Role of Epidermal Growth Factor in Carcinogenesis

Cancer Research

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 1986, Pages 1030-1037

  Stoscheck, Christa M ^a   King, Lloyd E ^b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR;

CARCINOGENESIS; CELL GROWTH; ETIOLOGY; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMAL; CARCINOGENS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; HUMAN; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; NEOPLASMS; ONCOGENE PROTEINS, VIRAL; ONCOGENES; PEPTIDES; RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORS;

EID: 0022551229     PISSN: 00085472     EISSN: 15387445     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Carpenter, G. Epidermal growth factor. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 57: 90-126,1981.
2. Carpenter, G., and Cohen, S. Human epidermal growth factor and the proliferation of human fibroblasts. J. Cell Physiol., 88: 227-237,1976.
3. King, L. E., Jr., and Carpenter, G. F. Biochemistry and physiology of the skin. In: L. Goldsmith (ed.), Epidermal Growth Factor, Ed. 1, pp. 269-281. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
4. Byyny, R. L., Orth, D. N., Cohen, S., and Doyne, E. S. Epidermal growth factor: effects of androgens and adrenergic agents. Endocrinology, 95; 776-782,1974.
5. Turkington, R. W., Males, J. L., and Cohen, S. Synthesis and storage of epithelial-epidermal growth factor in submaxiHary gland. Cancer Res., 31: 252-256,1971.
6. Elder, J. B., Williams, G., Lacey, E., and Gregory, H. Cellular localization of human urogastrone/epidermal growth factor. Nature (Lond.), 271:464-467, 1978.
7. Fallon, J. H., Loughlin, S. E., Morrison, R. S., and Bradshaw, R. A. Epidermal growth factor immunoreactive material in the central nervous system: location and development. Science (Wash. DC), 224:1107-1109,1984.
8. Oka, Y., and Orth, D. N. Human plasma epidermal growth factor/beta–urogastrone is associated with blood platelets. J. Clin. Invest., 72:249-259, 1983.
9. Shikata, H., Utsumi, N., Hiramatsu, M., Minami, N., Nemoto, N., and Shidata, T. Immunohistochemical localization of nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor in guinea pig prostate gland. Histochemistry, 80: 411-413, 1984.
10. Gregory, H., Walsh, S., and Hopkins, C. R. The identification of urogastrone in serum, saliva and gastric juice. Gastroenterology, 77; 313-318,1979.
11. Stoscheck, C. M., and Carpenter, G. Characteristics of antibodies to the epidermal growth factor receptor-kinase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 227:457-468,1983.
12. Stoscheck, C. M., and King, L. E., Jr. Characteristics of EGF and its receptor and their relationship to transforming proteins. J. Cell. Biochem., in press, 1986.
13. Kirkland, W. L., Yang, N. S., Jorgensen, T., Langley, C., and Furmanski, P. Growth of normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells in culture. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 63:29-39,1979.
14. Westermark, B. Density dependent proliferation of human glia cells stimulated by epidermal growth factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 69; 304-309,1976.
15. Cooper, J. A., and Hunter, T. Similarities and differences between the effects of epidermal growth factor and Rous sarcoma virus. J. Cell Biol., 91: 878-883,1981.
16. Gill, G. N., and Lazar, C. S. Increased phosphotyrosine content and inhibition of proliferation in EGF-treated A431 cells. Nature (Lond.), 293: 305-307, 1981.
17. Hunter, T., and Cooper, J. A. Epidermal growth factor induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in A-431 human tumor cells. CeH, 24: 741-752, 1981.
18. Nakamura, K. D., Martinez, R., and Weber, M. J. Tyrosine phosphorylation of specific proteins after mitogen stimulation of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Mol. Cell Biol., 3; 380-390,1983.
19. Barnes, D., and Colowick, S. P. Stimulation of sugar uptake in cultured fibroblast by EGF and EGF-binding arginine esterase. J. Cell Physiol., 89: 633-640,1976.
20. Diamond, I., Legg, A., Schneider, J. A., and Rozengurt, E. Glycolysis in quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem., 253: 866-871,1978.
21. DiPasquale, A., White, D., and McGuire, J. Epidermal growth factor stimulates putresdne transport and ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultivated human fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res., 16: 317-323,1978.
22. Muller, R., Bravo, R., Burckhardt, J., and Curran, T. Induction of c-fos and protein by growth factors precedes activation of c-myc. Nature (Lond.), 312: 716-720,1984.
23. Bishop, J. M. Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 52: 301-354,1983.
24. Chen, L. B., Gudor, R. C., Sur, T. T., Chen, A. B., and Mosesson, M. W. Control of a cell surface major glycoprotein by epidermal growth factor. Science (Wash. DC), 197: 776-778,1977.
25. Eaton, D. L., and Baker, J. B. Phorbol ester and mitogens stimulated human fibroblast secretion of plasmin-activatabte plasminogen activator and protease nexin, an antiactivator/antiplasmin. J. Cell Biol., 97:323-328,1983.
26. Hashimoto, K., Singer, K. H., Lide, W. B., Shafran, K., Weber, P., Morioka, S., and Lazarus, G. S. Plasminogen activator in cultured human epidermal cells. J. Invest. Dermatol., 81:424-429,1983.
27. Lee, L. S., and Weinstein, I. B. Epidermal growth factor, like phorbol esters, induces plasminogen activator in HeLa cells. Nature (Lond.), 274: 696-697, 1978.
28. Kamata, T., and Feramisco, J. R. Epidermal growth factor stimulates guanine nucleotide binding activity and phosphorylation of ras oncogene proteins. Nature (Lond.), 310:147-150,1984.
29. Sherwin, S. A., Twardzik, D. R., Bohn, W. H., Cockley, K. D., and Todaro, G. J. High-molecular-weight transforming growth factor activity in the urine of patients with disseminated cancer. Cancer Res., 43:403-407,1983.
30. Twardzik, D. R., Sherwin, S. A., Ranchalis, J., and Todaro, G. J. Transforming growth factors in the urine of normal, pregnant, and tumor-bearing humans. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 69: 793-798,1982.
31. Anzano, M. A., Roberts, A. B., Smith, J. M., Spom, M. B., and DeLarco, J. E. Sarcoma growth factor from conditioned medium of virally transformed cells is composed of both type a and type β transforming growth factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80: 6264-6268,1983.
32. Carpenter, G., Stoscheck, C. M., Preston, Y. A., and De Larco, J. E. Antibodies to the epidermal growth factor receptor block the biological activities of sarcoma growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80: 5627-5630,1983.
33. Roberts, A. B., Anzano, M. A., Lamb, L. C., Smith, L. M., Frolik, C. A., Marquardt, H., Todaro, G. J., and Spom, M. B. Isolation from murine safrcoma cells of novel transforming growth factors potentiated by EGF. Nature (Lond.), 295:417-419,1982.
34. Todaro, G. J., Fryling, C., and DeLarco, J. E. Transforming growth factors produced by certain human tumor cells: polypeptides that interact with epidermal growth factor receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77: 5258-5262,1980.
35. Hamburger, A. W., White, C. P., and Brown, R. W. Effect of epidermal growth factor on proliferation of human tumor cells in soft agar. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 67:825-830,1981.
36. Pathak, M. A., Matrisian, L. M., Magun, B. E., and Salmon, S. E. Effect of epidermal growth factor on donogenic growth of primary human tumor cells. Int. J. Cancer, 30:745-750,1982.
37. Anzano, M. A., Roberts, A. B., Meyers, C. A., Komoriya, A., Lamb, L. C., Smith, J. M., and Spom, M. B. Synergistic interaction of two classes of transforming growth factors from murine sarcoma cells. Cancer Res., 42: 4776-4778,1982.
38. Massague, J. Epidermal growth factor–like transforming growth factor. I. Isolation, chemical characterization and potentiation by other transforming factors from feline sarcoma virus–transformed rat cells. J. Biol. Chem., 258: 13606-13613,1983.
39. Massague, J. Epidermal growth factor–like transforming growth factor. II. Interaction with epidermal growth factor receptors in human placenta membranes and A431 cells. J. Biol. Chem., 258:13614-13620,1983.
40. Reynolds, F. H., Jr., Todaro, G. J., Fryling, C., and Stephenson, J. R. Human transforming growth factors induce tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptors. Nature (Lond.), 292; 259-262,1981.
41. Twardzik, D. R., Todaro, G. J., Reynolds, F. H., and Stephenson, J. R. Similar transforming growth factors (TGFs) produced by cells transformed by different isolates of feline sarcoma virus. Virology, 124: 201-207,1983.
42. Tam, J. P. Physiological effects of transforming growth factor in the newborn mouse. Science (Wash. DC), 229:673-675,1985.
43. Gregory, H. Isolation and structure of urogastrone and its relationship to epidermal growth factor. Nature (Lond.), 257: 325-327,1975.
44. Savage, C. R., Jr., Inagami, T., and Cohen, S. The primary structure of epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem., 247:7612-7621,1972.
45. Marquardt, H., HunkapiNer, M. W., Hood, L. E., and Todaro, G. J. Rat transforming growth factor type 1: structure and relationship to epidermal growth factor. Science (Wash. DC), 223:1079-1082,1984.
46. Derynck, R., Roberts, A. B., Winkler, M. E., Chen, E. Y., and Goeddel, D. V. Human transforming growth factor-alpha: precursor structure and expression in E. coll. Cell, 38: 287-297,1984.
47. Gray, A., Dull, T. J., and Ullrich, A. Nucleotide sequence of epidermal growth factor c–DNA predicts a 128,000-molecular weight protein precursor. Nature (Lond.), 303: 722-725,1983.
48. Scott, J., Urdea, M., Quiroga, M., Sanchez-Prescador, R., Fong, N., Selby, M., Rutter, W. J., and Bell, G. I. Structure of a mouse submaxMlary messenger RNA encoding epidermal growth factor and seven related proteins. Science (Wash. DC), 226: 236-240,1983.
49. Decker, S. J. Effects of epidermal growth factor and 12-O-tetradecanoyl–phorbol-13-acetate on metabolism of the epidermal growth factor receptor in normal human fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol., 4:1718-1724,1984
50. Fisher, P. B., Boersig, M. R., Grahan, G. M., and Weinstein, I. B. Production of growth factors by type 5 adenovirus transformed rat embryo cells. J. Cell. Physiol., 114: 365-370,1983.
51. Imai, Y., Leung, C. K. H., Friesen, H. G., and Shiu, R. P. C. Epidermal growth factor receptors and effect of epidermal growth factor on growth of human breast cancer cells in long-term tissue culture. Cancer Res., 42:4394-4398,1982.
52. Hollenberg, M. D., and Cuatrecasas, P. Insulin and epidermal growth factor. Human-fibroblast receptors related to deoxyribonucleic add synthesis and amino add uptake. J. Biol. Chem., 250:3845-3853,1975.
53. Talha, S., and Harel, L. Early stimulation of ATP turnover induced by growth factors. Synergistic effect of EGF and insulin and correlation with DNA synthesis. Exp. Cell Res., 158: 311-320,1985.
54. Ozanne, B., Fulton, R. J., and Kaplan, P. L. Kirsten murine sarcoma virus transformed cell lines and a spontaneous transformed rat cell line produce transforming factors. J. Cell Physiol., 105:163-180,1980.
55. Twardzik, D. R., Todaro, G. J., Marquardt, H., Reynolds, F. H., and Stephenson, J. R. Transformation by Abelson murine leukemia virus involves production of a polypeptide growth factor. Science (Wash. DC), 216: 894-897, 1982.
56. Roberts, A. B., Anzano, M. A., Wakefield, L. M., Roche, N. S., Stem, D. F., and Spom, M. B. Type β transforming growth factor: a bifunctional regulator of cellular growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82: 119-123,1985.
57. Assoian, R. K., Komoriya, A., Meyer, C. A., Miller, D. M., and Spom, M. B. Transforming growth factor-β in human platelets. J. Biol. Chem., 258:7155-7160,1983.
58. Childs, C. B., Proper, J. A., Tucker, R. F., and Moses, H. L. Serum contains a platelet–derived transforming growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79: 5312-5316,1982.
59. Frolik, C. A., Dart, L. L., Meyers, C. A., Smith, D. A., and Spom, M. B. Purification and initial characterization of a type β transforming growth factor from human placenta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80: 3676-3680, 1983.
60. Proper, J. A., Bjomson, C. L., and Moses, H. L. Mouse embryos contain polypeptide growth factors) capable of indudng a reversible neoplasmic phenotype in non–transformed cells in culture. J. Cell Physiol., 110:169-174, 1982.
61. Roberts, A. B., Anzano, M. A., Lamb, L. C., Smith, J. M., and Spom, M. B. New class of transforming growth factors potentiated by epidermal growth factor: isolation from nonneoplastic tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78: 5339-5343,1981.
62. Roberts, A. B., Frolik, C. A., Anzano, M. A., and Spom, M. B. Transforming growth factors from neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues. Fed. Proc., 42: 2621-2625,1983.
63. Stromberg, K., Pigott, D. A., Ranchalis, J. E., and Twardzik, D. R. Human term placenta contains transforming growth factors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 106:354-361,1982.
64. Matrisian, L. M., Pathak, M., and Magun, B. E. Identification of an epidermal growth factor–related transforming growth factor from rat fetuses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 107:761-769,1982.
65. Nexo, E., Hollenberg, M. D., Figueroa, A., and Pratt, R. M. Detection of EGF–urogastrone and its receptor during fetal mouse development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:2782-2785,1980.
66. Twardzik, D. R., Ranchalis, J. E., and Todaro, G. J. Mouse embryonic transforming growth factors related to those isolated from tumor cells. Cancer Res., 42: 590-593,1982.
67. DeLarco, J. E., Preston, Y. A., and Todaro, G. J. Properties of a sarcoma–growth-factor–like peptide from cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive sarcoma virus. J. Cell Physiol., 109:143-152,1981.
68. Moses, H. L., Branum, E. L., Proper, J. A., and Robinson, R. A. Transforming growth factor production by chemically transformed cells. Cancer Res., 41: 2842-2848,1981.
69. Twardzik, D. R., Todaro, G. J., Reynolds, F. H., and Stephenson, J. R. Similar transforming growth factors (TGFs) produced by cells transformed by different isolates of feline sarcoma virus. Virology, 124: 201-207,1983.
70. Pruss, R. M., Herschman, H. R., and Klement, V. 3T3 variants lacking receptors for epidermal growth factor are susceptible to transformation by Kirsten sarcoma virus. Nature (Lond.), 274:272-274,1978.
71. Betsholtz, C., Heldin, C. H., Nister, M., Ek, B., Wasteson, A., and Westermark, B. Synthesis of a PDGF–like growth factor in human glioma and sarcoma cells suggests the expression of the cellular homologue of the transforming protein of simian sarcoma virus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 117: 176-182,1983.
72. Heldin, C. H., Westermark, B., and Wasteson, A. Chemical and biological properties of a growth factor from human cultured osteosarcoma cells: resemblance with platelet–derived growth factor. J. Cell. Physiol., 105: 235-246,1980.
73. Nister, M., Heldin, C. H., Wasteson, A., and Westermark, B. A glioma-derived analog to platelet–derived growth factor: demonstration of receptor competing activity and immunological cross-reactivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 926-930,1984.
74. Gelman, E. P., Wong-Staal, F., Kramer, R. A., and Gallo, R. C. Molecular cloning and comparative analysis of the genomes of simian sarcoma virus and its associated helper virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78: 3373-3377, 1981.
75. Robbins, K. C., Devare, S. G., and Aaronson, S. A. Molecular doning of integrated simian sarcoma virus: genome organization of infectious DNA clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78: 2918-2922,1981.
76. Stiles, C. D. The molecular biology of platelet–derived growth factor. Cell, 33: 653-655,1983.
77. DeLarco, J. E. and Todaro, G. J. A human fibrosarcoma cell line produdng multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA)–related peptides. Nature (Lond.), 272: 356-358,1978.
78. Bajzer, S., Pavelio, K., and Vuk-Pavlovic, S. Growth self-indtement in murine melanoma B16: a phenomenological model. Science (Wash. DC), 225: 930-932,1984.
79. Knaver, D. J., Iyer, A. P., Banerjee, M. R., and Smith, G. T. Identification of somatomedin–like polypeptides produced by mammary tumors of BALB/c mice. Cancer Res., 40:4368-4372,1980.
80. Pavelic, K., Bolanca, M., Vecek, N., Pavelic, J., Marotti, T., and Vuk-Pavlovic, S. Cardnomas of the cervix and corpus uteri in humans: stage-dependent blood levels of substance(s) immunoiogically cross-reactive with insulin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 68: 891-894,1982.
81. Sherwin, S. A., Sliski, A. H., and Todaro, G. J. Human melanoma cells have both nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor-specific receptors on their cell surfaces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:1288-1292,1979.
82. Gorden, P., Hendricks, C. M., Kahn, C. R., Megyesi, K., and Roth, J. Hypoglycemia assodated with non-islet-cell tumor and insulin–like growth factors. N. Engl. J. Med., 305:1452-1455,1981.
83. Ibbotson, K. J., D'souza, S. M., Ng, K. W., Osborne, C. K., Niaji, M., Martin, T. J., and Mundy, G. R. Tumor-derived growth factor increases bone resorption in a tumor assodated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Science (Wash. DC), 221:1292-1294,1983.
84. Ibbotson, K. J., D'souza, S. M., Smith, D. D., Carpenter, G., and Mundy, G. R. EGF receptor antiserum inhibits bone resorbing activity produced by a rat Leydig cell tumor assodated with the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Endocrinology, 116: 469-471,1985.
85. Kimball, E. S., Bohn, W. H., Cockley, K. D., Warren, T. C., and Sherwin, S. A. Distinct high-performance liquid chromatography pattern of transforming growth factor activity in urine of cancer patients as compared with that of normal individuals. Cancer Res., 44: 3613-3619,1984.
86. Hirata, Y., and Orth, D. N. Epidermal growth factor (urogastrone) in human fluids: size heterogeneity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 48: 673-679,1979.
87. Fisher, P. B., Bozzone, J. H., and Weinstein, I. B. Tumor promoters and epidermal growth factor stimulate anchorage-independent growth of adenovirus–transformed rat embryo cells. Cell, 18: 695-705, 1979.
88. Harrison, J., and Auersperg, N. Epidermal growth factor enhances viral transformation of granulosa cells. Science (Wash. DC), 213:218-219,1981.
89. Land, H., Parada, L. F., and Weinberg, R. A. Cellular oncogenes and multistep cardnogenesis. Science (Wash. DC), 222:771-778,1983.
90. Land, H., Parada. L. F., and Weinberg, R. A. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature (Lond.), 304: 596-602,1983.
91. Newbold, R. F., and Overell, R. W. Fibroblast immortality is a prerequisite for transformation by EJ oHa-ras oncogene. Nature (Lond.), 304: 648-651, 1983.
92. Ruley, H. E. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature (Lond.), 304: 602-606, 1983.
93. Reynolds, V. H., Boehm, F. H., and Cohen, S. Enhancement of chemical cardnogenesis by an epidermal growth factor. Surg. Forum., 16: 108-109, 1965.
94. Rose, S. P., Stahn, R., Passovoy, D. S., and Herschman, H. Epidermal growth factor enhancement of skin tumor induction in mice. Experientia (Basel), 32: 913-915,1976.
95. Friedmann, B., Frackelton, A. R., Jr., Ross, A. H., Connors, J. M., Fujiki, H., Sugimura, T., and Rosner, M. R. Tumor promoters block tyrosine-spedfic phosphorylation on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 3034-3038,1984.
96. King, A. C., and Cuatrecasas, P. Resolution of high and low affinity epidermal growth factor receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 257:3053-3060,1982.
97. Lee, L. S., and Weinstein, I. B. Tumor-promoting phorbol esters inhibit binding of epidermal growth factor to cellular receptors. Science (Wash. DC), 202: 313-315,1978.
98. Lee, L. S., and Weinstein, I. B. Mechanism of tumor promoter inhibition of cellular binding of epidermal growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76: 5168-5172,1979.
99. Singh-Asa, P., and Waters, M. J. Stimulation of adrenal cortisol biosynthesis by epidermal growth factor. Mol. Cell. Endocr., 30:189-199,1983.
100. Feam, J. C., and King, A. C. EGF receptor affinity is regulated by intracellular caldum and protein kinase C. Cell, 40:991-1000,1985.
101. Shoyab, M., DeLarco, J. E., and Todaro, G. J. Biologically active phorbol esters specifically alter affinity of epidermal growth factor membrane receptors. Nature (Lond.), 279: 387-391,1979.
102. Cochet, C., Gill, G. N., Meisenhelder, J., Cooper, J. A., and Hunter, T. C-kinase phosphorylates the epidermal growth factor receptor and reduces Its epidermal growth factor-stimulated tyrosine protein kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem., 259: 2553-2556,1984.
103. Hunter, T., Ling, N., and Cooper, J. A. Protein kinase C phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at a threonine residue dose to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Nature (Lond.), 311: 480-483,1984.
104. Dicker, P., and Rozengurt, E. Synergistic stimulation of early events and DNA synthesis by phorbol esters, polypeptide growth factors, and retinoids in cultured fibroblasts. J. Supramol Struct., 11: 79-93,1979.
105. Frantz, C. N., Stiles, C. D., and Scher, C. D. The tumor promoter 12-0–tetradecanoyl-phortx>l-13-acetate enhances the proliferative response of BALB/3T3 cells to hormone growth factors. J. Cell Physiol., 100: 413-424, 1979.
106. Pruss, R. M., and Herschman, H. R. Variants of 3T3 cells lacking mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74: 3918-3921,1977.
107. Shaw, G. M., Hahn, B. H., Arya, S. K., Groopman, J. E., Gallo, R. C., and Wong-Staal, F. Molecular characterization of human T-cell leukemia (lympho–tropic) virus type III in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Science (Wash. DC), 226: 1165-1172,1984.
108. Acres, R. B., Lamb, J. R., and Feldman, M. Effects of platelet–derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on antigen–induced proliferation of human T-cell lines. Immunology, 54: 9-16,1985.
109. Koch, J. H., Fifis, T., Bender, V. J., and Moss, B. A. Molecular species of epidermal growth factor carrying immunosuppressive activity. J. Cell. Biochem., 25: 45-59,1984.
110. Koch, J. H., and Rowe, J. Immunosuppressive activity of submaxillary gland extracts of the mouse. I. Effect on antibody formation in response to sheep red blood cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 6: 583-588,1976.
111. Roberts, M. L., Freston, J. A., and Reade, P. C. Suppression of immune responsiveness by a submandibular salivary gland factor. Immunology, 30: 811-814,1976.
112. Kongshaun, P. A. L., and Bliss, J. Q. Effect of mouse submandibular gland extracts on survival of H-2 incompatible skin allografts. Immunol., 19: 363-367,1970.
113. Takeda, T., and Grollman, A. Inhibitory action of submaxillary gland on thymus and lymphoid tissues of the mouse. Am. J. Physiol., 215:1337-1342,1968.
114. Yeh, V. C., Scheving, L. A., Tsai, T. H., and Sdieving, L. E. Circadian stage dependent effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic add synthesis in ten different organs of the adult mouse. Endocrinology, 109: 644-651,1984.
115. O'Keefe, E., HoHenberg, M. D., and Cuatrecasas, P. Epidermal growth factor characteristics of specific binding in membranes from liver, placenta and other target tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 164: 518-526,1974.
116. Heldin, C. H., and Westermark, B. Growth factors: mechanism of action and relation to oncogenes. Cell, 37: 9-20,1984.
117. Roussel, M. F., Rettenmier, C. W., Look, A. T., and Sheer, C. J. Cell surface expression of v-fms-coded glycoproteins is required for transformation. Mol. Cell Biol., 4:1999-2009,1984.
118. Sefton, B. M., Hunter, T., Beemon, K., and Eckhart, W. Evidence that the phosphorylation of tyrosine is essential for transformation by Rous sarcoma virus. Cell, 20: 807-816,1980.
119. Erikson, E., Shealy, D. J., and Erikson, R. L. Evidence that viral transforming gene products and epidermal growth factor stimulate phosphorylation with similar specificity. J. Biol. Chem., 256:11381-11384,1981.
120. Pike, L. J., Gallis, B., CasneUie, J. E., Bomstein, P., and Krebs, E. G. Epidermal growth factor stimulates the phosphorylation of synthetic tyrosine containing peptides by A431 cell membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79: 1443-1447,1982.
121. Chinkers, M., and Cohen, S. Purified EGF receptor-kinase interacts specifically with antibodies to Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein. Nature (Lond.), 290: 516-519,1981.
122. Kudlow, J. E., Buss, J. E., and Gill, G. N. Anti-pp60 src antibodies are substrates for EGF-stimulated protein kinase. Nature (Lond.), 290; 519-521, 1981.
123. Downward, J., Yarden, Y., Mayes, E., Scrace, J. G., Totty, N., Stockwell, P., Ullrich, A., Schlessinger, J., and Waterfield, M. D. Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences. Nature (Lond.), 307: 521-527,1984.
124. Ullrich, A., Coussens, L., Hayflick, J. S., Dull, T. J., Gray, A., Tam, A. W., Lee, J., Yarden, Y., Libermann, T. A., Schlessinger, J., Downward, J., Mayes, E. L. V., Whittle, N., Waterfield, M. D., and Seeburg, P. H. Human epidermal growth factor receptor cDNA sequence and aberrant expression on the amplified gene in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. Nature (Lond.), 309:418-425,1984.
125. Decker, S. J. Phosphorylation of the erbB gene product from an avian erythroblastosis virus–transformed chick fibroblast cell line. J. Biol. Chem., 260:2003-2006, 1985.
126. Gilmore, T., DeClue, J. E., and Martin, S. Protein phosphorylation at tyrosine is induced by the v-erbB gene product in vivo and in vitro. Cell, 40:609-618, 1985.
127. Kris, R. M., Lax, I., Gullick, W., Waterfield, M. D., Ullrich, A., Fridkin, M., and Schlessinger, J. Antibodies against a synthetic peptide as a probe for the kinase activity of the avian EGF receptor and v-erbB protein. Cell, 40: 619-625,1985.
128. Fung, K. T., Lewis, W. G., Crittendon, L. B., and Kung, H. Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by LTR insertion: molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus. Cell, 33: 357-368,1983.
129. Radke, K., and Martin, G. S. Transformation by Rous sarcoma virus: effects of src gene expression on the synthesis and phosphorylation of cellular polypeptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76: 5212-5216,1979.
130. Johnson, L. K., Baxter, J. D., Vlodavsdy, I., and Gospodarowicz, D. EGF and expression of spedfic genes: effects on cultured rat pituitary cells are dissodable from the mitogenic response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77: 394-398,1980.
131. Knowles, A. F., Salas-Prato, M., and Villela, J. Epidermal growth factor inhibits growth while increasing the expression of an ecto-caldum-ATPase of a human hepatoma cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 126: 8-14, 1985.
132. Schonbrunn, A., Krasnoff, M., Westendorf, J. M., and Tashjian, A. H., Jr. EGF and thyrotropin-releasing hormone act similarly on a donal pituitary cell strain. J. Cell Biol., 85: 786-797,1980.
133. Barnes, D. W. Epidermal growth factor inhibits growth of A431 human epidermoid cardnoma in serum-free culture. J. Cell Biol., 93:1-4,1982.
134. Masui, H., Kawamoto, T., Sato, J. D., Wolf, B., Sato, G., and Mendelsohn, J. Growth inhibition of human tumor cells in athymic mice by anti–epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res., 44:1002-1007, 1984.
135. Schreiber, A. B., Yarden, Y., and Schlessinger, J. A nonmitogenic analog of epidermal growth factor enhances the phosphorylation of endogenous membrane proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 101: 517-523,1981.
136. Parker, R. C., Varmus, H. E., and Bishop, J. M. Expression of v–src and chicken c-src in rat cells demonstrates qualitative differences between pp60 vsrc and pp60 c-src. Cell, 37:131-134,1984.
137. Salomon, D. S., Zwiebel, J. A., Bano, M., Losonczy, I., Fehnel, P., and Kidwell, W. R. Presence of transforming growth factors in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res., 44: 4069-4077,1984.
138. Sherwin, S. A., Minna, J. D., Gazdar, A. F., and Todaro, G. J. Expression of epidermal and nerve growth factor receptors and soft agar growth factor production by human lung cancer. Cancer Res., 41: 3538-3542,1981.
139. McClure, D. B. Anchorage-independent colony formation of SV-40 transformed BALB/C-3T3 cells in serum-free medium: role of cell–and serum–derived factors. Cell, 32: 999-1006,1983.
140. Bowen-Pope, D. F., Dkxxleto, P. E., and Ross, R. Interactions between the receptors for platelet–derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor. J. Gen Biol., 96: 679-683,1983.
141. Brown, K. D., Dicker, P., and Rozengurt, E. Inhibition of EGF binding to surface receptors by tumor promoters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 86:1037-1043,1979.
142. Pessin, J. E., Gitomer, W., Oka, Y., Oppenheimer, C. L., and Czech, M. P. β–Adrenergic regulation of insulin and epidermal growth factor receptors in rat adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 258: 7386-7394,1983.
143. Rozengurt, E., Brown, K. D., and Pettican, P. Vasopressin inhibition of epidermal growth factor binding to cultured mouse cells. J. Biol. Chem., 256: 716-722,1981.
144. Huang, J. S., Huang, S. S., and Deuel, T. F. Transforming protein of simian sarcoma virus stimulates autocrine growth of SSV-transformed cells through PDGF cell-surface receptors. Cell, 39: 79-87,1984.
145. Gresik, E. W., Van Der Noen, H., and Barka, T. Transport of128l-epidermal growth factor into milk and effect of sialoadenectomy on milk EGF in mice. Am. J. Physiol., 247: E349-E354,1984.
146. Todaro, G. J., DeLarco, J. E., and Cohen, S. Transformation by murine and feline sarcoma viruses specifically blocks bindings of epidermal growth factor to cells. Nature (Lond.), 264: 26-31,1976.
147. Hendler, F. J., and Ozanne, B. W. Human squamous cell lung cancers express increased epidermal growth factor receptors. J. Clin. Invest., 74: 647-651, 1984.
148. Hirata, Y., Uchihashi, M., Fujuta, T., Matsukura, S., Motoyama, T., Kaku, M., and Koshimizu, K. Characteristics of spedfic binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on human tumor cell lines. Endocrinol. Jpn., 30:601-607,1983.
149. Fitzpatrick, S. L., LaChance, M. P., and Schulz, G. S. Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor and action on human breast cancer ceils in culture. Cancer Res., 44: 3442-3447,1984.
150. Libermann, T. A., Bartal, A. D., Yarden, Y., Schlessinger, J., and Soreq, H. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in human brain tumors. Cancer Res., 44: 753-760,1984.
151. Un, C. R., Chen, W. S., Kruiger, W., Stdarsky, L. S., Weber, W., Evans, R. M., Verma, I. M., Gill, G. N., and Rosenfeld, M. G. Expression doning of human EGF receptor complimentary DNA: gene amplification and three related messenger RNA products in A431 cells. Science (Wash. DC), 224: 843-848 1984.
152. Merlino, G. T., Xu, Y., Ishii, S., Clark, A. J. L., Semba, K., Toyoshima, K., Yamamoto, T., and Pastan, I. Amplification and enhanced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in A431 human cardnoma cells. Science (Wash. DC), 224: 417-419,1984.
153. Hurley, J. B., Simon, M. I., and Teptow, D. B. Homologies between signal transdudng G proteins and ras gene products. Science (Wash. DC). 226: 860-862 1984.
154. Waterfield, M. D., Scrace, G. T., Whittle, N., Stroobant, P., Johnsson, A., Wasteson, A., Westermark, B., Heldin, C. H., Huang, S., and Deuel, T. F. platelet–derived growth factor is structurally related to the putative transforming protein p28 s/s of simian sarcoma virus. Nature (Lond.), 304: 35-39, 1983.
155. Toda, T., Uno, I., Ishikawa, T., Powers, S., Kataoka, T., Broek, D., Cameron, S., Broach, J., Matsumoto, K., and Wigler, M. In yeast, ras proteins are controlling elements of adenylate cyclase. Cell, 40: 27-36,1985.
156. Kataoka, T., Powers, S., Cameron, S., Fasano, O., Goktfarb, M., Broach, F., and Wigler, M. Functional homology of mammalian and yeast ras genes. Cell, 40:19-26,1985.