIN; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG THERAPY; ETIOLOGY; HUMAN; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURVEY; THERAPY;

ANIMAL; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHRONIC DISEASE; ENDORPHINS; HUMAN; PAIN; PITUITARY GLAND; RATS; RECEPTORS, OPIOID; SPINAL CORD; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T;

EID: 0022886435     PISSN: 03043959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(86)90158-2     Document Type: Review

References (302)

1. Failure of naloxone to reverse analgesia from transcutaneous electrical stimulation in patients with chronic pain
2. Antinociceptive studies of the optical isomers of N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10,047)
3. Naloxone reversal of analgesia produced by brain stimulation in the human
4. 3H-β-endorphin to rat brain membranes: characterization of opiate properties and interaction with ACTH
5. Appearance of β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular fluid upon analgesic electrical stimulation
6. Enkephalin-like material in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients after analgetic focal stimulation
7. The many possible roles of opioids and related peptides in stress-induced analgesia
8. Peptide F (pro-enkephalin fragment): radioimmunoassay and stress-induced changes in adrenal
9. Endorphins and pain-relief
10. Pain control by sensory stimulation
11. Contribution of neurochemical change to stress-induced behavioural deficits
12. Endogenous opioids in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in idiopathic headache sufferers
13. Plasma measures of beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin-like immunoreactivity in chronic pain syndrome and psychiatric subjects
14. Intermittent hypo-endorphinaemia in migraine attack
15. Immunoreactive dynorphin B in sacral primary afferent fibres of the cat
16. Endogenous pain control systems; brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry
17. Effects of intrathecal ACTH on opiate analgesia in the rat
18. Effects of SKF 10,047 compared with other opiates in various nociceptive tests
19. Evidence for an action of morphine and the enkephalins on sensory nerve endings in the mouse peritoneum
20. Glucocorticoids regulate proopiomelanocortin gene expression in vivo at the levels of transcription and secretion
21. Types of stress which induce analgesia
22. Pain threshold changes in rats following central injection of beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, vasopressin or oxytocin antisera
23. Analgesic responses following adrenal demedullation and peripheral catecholamine depletion
24. Important clinical aspects of acute and chronic pain
25. Sound stimulation and its effects on the pituitary-adrenocortical function and brain catecholamines in rats
26. Antinociceptive potencies of β-casomorphin analogs as compared to their affinities towards μ and δ opiate receptor sites in brain and periphery
27. Effects of housing density on nociception of heat and pressure and the hyperalgesic actions of naloxone and MR 1452
28. Pain enhances naloxone induced hyperalgesia in humans as assessed by somatosensory-evoked potentials
29. Peripheral stimulation in mice induces short-duration analgesia preventable by naloxone
30. Analgesic efficacy of parenteral metkephamid acetate in treatment of postoperative pain
31. Hyperalgesia new insights
32. Basic and regulatory mechanisms of in vitro release of metenkephalin from the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord
33. Met-enkephalin levels and opiate receptors in the spinal cord of chronic suffering rats
34. Increased levels of met-enkephalin-like material in the CSF of anaesthetized cats after tooth pulp stimulation
35. Pain control by endogenous enkephalins is mediated by mu opioid receptors
36. Inhibition of enkephalin metabolism by and antinociceptivc activity of bestatin, an aminopeptide inhibitor
37. Analgesic activity of intracerebroventricular administration of morphiceptin and β-casomorphin: correlation with the morphine (μ) receptor binding affinity
38. Naloxone fails to reverse pain thresholds elevated by acupuncture: acupuncture analgesia reconsidered
39. Foot-shock induced analgesia in mice: its reversal by naloxone and cross-tolerance with morphine
40. Relationship of yeast-injection induced changes in brain metenkephalin and analgesia
41. Potentiation of stress-induced analgesia (SIA) by Thiorphan and its blockade by naloxone
42. 2-enkephalinamide analgesia in rats by Thiorphan
43. 5-enkephalin (YGGFM) metabolism and on electroacupuncture antinociception
44. Increased β-endorphin but not met-enkephalin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acupuncture for chronic pain
45. Can chronic pain be suppressed despite purported tolerance to narcotic analgesia?
46. Self-administration of the analgesic suprofen in arthritic rats: evidence of Mycobacterium butyricum-induced arthritis as an experimental model of chronic pain
47. Effects of capsaicin on inflammation and on the substance P content of nervous tissues in rats with adjuvant arthritis
48. Further evidence validating adjuvant arthritis as an experimental model of chronic pain in the rat
49. The effects of prior fentanyl administration and of pain on fentanyl analgesia: tolerance to and enhancement of narcotic analgesia
50. Ventilatory response to adjuvant arthritis in the rat
51. Antagonism of morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
52. 1–9 are ligands for the κ-subtype of opiate receptor
53. Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids
54. Multiple opioid peptides and the modulation of pain: immunohistochemical analysis of dynorphin and enkephalin in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and spinal cord of the rat
55. Opiate receptor binding sites in human spinal cord
56. Serum β-endorphin in rheumatic disorders
57. Contrast medium causes the apparent increase in β-endorphin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid following brain stimulation
58. Cross-tolerance between morphine and the long-term analgesic reaction to inescapable shock
59. Spinal and trigeminal mechanisms of nociception
60. Distinct distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin and leucine-enkephalin in various populations of isolated chromaffin cells
61. Identification of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the human adrenal medulla
62. Primary headaches: reduced circulating β-lipotropin and β-endorphin levels with impaired reactivity to acupuncture
63. Afferent fibres mediate the increase of met-enkephalin elicited in rat spinal cord by localized pain
64. Dynorphin-related peptides cause motor dysfunction in the rat through a non-opiate action
65. Inflammatory pain, prostaglandin hyperalgesia and the development of peripheral analgesics
66. Prostaglandin hyperalgesia: the peripheral analgesic activity of morphine, enkephalins and opioid antagonists
67. Prostaglandin hyperalgesia: the relevance of the peripheral effect for the analgesic action of opioid antagonists
68. Levels of β-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid after electrical brain stimulation: artifact of contrast infusion?
69. Multiple opiate receptor sites on primary afferent fibres
70. Immunocytochemical localization of β-endorphin containing neurones in the rat brain
71. Analgesic effects of kelatorphan, a new highly potent inhibitor of multiple enkephalin degrading enzymes
72. Sympathetic control of tryptophan uptake and morphine analgesia in stressed rats
73. Stability of met-enkephalin content in brain-structures of morphine-dependent or foot-shock-stressed rats
74. Naloxone does not affect pain relief induced by electrical stimulation in man
75. Reactions to ischemic pain interactions between individual situational and naloxone effects
76. Dynorphin: a possible modulatory peptide on morphine or β-endorphin analgesia in mouse
77. Cerebral delta opioid receptors mediate analgesia but not the intestinal motility effects of intracerebroventricularly administered opioids
78. Intrinsic analgesic activity of human beta-lipotropin in rats: comparison with other opioid peptides
79. 1–13: inhibition with other opiate ligand bindings in vitro
80. Dynorphin A: inhibitory effect on other opiate ligand bindings in the mouse brain
81. Endogenous opioid peptides: comparative evaluation of their receptor affinities in the mouse brain
82. Somatic response of ventrobasal thalamic neurons in polyarthritic rats
83. Opiate and opioid peptide effects on brain stem neurones: relevance to nociception and antinociceptive mechanisms
84. Progressive impairment of CSF β-EP levels in migraine sufferers
85. Circulating beta-endorphin at various stages of life possible connections with migraine pathogenesis
86. Interaction between ACTH fragments brain opiate receptors and morphine-induced analgesia
87. 3H]β-endorphin binding in brain
88. Placebo and naloxone can alter post-surgical pain by separate mechanisms
89. Regional distribution of methionine-enkephalin- and betaendorphin-like immunoreactivity in human brain and pituitary
90. Immunoreactive dynorphin in human brain and pituitary
91. Long-term stress-induced analgesia and activation of the opiate system
92. Thiorphan potentiation of stress-induced analgesia in the mouse
93. Effects of systemic naloxone upon ventrobasal thalamus neuronal responses in arthritic rats
94. β-Endorphin and adrenocorticotropin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland
95. β-Endorphin-(1–27) is an antagonist of β-endorphin analgesia
96. Antibody microinjection technique as a tool to clarify the role of opioid peptides in acupuncture analgesia
97. 7-like immunoreactive substances mediate electroacupuncture analgesia in the periaqueductal gray of the rabbit
98. Neurochemical basis of acupuncture analgesia
99. Dynorphin: important mediator for electroacupuncture analgesia in the spinal cord of the rabbit
100. Dynorphin: potent analgetic effect in spinal cord of the rat
101. High and low frequency electroacupuncture analgesia are mediated by different opioid peptides
102. Analgesia induced by intrathecal injection of dynorphin B in the rat
103. Further investigations into the properties of agonists for the k opiate receptor
104. Antinociceptive profile of dynorphin in the rat
105. Comparison of mu-, kappa- and sigma-preferring agonists for effects on spinal nociceptive and other responses in rats
106. Opioid peptides in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
107. Multiple endogenous opioid peptides
108. Stress-induced alterations in the levels of messenger RNA encoding proopiomelanocortin in rat pituitary
109. Multiple opioid ligands and receptors in the control of nociception
110. Opioid peptides derived from pro-enkephalin A but not from pro-enkephalin B are substantial analgesics after administration into brain of mice
111. Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the central grey matter in humans and its reversal by naloxone
112. Analgesia induced by brain stimulation in man: its effect on release on β-endorphin and adrenocorticotropin into cerebrospinal fluid
113. Stimulation of human periaqueductal grey for pain-relief increases immunoreactive β-endorphin in ventricular fluid
114. Intrathecal opioids block a spinal action of substance P in mice functional importance of both μ- and δ-receptors
115. Cross-tolerance studies distinguish morphine- and metkephamid-induced analgesia
116. Extent and control of shock affect naltrexone sensitivity of stress-induced analgesia and reactivity to morphine
117. 5-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu from rat spinal cord in vivo
118. Spinal processing: anatomy and physiology of spinal nociceptive mechanisms
119. Interaction of acute and chronic stress with respiration: modification by naloxone
120. Opioid receptor selectivity of dynorphin gene products
121. Comparison of the antinociceptive action of mu and delta opioid receptor ligands in the periaqueductal grey matter, medial and paramedial ventral medulla in the rat as studied by the microinjection technique
122. Acute and chronic morphine modifies the in vivo release of methionine enkephalin like immunoreactivity from the cat spinal cord and brain
123. Endogenous opiates increase pain tolerance after stress in humans
124. Different changes by acute electric foot-shock of opioid agonist and antagonist receptors in rat brain
125. Sites of analgesic action of dynorphin
126. Analgetic effects of morphine, but not those of the enkephalinase inhibitor thiorphan, are enhanced in arthritic rats
127. Can tolerance to morphine be induced in arthritic rats?
128. Dose-dependent analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of systemic naloxone in arthritic rats
129. Physiological and biochemical concomitants of restraint stress in rats
130. Evidence that stress augments morphine analgesia by increasing brain tryptophan
131. Changes in pituitary POMC mRNA levels
132. Immunocytochemical studies with antisera against Leu-enkephalin and an enkephalin-precursor fragment (BAM-22P) in the rat brain
133. Dynorphin immunocytochemistry in the rat central nervous system
134. Acupuncture relief of chronic pain syndrome correlates with increased plasma met-enkephalin concentrations
135. Release of immunoreactive dynorphin from the isolated guinea-pig small intestine is reduced during peristaltic activity
136. Effects of morphine on noxious stimulation induced release of substance P from rabbit dorsal horn in vivo
137. Noxious stimuli and met-enkephalin release from nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis
138. Lack of effect of morphine and noxious stimuli on the met-enkephalin content in the spinal dorsal horn and nucleus gigantocellularis of the rat
139. The potentiation of spinal analgesia by leucine enkephalin
140. Peptide inhibitor of morphine- and β-endorphin-induced analgesia
141. Possible regulatory function of dynorphin and its clinical implications
142. The role of stimulus-intensity and stress in opioid-mediated analgesia
143. Naloxone dose-dependently produces analgesia and hyperalgesia in postoperative pain
144. A spinal opioid synapse mediates the interaction of spinal and brainstem sites in morphine analgesia
145. The opiate antagonist naloxone enhances clinical pain
146. Opioid and nonopioid mechanisms of stress analgesia
147. Opioid and non-opioid stress analgesia: assessment of tolerance and cross-tolerance with morphine
148. Adrenal medullary enkephalin-like peptides may mediate opioid stress analgesia
149. Are the endorphins active in clinical pain states? Narcotic antagonism in chronic pain patients
150. Spinal and supra-spinal opioid analgesia in the mouse: the role of sub-populations of opioid binding sites
151. Endogenous opioid peptides: multiple agonists and receptors
152. Corticosterone: a critical factor in an opioid form of stress-induced analgesia
153. Increase in potencies of opioid peptides after peptidase inhibition
154. Autoradiographic localization of μ- and δ-opioid receptors in the forebrain of the rat
155. Stress-induced parallel changes in central opioid levels and pain responsiveness in the rat
156. Opiate antagonists and long-term analgesic reaction induced by inescapable shock in rats
157. 5-enkephalin and cholecystokinin substances
158. The effects of morphine- and nalorphine-like drugs in the non-dependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog
159. Multiple opiate receptors in human brain: an autoradiographic investigation
160. Electrophysiological characteristics of dorsal horn cells in rats with cutaneous inflammation resulting from chronic arthritis
161. Serotonin-containing neurones: their possible role in pain and analgesia
162. Adrenocortical activity during and after stress with respect to adaptation
163. Depletion of central β-endorphin blocks midbrain stimulation produced analgesia in the rat
164. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: relationship to brain and pituitary pools of vasopressin and oxytocin as compared to dynorphin, β-endorphin and related opioid peptides in the rat
165. Lesions of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus modify discrete brain and pituitary pools of dynorphin in addition to β-endorphin in the rat
166. Endorphins and nociception: an overview
167. Stress and endogenous opioid peptides: a review
168. Anxiolytic properties of opiates and endogenous opioid peptides and their relationship to the actions of benzodiazepines
169. The endocrinology of the opioids
170. Lesions of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus produce a temporary hyperalgesia and attenuate the analgesia evoked by stress
171. Vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat spinal cord: distribution and origins in comparison to met-enkephalin, dynorphin and related opioids and their irresponsiveness to stimuli modulating neurohypophyseal secretion
172. A model of chronic pain in the rat: response of multiple opioid systems to adjuvant-induced arthritis
173. Functional response of multiple opioid systems to chronic arthritic pain in the rat
174. Lesions of the ventral noradrenergic (norepinephrinergic) bundle affect brain and pituitary pools of endorphins and the response of these to stress in rats
175. Chronic pain in the rat: selective alterations in CNS and pituitary pools of dynorphin as compared to vasopressin
176. Spinal cord dynorphin may modulate nociception via a κ-opioid receptor in chronic arthritic rats
177. Stress-induced release of brain and pituitary β-endorphin: major role of endorphins in generation of hyperthermia not analgesia
178. Vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat spinal cord: analysis of their role in control of nociception
179. The influence of foot-shock stress upon brain, pituitary and spinal cord pools of immunoreactive dynorphin in rats
180. Involvement of dynorphin and the kappa opioid receptor in feeding
181. 5-enkephalin (DADL) in cancer patients with chronic pain
182. Beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in rat plasma: variations in response to different stimuli
183. Contribution of different opioid systems to foot-shock induced analgesia and motor suppression
184. Analgesic effects of dynorphin A in mice
185. Plasma opioid levels in post-traumatic chronic headache and trigeminal neuralgia: maintained response to acupuncture
186. Analgesic activity of substance P in rats: tolerance and crosstolerance with enkephalin
187. Blockade by met-enkephalin antiserum of analgesia induced by substance P in mice
188. Analgesic activity of substance P in rats: apparent mediation by met-enkephalin release
189. Localization of opiate and histamine H-receptors in the primate sensory ganglia and spinal cord
190. Opioid activity released from cat spinal cord by sciatic nerve stimulation
191. ‘γ-MSH’ fragments from ACTH-β-LPH precursor have an affinity for opiate receptors
192. Effects of morphine and naloxone on painful reaction in normal and chronic suffering rats
193. Intrathecal delta-receptor ligand produces analgesia in man
194. β-Endorphin, met-enkephalin and β-lipotropin in chronic pain and electroacupuncture
195. Plasma β-endorphin and met-enkephalin in physiological and pathological conditions
196. κ-Receptor antagonist reverses ‘non-opioid’ stress-induced analgesia
197. The binding and analgesic properties of a sigma opiate, SKF 10,047
198. A comparative study in rats of the respiratory depression and analgesia induced by μ- and δ-opioid agonists
199. Psychopharmacology of analgesia and pain
200. 1–17
201. Opiate receptor binding sites in human brain
202. U-50,488H: a pure kappa receptor agonist with spinal analgesia loci in the mouse
203. Analgesic activity of intraspinally administered dynorphin and ethyl-ketocyclazocine
204. A new method for the evaluation of analgesic activity using adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat
205. Distribution and characterization of opioid peptides derived from pro-enkephalin A in human and rat central nervous system
206. Roles of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in spinal and supraspinal mediation of gastrointestinal transit effects and hot-plate analgesia in the mouse
207. Characterization and localization of immunoreactive dynorphin, α-neoendorphin and substance P in human spinal cord
208. The influence of selective adeno- and neurointermedio-hypophysectomy upon plasma and brain levels of β-endorphin and their response to stress in rats
209. Mixed opioid/non-opioid effects of dynorphin and dynorphinrelated peptides after their intrathecal injection in rats
210. Opioid peptides, particularly dynorphin and chronic pain
211. Analgesic effects of μ-, δ- and κ-opiate agonists and, in particular, dynorphin at the spinal level
212. Peptide E and other pro-enkephalin-derived peptides are potent kappa opiate receptor agonists
213. 3H]ethylketocyclazocine binding sites in rat and guinea pig brain
214. Autoradiographic distribution of mu and delta opiate receptors in rat brain using highly selective ligands
215. 7-induced analgesia
216. Dynorphin-A-(1–13) antagonizes morphine analgesia in the brain and potentiates morphine analgesia in the spinal cord
217. Inhibition of inflammatory pain by naloxone and its N-methyl quaternary analogue
218. Local inhibition of inflammatory pain by naloxone and its N-methyl quaternary analogue
219. Opiate receptors
220. 5-enkephalin immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamus
221. 5]-enkephalin containing peptides derived from a common precursor: evaluation of opioid activity in in vitro bioassays
222. Comparison of analgesic potencies of mu, delta and kappa agonists locally applied to various CNS regions relevant to analgesia in rats
223. Studies on spinal opiate receptor pharmacology. III. Analgetic effects of enkephalin dimers as measured by cutaneous-thermal and visceral-chemical evoked responses
224. In vivo studies on spinal opiate receptor systems mediating antinociception. II. Pharmacological profiles suggesting a differential association of mu, delta and kappa receptors with visceral chemical and cutaneous thermal stimuli
225. Naloxone can alter experimental pain and mood in humans
226. Differentiation of opiate receptors in the brain by the selective development of tolerance
227. Pharmacological characterization of the ϵ-opiate receptor
228. Metabolism of enkephalins and the inactivating neuropeptidase concept
229. In vivo autoradiography: visualization of stress-induced changes in opiate receptor occupancy in the rat brain
230. Evidence for a selective processing of proenkephalin B into different opioid peptide forms in particular regions of rat brain and pituitary
231. Pulse-chase studies of the POMC/β-endorphin system in the pituitary of acutely and chronically stressed rats
232. Opioid receptor impairment: underlying mechanism in pain disease?
233. Simultaneous determination of radio-immuno-assayable methionine-enkephalin and radioreceptoractive opioid peptides in CSF of chronic pain suffering and non-suffering patients
234. The influence of naloxone on analgesia produced by peripheral conditioning stimulation
235. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of endorphins after electroacupuncture
236. Effects of naloxone and post-operative pain and steroid-induced analgesia
237. Peripheral antinociceptive effects of N-methyl morphine
238. 1–24 blocks opiate-induced analgesia in the rat
239. Characterization of dynorphin A-induced antinociception at spinal level
240. Naloxone fails to reverse hypnotic alleviation of chronic pain
241. Opioid peptide immunoreactivity in spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn neurones projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat
242. Brain and adrenal hydroxylase activity after chronic foot-shock stress
243. Brain adrenergic receptors and resistance to stress
244. Naloxone-inaccessible σ-receptor in rat central nervous system
245. 5-enkephalin from rat spinal cord
246. 7 (YGGFMRF) and met-enkephalin (YGGFM) from spinal cord induced by substance P in vivo
247. Opioid and non-opioid mechanisms of stress-analgesia: lack of cross-tolerance between Stressors
248. Intrinsic mechanisms of pain inhibition: activation by stress
249. 5-enkephalin after chronic spinal morphine infusion
250. 5-enkephalin infusion
251. 5-enkephalin and β-endorphin in anaesthetized rats
252. Release of immunoreactive metenkephalin from the spinal cord by intraventricular β-endorphin but not morphine in anesthetized rats
253. Non-opiate analgesia induced by chronic brain stimulation for intractable pain
254. Thalamic relay nucleus stimulation for relief of intractable pain. Clinical results and β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid
255. Possible physiological control of morphine analgesia in mice
256. Possible regulatory role of dynorphin on morphine- and β-endorphin-induced analgesia
257. In vivo evidence for multiple opiate receptors mediating analgesia in the rat spinal cord
258. A classification of opiate receptors that mediate antinociception in animals
259. Characterization of a κ-agonist-like antinociceptive action of tifluadom
260. Differentiation of potent μ- and κ-opiate agonists using heat and pressure antinociceptive profiles and combined potency analysis
261. Differential effects of leucine and methionine enkephalin on morphine-induced analgesia, acute tolerance and dependence
262. Hypothalamic deafferentation in the rat appears to discriminate between the anterior lobe and intermediate lobe response to stress
263. Endorphins in CSF of chronic pain patients, in relation to augmenting-reducing responses in visual average evoked response
264. The importance of the endorphin systems in chronic pain patients
265. Fraction I endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical studies
266. Kappa opioid analgesia is dependent on serotoninergic mechanisms
267. Non-opioid pathways suppress pain in humans
268. Evidence for homologous actions of pro-opiocortin products
269. Dynorphin(1–17): lack of analgesic but evidence for non-opiate electrophysiological and motor effects
270. Des-tyrosine-dynorphin antagonizes morphine analgesia
271. Relative involvement of mu, kappa and delta receptor mechanisms in opiate-mediated antinociception in mice
272. Organization of endogenous opiate and non-opiate pain control systems
273. Dynorphin and vasopressin: common localization in magnocellular neurones
274. Metorphamide: isolation, structure and biological activity of an amidated opioid octapeptide from bovine brain
275. Changes in brain and spinal tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels following acute morphine administration in normal and arthritic rats
276. Changes in total and free tryptophan levels in serum following acute morphine administration in arthritic rats
277. Intrathecal administration of β-endorphin and dynorphin(1–13) for the treatment of intractable pain
278. Dynorphin and neoendorphin peptides decrease dorsal root ganglion neuron calcium-dependent action potential duration
279. Opioid peptides with differential affinity for mu- and delta-receptors decrease sensory neurone calcium dependent action potentials
280. Diurnal differences in enkephalin levels correlated with nociceptive sensitivity
281. Chronic stress induces increased brain β-endorphin content which is prevented by hypophysectomy
282. Stress-induced analgesia in humans: endogenous opioids and naloxonereversible depression of pain reflexes
283. Neurones in the frontal cortex of the rat carry multiple opiate receptors
284. Spinal analgesia; comparison of the mu agonist morphine and the kappa agonist ethylketacyclazocine
285. The preference of putative proenkephalins for different types of opiate receptors
286. Electroacupuncture analgesia blocked by microinjection of anti-beta-endorphin antiserum into periaqueductal grey of the rabbit
287. In vivo studies on spinal opiate receptor systems mediating antinociception, I. Mu and delta receptor profiles in the primate
288. Spinal opiate analgesia: characteristics and principles of action
289. Factors governing release of methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity from mesencephalon and spinal cord of the cat in vivo
290. 5]enkephalin
291. Intrathecal morphine inhibits substance P release from mammalian spinal cord in vivo
292. Studies of the release by somatic stimulation from rat and cat spinal cord of active materials which displace dihydromorphine in an opiate-binding assay
293. Opioid peptides in the adrenal gland
294. Distribution of β-endorphin-related peptides in rat pituitary and brain
295. A dynorphinergic pathway of Leu-enkephalin production in rat substantia nigra
296. Opioid actions on mammalian spinal neurones
297. Multiple opiate receptors on neurones of the mammalian nervous system. In vivo and in vitro studies
298. Behavioural and biochemical stereoselectivity of sigma opiate/PCP receptors
299. The case of multiple opiate receptors