메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 313, Issue 14, 1985, Pages 865-873

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 OXOGLUTARIC ACID; ACTIVATED CARBON; AMINO ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANALGESIC AGENT; ASPARTIC ACID; BROMOCRIPTINE; DIURETIC AGENT; FATTY ACID; FRUCTOSE; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMINE; INFUSION FLUID; KAINIC ACID; KANAMYCIN; LACTOSE; LACTULOSE; LEVODOPA; MANNITOL; METRONIDAZOLE; NEOMYCIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; OCTOPAMINE; SEDATIVE AGENT; SORBITOL; SULFANILAMIDE DERIVATIVE; TETRACYCLINE; TRANQUILIZER; TYRAMINE;

EID: 0022259875     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198510033131406     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (126)

References (147)
  • 1
    • 78651042714 scopus 로고
    • The neurological disorders associated with liver disease
    • Adams RD, Foley JM. The neurological disorders associated with liver disease. Annu Rev Nerv Ment Dis Proc 1953; 32: 198.
    • (1953) Annu Rev Nerv Ment Dis Proc , vol.32 , pp. 198
    • Adams, R.D.1    Foley, J.M.2
  • 2
    • 0019796304 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of hepatic coma
    • Zieve L. The mechanism of hepatic coma. Hepatology 1981; 1: 360–5.
    • (1981) Hepatology , vol.1 , pp. 360-365
    • Zieve, L.1
  • 3
    • 0021258341 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched chain-enriched amino acid supplement in chronic portal–systemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial
    • Horst D, Grace ND, Conn HO, et al. Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched chain-enriched amino acid supplement in chronic portal–systemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1984; 4: 279–87.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 279-287
    • Horst, D.1    Grace, N.D.2    Conn, H.O.3
  • 4
    • 0021280365 scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral administration of branched chain amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy in the rat
    • Beaubernard C, Delorme M-L., Opolon P, et al. Effect of oral administration of branched chain amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy in the rat. Hepatology 1984; 4: 288–94.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 288-294
    • Beaubernard, C.1    Delorme, M.-L.2    Opolon, P.3
  • 5
    • 0016908819 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and therapy of hepatic coma
    • Fischer JE, Baldessarini RJ. Pathogenesis and therapy of hepatic coma. Prog Liver Dis 1976; 5: 363–97.
    • (1976) Prog Liver Dis , vol.5 , pp. 363-397
    • Fischer, J.E.1    Baldessarini, R.J.2
  • 7
    • 0017744177 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal–systemic encephalopathy: a double blind controlled trial
    • Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal–systemic encephalopathy: a double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 573–83.
    • (1977) Gastroenterology , vol.72 , pp. 573-583
    • Conn, H.O.1    Leevy, C.M.2    Vlahcevic, Z.R.3
  • 8
    • 0014959704 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia production in the human colon: effects of cleansing, neomycin and acetohydroxamic acid
    • Wolpert E, Phillips SF, Summerskill WHJ. Ammonia production in the human colon: effects of cleansing, neomycin and acetohydroxamic acid. N Engl J Med 1970; 283: 159–64.
    • (1970) N Engl J Med , vol.283 , pp. 159-164
    • Wolpert, E.1    Phillips, S.F.2    Summerskill, W.H.J.3
  • 9
    • 0001129134 scopus 로고
    • The neurological complications of liver disease
    • In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Amsterdam: North Holland,
    • Plum F, Hindfelt B. The neurological complications of liver disease. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Handbook of clinical neurology. Vol. 27. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1976:349–77.
    • (1976) Handbook of clinical neurology , vol.27 , pp. 349-377
    • Plum, F.1    Hindfelt, B.2
  • 10
    • 0017362424 scopus 로고
    • Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts
    • Hindfelt B, Plum F, Duffy TE. Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 386–96.
    • (1977) J Clin Invest , vol.59 , pp. 386-396
    • Hindfelt, B.1    Plum, F.2    Duffy, T.E.3
  • 11
    • 0016165685 scopus 로고
    • Portal–systemic encephalopathy and portacaval anastomosis: a prospective, controlled investigation
    • Mutchnick MG, Lerner E, Conn HO. Portal–systemic encephalopathy and portacaval anastomosis: a prospective, controlled investigation. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 1005–19.
    • (1974) Gastroenterology , vol.66 , pp. 1005-1019
    • Mutchnick, M.G.1    Lerner, E.2    Conn, H.O.3
  • 12
    • 0018826416 scopus 로고
    • Blood methanethiol in alcoholic liver disease with and without hepatic encephalopathy
    • McClain CJ, Zieve L, Doizaki WM, Gilberstadt S, Onstad GR. Blood methanethiol in alcoholic liver disease with and without hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 1980; 21: 318–23.
    • (1980) Gut , vol.21 , pp. 318-323
    • McClain, C.J.1    Zieve, L.2    Doizaki, W.M.3    Gilberstadt, S.4    Onstad, G.R.5
  • 13
    • 0018688868 scopus 로고
    • Hyperammonaemia, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and blood–brain aminoacid transport: a unified theory of portal–systemic encephalopathy
    • James JH, Ziparo V, Jeppsson B, Fischer JE. Hyperammonaemia, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and blood–brain aminoacid transport: a unified theory of portal–systemic encephalopathy. Lancet 1979; 2: 772–5.
    • (1979) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 772-775
    • James, J.H.1    Ziparo, V.2    Jeppsson, B.3    Fischer, J.E.4
  • 15
    • 0020011165 scopus 로고
    • Potential neural mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Schafer DG, Jones EA. Potential neural mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Prog Liver Dis 1982; 7: 615–27.
    • (1982) Prog Liver Dis , vol.7 , pp. 615-627
    • Schafer, D.G.1    Jones, E.A.2
  • 17
    • 0019958917 scopus 로고
    • Current status of hyperammonemia syndromes
    • Flannery DB, Hsia YE, Wolf B. Current status of hyperammonemia syndromes. Hepatology 1982; 2: 495–506.
    • (1982) Hepatology , vol.2 , pp. 495-506
    • Flannery, D.B.1    Hsia, Y.E.2    Wolf, B.3
  • 18
    • 0015963120 scopus 로고
    • Reye's syndrome and hyperaminoacidemia
    • Hilly MD, Romshe CA, Delamater P. Reye's syndrome and hyperaminoacidemia. J Pediatr 1974; 84: 362–5.
    • (1974) J Pediatr , vol.84 , pp. 362-365
    • Hilly, M.D.1    Romshe, C.A.2    Delamater, P.3
  • 19
    • 0015913717 scopus 로고
    • Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: a cause of lethal neonatal hyperammonemia in males
    • Campbell AGM, Rosenberg IE, Snodgrass PJ, Nuzum CT. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: a cause of lethal neonatal hyperammonemia in males. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 1–6.
    • (1973) N Engl J Med , vol.288 , pp. 1-6
    • Campbell, A.G.M.1    Rosenberg, I.E.2    Snodgrass, P.J.3    Nuzum, C.T.4
  • 20
    • 78651051089 scopus 로고
    • Reversible toxic manifestations in patients with cirrhosis of the liver given cation-exchange resins
    • Gabuzda GJ Jr, Phillips GB, Davidson CS. Reversible toxic manifestations in patients with cirrhosis of the liver given cation-exchange resins. N Engl J Med 1952; 246: 124–30.
    • (1952) N Engl J Med , vol.246 , pp. 124-130
    • Gabuzda, G.J.1    Phillips, G.B.2    Davidson, C.S.3
  • 21
    • 77951373004 scopus 로고
    • Essai d'interprétation du mécanisme de l'épreuve d'hyperammoniémie provoquée chez les cirrhotiques
    • Stahl J, Roger S, Witz J. Essai d'interprétation du mécanisme de l'épreuve d'hyperammoniémie provoquée chez les cirrhotiques. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1952; 146: 1787–91.
    • (1952) C R Soc Biol (Paris) , vol.146 , pp. 1787-1791
    • Stahl, J.1    Roger, S.2    Witz, J.3
  • 22
    • 0000606458 scopus 로고
    • Syndrome of impending hepatic coma in patients with cirrhosis of liver given certain nitrogenous substances
    • Phillips GB, Schwartz R, Gabuzda GJ, Davidson CS. Syndrome of impending hepatic coma in patients with cirrhosis of liver given certain nitrogenous substances. N Engl J Med 1952; 247: 239–46.
    • (1952) N Engl J Med , vol.247 , pp. 239-246
    • Phillips, G.B.1    Schwartz, R.2    Gabuzda, G.J.3    Davidson, C.S.4
  • 24
    • 70449197385 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and toxicity of ammonia
    • McDermott WV Jr. Metabolism and toxicity of ammonia. N Engl J Med 1957; 257: 1076–81.
    • (1957) N Engl J Med , vol.257 , pp. 1076-1081
    • McDermott, W.V.1
  • 25
    • 0018393048 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of ammonia metabolism in man: effects of liver disease and hyperammonemia
    • Lockwood AH, McDonald JM, Reiman RE, et al. The dynamics of ammonia metabolism in man: effects of liver disease and hyperammonemia. J Clin Invest 1979; 63: 449–60.
    • (1979) J Clin Invest , vol.63 , pp. 449-460
    • Lockwood, A.H.1    McDonald, J.M.2    Reiman, R.E.3
  • 27
    • 0015043521 scopus 로고
    • Muscle and splanchnic glutamate metabolism in postabsorptive and starved man
    • Marliss EB, Aoki TT, Pozefsky T, Most AS, Cahill GF Jr. Muscle and splanchnic glutamate metabolism in postabsorptive and starved man. J Clin Invest 1971; 50: 814–7.
    • (1971) J Clin Invest , vol.50 , pp. 814-817
    • Marliss, E.B.1    Aoki, T.T.2    Pozefsky, T.3    Most, A.S.4    Cahill, G.F.5
  • 28
    • 0016405651 scopus 로고
    • Hyperglucagonemia in Laennec's cirrhosis: the role of portal–systemic shunting
    • Sherwin R, Joshi P, Hendler R, Felix P, Conn HO. Hyperglucagonemia in Laennec's cirrhosis: the role of portal–systemic shunting. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 239–42.
    • (1974) N Engl J Med , vol.290 , pp. 239-242
    • Sherwin, R.1    Joshi, P.2    Hendler, R.3    Felix, P.4    Conn, H.O.5
  • 29
    • 0019202654 scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary amino acids on brain amino acids and transmitter amines in rats with a portacaval shunt
    • Kamata S, Okada A, Watanabe T, Kawashima Y, Wada H. Effects of dietary amino acids on brain amino acids and transmitter amines in rats with a portacaval shunt. J Neurochem 1980; 35: 1190–9.
    • (1980) J Neurochem , vol.35 , pp. 1190-1199
    • Kamata, S.1    Okada, A.2    Watanabe, T.3    Kawashima, Y.4    Wada, H.5
  • 30
    • 0015906390 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effect of various amino acids upon the blood ammonia concentration of patients with liver disease
    • Rudman D, Galambos JT, Smith RB III, Salam AA, Warren WD. Comparison of the effect of various amino acids upon the blood ammonia concentration of patients with liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1973; 26: 916–25.
    • (1973) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.26 , pp. 916-925
    • Rudman, D.1    Galambos, J.T.2    Smith, R.B.3    Salam, A.A.4    Warren, W.D.5
  • 31
    • 0018380638 scopus 로고
    • The importance of the small intestine in gut ammonium production in the fasting dog
    • Weber FL, Veach GL. The importance of the small intestine in gut ammonium production in the fasting dog. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 235–40.
    • (1979) Gastroenterology , vol.77 , pp. 235-240
    • Weber, F.L.1    Veach, G.L.2
  • 32
    • 0018356463 scopus 로고
    • Hyperammonemic coma after hepatectomy in germ-free rats
    • Schalm SW, Van Der Mey T. Hyperammonemic coma after hepatectomy in germ-free rats. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 231–4.
    • (1979) Gastroenterology , vol.77 , pp. 231-234
    • Schalm, S.W.1    Van Der Mey, T.2
  • 33
    • 0015105293 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia production in germ-free Eck fistula dogs
    • Nance FC, Batson RC, Kline DG. Ammonia production in germ-free Eck fistula dogs. Surgery 1971; 70: 169–74.
    • (1971) Surgery , vol.70 , pp. 169-174
    • Nance, F.C.1    Batson, R.C.2    Kline, D.G.3
  • 34
    • 0016591488 scopus 로고
    • Insulin, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and hepatic coma
    • Munro HN, Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Insulin, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and hepatic coma. Lancet 1975; 1: 722–4.
    • (1975) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 722-724
    • Munro, H.N.1    Fernstrom, J.D.2    Wurtman, R.J.3
  • 35
    • 0017581531 scopus 로고
    • Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology
    • Rosen HM, Yoshimura M, Hodgman JM, Fischer JE. Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 483–7.
    • (1977) Gastroenterology , vol.72 , pp. 483-487
    • Rosen, H.M.1    Yoshimura, M.2    Hodgman, J.M.3    Fischer, J.E.4
  • 36
    • 0017885256 scopus 로고
    • Effects of intravenous ammonia infusion on plasma levels of amino acids, glucagon and insulin in dogs
    • abstract.
    • Strombeck DR, Rogers Q, Stern JS. Effects of intravenous ammonia infusion on plasma levels of amino acids, glucagon and insulin in dogs. Gastroenterology 1978; 74: 1165. abstract.
    • (1978) Gastroenterology , vol.74 , pp. 1165
    • Strombeck, D.R.1    Rogers, Q.2    Stern, J.S.3
  • 37
    • 0015071855 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine as a measure of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Hourani BT, Hamlin EM, Reynolds TB. Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine as a measure of hepatic encephalopathy. Arch Intem Med 1971; 127: 1033–6.
    • (1971) Arch Intem Med , vol.127 , pp. 1033-1036
    • Hourani, B.T.1    Hamlin, E.M.2    Reynolds, T.B.3
  • 38
    • 0016865155 scopus 로고
    • Plasma neutral aminoacids and tryptophan in cirrhosis
    • Munro HN, Femstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Plasma neutral aminoacids and tryptophan in cirrhosis. Lancet 1975; 2: 419.
    • (1975) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 419
    • Munro, H.N.1    Femstrom, J.D.2    Wurtman, R.J.3
  • 39
    • 0018165296 scopus 로고
    • Plasma amino acid profiles in patients with fulminant hepatic failure treated by repeated polyacrylonitrile membrane hemodialysis
    • Chase RA, Davies M, Trewby PN, Silk DBA, Williams R. Plasma amino acid profiles in patients with fulminant hepatic failure treated by repeated polyacrylonitrile membrane hemodialysis. Gastroenterology 1978; 75: 1033–40.
    • (1978) Gastroenterology , vol.75 , pp. 1033-1040
    • Chase, R.A.1    Davies, M.2    Trewby, P.N.3    Silk, D.B.A.4    Williams, R.5
  • 40
    • 0015698053 scopus 로고
    • α-Ketoglutaramate, a neurotoxic agent in hepatic coma
    • Vergara F, Duffy TE, Plum F. α-Ketoglutaramate, a neurotoxic agent in hepatic coma. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1973; 86: 255–63.
    • (1973) Trans Assoc Am Physicians , vol.86 , pp. 255-263
    • Vergara, F.1    Duffy, T.E.2    Plum, F.3
  • 41
    • 0013522432 scopus 로고
    • Glutamine estimation in cerebrospinal fluid in cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatic coma
    • Gilon E, Szeinberg A, Tauman G, Bodonyi E. Glutamine estimation in cerebrospinal fluid in cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatic coma. J Lab Clin Med 1959; 53: 714–9.
    • (1959) J Lab Clin Med , vol.53 , pp. 714-719
    • Gilon, E.1    Szeinberg, A.2    Tauman, G.3    Bodonyi, E.4
  • 42
    • 0015320375 scopus 로고
    • Elevation of plasma tryptophan by insulin in the rat
    • Femstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Elevation of plasma tryptophan by insulin in the rat. Metabolism 1972; 21: 337–42.
    • (1972) Metabolism , vol.21 , pp. 337-342
    • Femstrom, J.D.1    Wurtman, R.J.2
  • 43
    • 0001568328 scopus 로고
    • The cerebral and peripheral uptake of ammonia in liver disease with a hypothesis for the mechanisms of hepatic coma
    • Bessman SP, Bessman AN. The cerebral and peripheral uptake of ammonia in liver disease with a hypothesis for the mechanisms of hepatic coma. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 622–8.
    • (1955) J Clin Invest , vol.34 , pp. 622-628
    • Bessman, S.P.1    Bessman, A.N.2
  • 44
  • 45
    • 0015146399 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral effects of acute ammonia intoxication. II. The effect upon energy metabolism
    • Hindfelt B, Siesjö BK. Cerebral effects of acute ammonia intoxication. II. The effect upon energy metabolism. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1971, 28: 365–74.
    • (1971) Scand J Clin Lab Invest , vol.28 , pp. 365-374
    • Hindfelt, B.1    Siesjö, B.K.2
  • 46
    • 0015039544 scopus 로고
    • Tryptophan metabolism in liver disease
    • Hirayama C. Tryptophan metabolism in liver disease. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 32: 191–7.
    • (1971) Clin Chim Acta , vol.32 , pp. 191-197
    • Hirayama, C.1
  • 47
    • 0013986734 scopus 로고
    • Tryptophan as cause of hepatic coma
    • Ogihara K, Mozai T, Hirai S. Tryptophan as cause of hepatic coma. N Engl J Med 1966; 275: 1255–6.
    • (1966) N Engl J Med , vol.275 , pp. 1255-1256
    • Ogihara, K.1    Mozai, T.2    Hirai, S.3
  • 49
    • 0015013984 scopus 로고
    • Effect of dietary protein on symptoms and survival in dogs with an Eck fistula
    • Condon RE. Effect of dietary protein on symptoms and survival in dogs with an Eck fistula. Am J Surg 1971; 121: 107–14.
    • (1971) Am J Surg , vol.121 , pp. 107-114
    • Condon, R.E.1
  • 52
    • 0016040143 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic coma in cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and following portacaval shunt: its etiologies and the current status of its treatment
    • Fischer JE. Hepatic coma in cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and following portacaval shunt: its etiologies and the current status of its treatment. Arch Surg 1974; 108: 325–36.
    • (1974) Arch Surg , vol.108 , pp. 325-336
    • Fischer, J.E.1
  • 54
    • 0017176175 scopus 로고
    • Regional brain study of indoleamine metabolism in the rat in acute hepatic failure
    • Cummings MG, James HJ, Setters PB. Regional brain study of indoleamine metabolism in the rat in acute hepatic failure. J Neurochem 1976; 27: 741–6.
    • (1976) J Neurochem , vol.27 , pp. 741-746
    • Cummings, M.G.1    James, H.J.2    Setters, P.B.3
  • 55
    • 0017070282 scopus 로고
    • Regional brain indoleamine metabolism following chronic portacaval anastomosis in the rat
    • Cummings MG, Soeters PB, James JH, Keane JM, Fischer JE. Regional brain indoleamine metabolism following chronic portacaval anastomosis in the rat. J Neurochem 1976; 27: 501–9.
    • (1976) J Neurochem , vol.27 , pp. 501-509
    • Cummings, M.G.1    Soeters, P.B.2    James, J.H.3    Keane, J.M.4    Fischer, J.E.5
  • 56
    • 0016055261 scopus 로고
    • Plasma amino acids in experimental acute hepatic failure and their relationship to brain tryptophan
    • Buxton BH, Stewart DA, Murray-Lyon IM, Curzon G, Williams R. Plasma amino acids in experimental acute hepatic failure and their relationship to brain tryptophan. Clin Sci Mol Med 1974; 46: 559–62.
    • (1974) Clin Sci Mol Med , vol.46 , pp. 559-562
    • Buxton, B.H.1    Stewart, D.A.2    Murray-Lyon, I.M.3    Curzon, G.4    Williams, R.5
  • 57
    • 0015978511 scopus 로고
    • Synergism between mercaptans and ammonia or fatty acids in the production of coma: a possible role for mercaptans in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma
    • Zieve L, Doizaki WM, Zieve FJ. Synergism between mercaptans and ammonia or fatty acids in the production of coma: a possible role for mercaptans in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma. J Lab Clin Med 1974; 83: 16–28.
    • (1974) J Lab Clin Med , vol.83 , pp. 16-28
    • Zieve, L.1    Doizaki, W.M.2    Zieve, F.J.3
  • 59
    • 0016238211 scopus 로고
    • Action of methanethiol on Na+,K+ ATPase: implications for hepatic coma
    • Foster D, Ahmed K, Zieve L. Action of methanethiol on Na+,K+ ATPase: implications for hepatic coma. Ann NY Acad Sci 1974; 242: 573–6.
    • (1974) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.242 , pp. 573-576
    • Foster, D.1    Ahmed, K.2    Zieve, L.3
  • 60
    • 84913259909 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of plasma taurine levels with grades of hepatic encephalopathy in man
    • abstract.
    • Rossi-Fanelli F, Capocaccia L, Fischer JE. Correlation of plasma taurine levels with grades of hepatic encephalopathy in man. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 1181. abstract.
    • (1977) Gastroenterology , vol.72 , pp. 1181
    • Rossi-Fanelli, F.1    Capocaccia, L.2    Fischer, J.E.3
  • 61
    • 2442651031 scopus 로고
    • Effect of short-chain fatty acids on the electrical activity of neo-, paleo-, and archicortical system
    • Muto Y, Takahashi Y, Kawamura H. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on the electrical activity of neo-, paleo-, and archicortical system. Brain Nerve 1964; 16: 601–8.
    • (1964) Brain Nerve , vol.16 , pp. 601-608
    • Muto, Y.1    Takahashi, Y.2    Kawamura, H.3
  • 62
    • 2442712213 scopus 로고
    • Clinical study on the relationship of short-chain fatty acids and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Muto Y. Clinical study on the relationship of short-chain fatty acids and hepatic encephalopathy. Jpn J Gastroenterol 1966; 63: 19–23.
    • (1966) Jpn J Gastroenterol , vol.63 , pp. 19-23
    • Muto, Y.1
  • 63
    • 0006011771 scopus 로고
    • A study on the narcotic action of short chain fatty acids
    • Samson FE Jr, Dahl N, Dahl DR. A study on the narcotic action of short chain fatty acids. J Clin Invest 1956; 35: 1291.
    • (1956) J Clin Invest , vol.35 , pp. 1291
    • Samson, F.E.1    Dahl, N.2    Dahl, D.R.3
  • 64
    • 0008871802 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fatty acid anions on the electroencephalogram of unanesthetized rabbits
    • White RP, Samson FE Jr. Effects of fatty acid anions on the electroencephalogram of unanesthetized rabbits. Am J Physiol 1956; 186: 271–4.
    • (1956) Am J Physiol , vol.186 , pp. 271-274
    • White, R.P.1    Samson, F.E.2
  • 65
    • 84882410409 scopus 로고
    • Effect of hepatectomy on volatile free fatty acids of the blood
    • abstract.
    • Zieve L, Nicoloff DM, Mahadevan V. Effect of hepatectomy on volatile free fatty acids of the blood. Gastroenterology 1968; 54: 1285. abstract.
    • (1968) Gastroenterology , vol.54 , pp. 1285
    • Zieve, L.1    Nicoloff, D.M.2    Mahadevan, V.3
  • 66
    • 13344289676 scopus 로고
    • Encephalopathy due to short and medium chain fatty acids
    • In: McCandless DW, ed. New York: Plenum,
    • Zieve L. Encephalopathy due to short and medium chain fatty acids. In: McCandless DW, ed. Cerebral energy metabolism and metabolic encephalopathy. New York: Plenum, 1985:163–78.
    • (1985) Cerebral energy metabolism and metabolic encephalopathy , pp. 163-178
    • Zieve, L.1
  • 67
    • 0015216951 scopus 로고
    • The effects of long chain fatty acids on sodium plus potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of rat brain
    • Ahmed K, Thomas BS. The effects of long chain fatty acids on sodium plus potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of rat brain. J Biol Chem 1971; 246: 103–9.
    • (1971) J Biol Chem , vol.246 , pp. 103-109
    • Ahmed, K.1    Thomas, B.S.2
  • 68
    • 0018854340 scopus 로고
    • Regional cerebral NA+K+ ATPase activity following octanoate administration
    • Trauner DA. Regional cerebral NA+K+ ATPase activity following octanoate administration. Pediatr Res 1980; 14: 844–5.
    • (1980) Pediatr Res , vol.14 , pp. 844-845
    • Trauner, D.A.1
  • 69
    • 6844230945 scopus 로고
    • Short chain fatty acid inhibition of rat brain Na-K adenosine triphosphatase
    • Dahl DR. Short chain fatty acid inhibition of rat brain Na-K adenosine triphosphatase. J Neurochem 1968; 15: 815–20.
    • (1968) J Neurochem , vol.15 , pp. 815-820
    • Dahl, D.R.1
  • 70
    • 0015517712 scopus 로고
    • Free tryptophan in plasma and brain tryptophan metabolism
    • Knott PJ, Curzon G. Free tryptophan in plasma and brain tryptophan metabolism. Nature 1972; 239: 452–3.
    • (1972) Nature , vol.239 , pp. 452-453
    • Knott, P.J.1    Curzon, G.2
  • 71
    • 0020366570 scopus 로고
    • Neurotransmitter modifications in human cerebrospinal fluid and serum during hepatic encephalopathy
    • Borg J, Warter JM, Schlienger JL, Imler M, Marescaux C, Mack G. Neurotransmitter modifications in human cerebrospinal fluid and serum during hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci 1982; 57: 343–56.
    • (1982) J Neurol Sci , vol.57 , pp. 343-356
    • Borg, J.1    Warter, J.M.2    Schlienger, J.L.3    Imler, M.4    Marescaux, C.5    Mack, G.6
  • 72
    • 73049126179 scopus 로고
    • The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on synaptic transmission in autonomic ganglia
    • Matthews RJ, Roberts BJ. The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on synaptic transmission in autonomic ganglia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1961; 132: 19–22.
    • (1961) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.132 , pp. 19-22
    • Matthews, R.J.1    Roberts, B.J.2
  • 73
    • 0018908242 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of transmitter release in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia induced by γ-aminobutytric acid
    • Kato E, Kuba K. Inhibition of transmitter release in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia induced by γ-aminobutytric acid. J Physiol 1980; 298: 271–83.
    • (1980) J Physiol , vol.298 , pp. 271-283
    • Kato, E.1    Kuba, K.2
  • 74
    • 0019794478 scopus 로고
    • Colonic bacteria: a source of γ-aminobutyric acid in blood
    • Schafer DF, Fowler JM, Jones EA. Colonic bacteria: a source of γ-aminobutyric acid in blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1981; 167: 301–3.
    • (1981) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med , vol.167 , pp. 301-303
    • Schafer, D.F.1    Fowler, J.M.2    Jones, E.A.3
  • 75
    • 0015218210 scopus 로고
    • False neurotransmitters and hepatic failure
    • Fischer JE, Baldessarini RJ. False neurotransmitters and hepatic failure. Lancet 1971; 2: 75–80.
    • (1971) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 75-80
    • Fischer, J.E.1    Baldessarini, R.J.2
  • 76
    • 0021249461 scopus 로고
    • The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Roberts E. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1984; 4: 342–5.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 342-345
    • Roberts, E.1
  • 77
    • 0020045816 scopus 로고
    • γ-Aminobutyric acid system in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function
    • Roberts E, Krause DK. γ-Aminobutyric acid system in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function. Isr J Med Sci 1982; 18: 75–81.
    • (1982) Isr J Med Sci , vol.18 , pp. 75-81
    • Roberts, E.1    Krause, D.K.2
  • 78
    • 0020539423 scopus 로고
    • Role of GABA in the control of thyrotropin secretion in the rat
    • Jordan D, Poncet C, Veisseire M, Mornex R. Role of GABA in the control of thyrotropin secretion in the rat. Brain Res 1983; 268: 105–10.
    • (1983) Brain Res , vol.268 , pp. 105-110
    • Jordan, D.1    Poncet, C.2    Veisseire, M.3    Mornex, R.4
  • 79
    • 0020512354 scopus 로고
    • Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release from isolated perfused dog pancreas
    • Kawai K, Unger RH. Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release from isolated perfused dog pancreas. Endocrinology 1983; 113: 111–3.
    • (1983) Endocrinology , vol.113 , pp. 111-113
    • Kawai, K.1    Unger, R.H.2
  • 80
    • 62349121892 scopus 로고
    • γ-Aminobutyric acid and its action on the adrenal cortex. 1. Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on the ascorbic acid content of the adrenal gland
    • Mori A, Kosaka M. γ-Aminobutyric acid and its action on the adrenal cortex. 1. Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on the ascorbic acid content of the adrenal gland. J Neurochem 1961; 7: 313–6.
    • (1961) J Neurochem , vol.7 , pp. 313-316
    • Mori, A.1    Kosaka, M.2
  • 81
    • 0020086190 scopus 로고
    • GABA neuron systems in hypothalamus and the pituitary gland: immunohistochemical demonstration using antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase
    • Vincent SR, Hökfelt T, Wu J-Y. GABA neuron systems in hypothalamus and the pituitary gland: immunohistochemical demonstration using antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase. Neuroendocrinology 1982; 34: 117–25.
    • (1982) Neuroendocrinology , vol.34 , pp. 117-125
    • Vincent, S.R.1    Hökfelt, T.2    Wu, J.-Y.3
  • 82
    • 0016437706 scopus 로고
    • On GABA metabolism in the gliocyte cells of the rat pineal gland
    • Schon F, Bean PM, Chapman D, Kelly JS. On GABA metabolism in the gliocyte cells of the rat pineal gland. Brain Res 1975; 85: 479–90.
    • (1975) Brain Res , vol.85 , pp. 479-490
    • Schon, F.1    Bean, P.M.2    Chapman, D.3    Kelly, J.S.4
  • 84
    • 0006454030 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid and other amino acids in nervous tissue of various species
    • Roberts E, Lowe IP, Guth L, Jelinek B. Distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid and other amino acids in nervous tissue of various species. J Exp Zool 1958; 138: 313–28.
    • (1958) J Exp Zool , vol.138 , pp. 313-328
    • Roberts, E.1    Lowe, I.P.2    Guth, L.3    Jelinek, B.4
  • 85
    • 0001108299 scopus 로고
    • Disposition of yγ-aminobutyric acid administered to mammals
    • van Gelder NM, Elliott KAC. Disposition of yγ-aminobutyric acid administered to mammals. J Neurochem 1958; 3: 139–43.
    • (1958) J Neurochem , vol.3 , pp. 139-143
    • van Gelder, N.M.1    Elliott, K.A.C.2
  • 86
    • 0021269044 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the status of neurotransmitter receptors in rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Ferenci P, Pappas SC, Munson PJ, Henson K, Jones EA. Changes in the status of neurotransmitter receptors in rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1984; 4: 186–91.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 186-191
    • Ferenci, P.1    Pappas, S.C.2    Munson, P.J.3    Henson, K.4    Jones, E.A.5
  • 87
    • 0016818163 scopus 로고
    • Catecholamines and neurological diseases
    • 332–8.
    • Moskowitz MA, Wurtman RJ. Catecholamines and neurological diseases. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 274–80, 332–8.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.293 , pp. 274-280
    • Moskowitz, M.A.1    Wurtman, R.J.2
  • 88
    • 84921004317 scopus 로고
    • Release of catecholamine: false neurotransmitter
    • In: Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH, eds. New York: Plenum,
    • Baldessarini RJ. Release of catecholamine: false neurotransmitter. In: Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH, eds. Handbook of psychopharmacology. New York: Plenum, 1975:82–93.
    • (1975) Handbook of psychopharmacology , pp. 82-93
    • Baldessarini, R.J.1
  • 89
    • 0016863251 scopus 로고
    • Neurotransmitter metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Fischer JE, Baldessarini RJ. Neurotransmitter metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 1152–3.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.293 , pp. 1152-1153
    • Fischer, J.E.1    Baldessarini, R.J.2
  • 90
    • 0020687215 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Crossley IR, Wardle EN, Williams R. Biochemical mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Sci 1983; 64: 247–52.
    • (1983) Clin Sci , vol.64 , pp. 247-252
    • Crossley, I.R.1    Wardle, E.N.2    Williams, R.3
  • 91
    • 0014990637 scopus 로고
    • Blood–brain barrier to H3-γ-aminobutyric acid in normal and amino oxyacetic acid-treated animals
    • Kuriyama K, Sze PY. Blood–brain barrier to H3-γ-aminobutyric acid in normal and amino oxyacetic acid-treated animals. Neuropharmacology 1971; 10: 103–8.
    • (1971) Neuropharmacology , vol.10 , pp. 103-108
    • Kuriyama, K.1    Sze, P.Y.2
  • 92
    • 0019867115 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid in a rabbit model of acute hepatic failure
    • abstract.
    • Ferenci P, Schafer DF, Shrager R, Jones EA. Metabolism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid in a rabbit model of acute hepatic failure. Hepatology 1981; 1: 509. abstract.
    • (1981) Hepatology , vol.1 , pp. 509
    • Ferenci, P.1    Schafer, D.F.2    Shrager, R.3    Jones, E.A.4
  • 93
    • 0020570402 scopus 로고
    • Increased blood–brain transfer in a rabbit model of acute liver failure
    • Horowitz ME, Schafer DF, Molnar P, et al. Increased blood–brain transfer in a rabbit model of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 1003–11.
    • (1983) Gastroenterology , vol.84 , pp. 1003-1011
    • Horowitz, M.E.1    Schafer, D.F.2    Molnar, P.3
  • 94
    • 0000069578 scopus 로고
    • The acquired (non-Wilsonian) type of chronic hepatocerebral degeneration
    • Victor M, Adams RD, Cole M. The acquired (non-Wilsonian) type of chronic hepatocerebral degeneration. Medicine (Baltimore) 1965; 44: 345–96.
    • (1965) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.44 , pp. 345-396
    • Victor, M.1    Adams, R.D.2    Cole, M.3
  • 95
    • 0020567037 scopus 로고
    • The brain in experimental portal–systemic encephalopathy. II. Water and electrolyte changes
    • Pilbeam CM, Anderson RM, Bhathal PS. The brain in experimental portal–systemic encephalopathy. II. Water and electrolyte changes. J Pathol 1983; 140: 347–55.
    • (1983) J Pathol , vol.140 , pp. 347-355
    • Pilbeam, C.M.1    Anderson, R.M.2    Bhathal, P.S.3
  • 96
    • 0014123684 scopus 로고
    • Experimental hepatocerebral disease: astrocytic changes in the globus pallidus of rats with carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhosis
    • Hasson J, Leech RW. Experimental hepatocerebral disease: astrocytic changes in the globus pallidus of rats with carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhosis. Arch Pathol 1967; 84: 286–9.
    • (1967) Arch Pathol , vol.84 , pp. 286-289
    • Hasson, J.1    Leech, R.W.2
  • 97
    • 0014984961 scopus 로고
    • Disturbances in the permeability of the cerebral blood vessels in experimental encephalopathy
    • Mossakowski MJ. Smialek M, Pronazsko A. Disturbances in the permeability of the cerebral blood vessels in experimental encephalopathy. Pol Med J 1971; 10: 208–7.
    • (1971) Pol Med J , vol.10 , pp. 208-217
    • Mossakowski, M.J.1    Smialek, M.2    Pronazsko, A.3
  • 98
    • 0016196798 scopus 로고
    • The astrocyte response in experimental portal–systemic encephalopathy: an electron microscopic study
    • Norenberg MD, Lapham LW. The astrocyte response in experimental portal–systemic encephalopathy: an electron microscopic study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1974; 33: 422.
    • (1974) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.33 , pp. 422
    • Norenberg, M.D.1    Lapham, L.W.2
  • 99
    • 0016258694 scopus 로고
    • An experimental model for the study of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Norenberg MD, Lapham LW, Nichols FA, May AG. An experimental model for the study of hepatic encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 1974; 31: 106–9.
    • (1974) Arch Neurol , vol.31 , pp. 106-109
    • Norenberg, M.D.1    Lapham, L.W.2    Nichols, F.A.3    May, A.G.4
  • 100
    • 0014975965 scopus 로고
    • Type II Alzheimer change experimentally produced in astrocytes in the rat
    • Cavanagh JB, Kyu MH. Type II Alzheimer change experimentally produced in astrocytes in the rat. J Neurol Sci 1971; 12: 63–75.
    • (1971) J Neurol Sci , vol.12 , pp. 63-75
    • Cavanagh, J.B.1    Kyu, M.H.2
  • 101
    • 0015256857 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the cerebellar cortex in rats after portocaval anastomosis
    • Cavanagh JB, Lewis PD, Blakemore WF, Kyu MH. Changes in the cerebellar cortex in rats after portocaval anastomosis. J Neurol Sci 1972; 15: 13–26.
    • (1972) J Neurol Sci , vol.15 , pp. 13-26
    • Cavanagh, J.B.1    Lewis, P.D.2    Blakemore, W.F.3    Kyu, M.H.4
  • 102
    • 0015173601 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral edema: a major complication of massive hepatic necrosis
    • Ware AJ, D'Agostino AN, Combes B. Cerebral edema: a major complication of massive hepatic necrosis. Gastroenterology 1971; 61: 877–84.
    • (1971) Gastroenterology , vol.61 , pp. 877-884
    • Ware, A.J.1    D'Agostino, A.N.2    Combes, B.3
  • 104
    • 0015836901 scopus 로고
    • Ascites and oedema in liver disease
    • Losowsky MS, Scott BB. Ascites and oedema in liver disease. Br Med J 1973; 3: 336–8.
    • (1973) Br Med J , vol.3 , pp. 336-338
    • Losowsky, M.S.1    Scott, B.B.2
  • 105
    • 0014409886 scopus 로고
    • Fulminant hepatic failure: presumable contribution of halothane
    • Trey C, Lipworth L, Chalmers TC, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure: presumable contribution of halothane. N Engl J Med 1968; 279: 798–801.
    • (1968) N Engl J Med , vol.279 , pp. 798-801
    • Trey, C.1    Lipworth, L.2    Chalmers, T.C.3
  • 106
    • 0020620789 scopus 로고
    • Fulminant hepatic failure
    • Williams R. Fulminant hepatic failure. Postgrad Med J 1983; 59 (Suppl 4):33–45.
    • (1983) Postgrad Med J , vol.59 , pp. 33-45
    • Williams, R.1
  • 107
    • 0018631372 scopus 로고
    • The effect of chronic uremia on portal and systemic ammonemia in normal and portal-strictured rats
    • Imler M, Schlienger J-L. The effect of chronic uremia on portal and systemic ammonemia in normal and portal-strictured rats. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 94: 872–8.
    • (1979) J Lab Clin Med , vol.94 , pp. 872-878
    • Imler, M.1    Schlienger, J.-L.2
  • 109
    • 0342427971 scopus 로고
    • Current diagnosis and treatment of hepatic coma
    • Conn HO. Current diagnosis and treatment of hepatic coma. Hosp Pract 1973; 8(2):65–72.
    • (1973) Hosp Pract , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 65-72
    • Conn, H.O.1
  • 110
    • 5444274191 scopus 로고
    • The E.E.G. in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Laidlaw J, Read AE. The E.E.G. in hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Sci 1963; 24: 109–20.
    • (1963) Clin Sci , vol.24 , pp. 109-120
    • Laidlaw, J.1    Read, A.E.2
  • 111
    • 0020853336 scopus 로고
    • Methods of assessing hepatic encephalopathy
    • Pappas CS, Jones EA. Methods of assessing hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1983; 3: 298–307.
    • (1983) Semin Liver Dis , vol.3 , pp. 298-307
    • Pappas, C.S.1    Jones, E.A.2
  • 112
    • 0015885272 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy
    • Losowsky MS, Scott BB. Hepatic encephalopathy. Br Med J 1973; 3: 279–81.
    • (1973) Br Med J , vol.3 , pp. 279-281
    • Losowsky, M.S.1    Scott, B.B.2
  • 113
    • 0014025636 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of chronic portal–systemic encephalopathy with lactulose
    • Bircher J, Müller J, Guggenheim P, Haemmerli UP, Treatment of chronic portal–systemic encephalopathy with lactulose. Lancet 1966; 1: 890–3.
    • (1966) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 890-893
    • Bircher, J.1    Müller, J.2    Guggenheim, P.3    Haemmerli, U.P.4
  • 114
    • 0008733913 scopus 로고
    • Inability of the human small-intestinal lactase to hydrolyze lactulose
    • Dahlqvist A, Gryboski JD. Inability of the human small-intestinal lactase to hydrolyze lactulose. Biochim Biophys Acta 1965; 110: 635–6.
    • (1965) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.110 , pp. 635-636
    • Dahlqvist, A.1    Gryboski, J.D.2
  • 115
    • 0015046259 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of action of lactulose in portal–systemic encephalopathy: non-ionic diffusion of ammonia in the canine colon
    • Bircher J, Haemmerli UP, Trabert E, Largiader F, Mocetti T. The mechanism of action of lactulose in portal–systemic encephalopathy: non-ionic diffusion of ammonia in the canine colon. Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol 1971; 16: 352–7.
    • (1971) Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol , vol.16 , pp. 352-357
    • Bircher, J.1    Haemmerli, U.P.2    Trabert, E.3    Largiader, F.4    Mocetti, T.5
  • 116
    • 0014987210 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia absorption from the human colon: the role of nonionic diffusion
    • Castell DO, Moore EW. Ammonia absorption from the human colon: the role of nonionic diffusion. Gastroenterology 1971; 60: 33–42.
    • (1971) Gastroenterology , vol.60 , pp. 33-42
    • Castell, D.O.1    Moore, E.W.2
  • 117
    • 0017239643 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of gastric ammonia by ampicillin in normal and azotemic subjects
    • Meyers S, Lieber CS. Reduction of gastric ammonia by ampicillin in normal and azotemic subjects. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 244–7.
    • (1976) Gastroenterology , vol.70 , pp. 244-247
    • Meyers, S.1    Lieber, C.S.2
  • 118
    • 49749187896 scopus 로고
    • Neomycin in the treatment of hepatic coma
    • Dawson AM, McLaren J, Sherlock S. Neomycin in the treatment of hepatic coma. Lancet 1957, 2: 1263–8.
    • (1957) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1263-1268
    • Dawson, A.M.1    McLaren, J.2    Sherlock, S.3
  • 119
    • 0000360284 scopus 로고
    • Blood ammonia levels in hepatic cirrhosis: their control by oral administration of neomycin
    • Fischer CJ, Faloon WW. Blood ammonia levels in hepatic cirrhosis: their control by oral administration of neomycin. N Engl J Med 1957; 256: 1030–5.
    • (1957) N Engl J Med , vol.256 , pp. 1030-1035
    • Fischer, C.J.1    Faloon, W.W.2
  • 121
    • 0019465359 scopus 로고
    • Comparison between neomycin and lactulose in 173 patients with hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical study
    • Orlandi F, Freddara U, Candelaresi MT, et al. Comparison between neomycin and lactulose in 173 patients with hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical study. Dig Dis Sci 1981; 26: 498–506.
    • (1981) Dig Dis Sci , vol.26 , pp. 498-506
    • Orlandi, F.1    Freddara, U.2    Candelaresi, M.T.3
  • 122
    • 0021261670 scopus 로고
    • Progress in treatment of chronic portasystemic encephalopathy
    • Crossley IR, Williams R. Progress in treatment of chronic portasystemic encephalopathy. Gut 1984; 25: 85–98.
    • (1984) Gut , vol.25 , pp. 85-98
    • Crossley, I.R.1    Williams, R.2
  • 124
    • 0019980993 scopus 로고
    • Control trial of dexamethasone and mannitol for cerebral oedema of fulminant hepatic failure
    • Canalese J, Gimson AES, Davis C, Mellon PJ, Davis M, Williams R. Control trial of dexamethasone and mannitol for cerebral oedema of fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 1982; 23: 625–9.
    • (1982) Gut , vol.23 , pp. 625-629
    • Canalese, J.1    Gimson, A.E.S.2    Davis, C.3    Mellon, P.J.4    Davis, M.5    Williams, R.6
  • 125
    • 84873768506 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of progressive ammonia intoxication by exclusion of the colon
    • Dienst SG. Treatment of progressive ammonia intoxication by exclusion of the colon. N Engl J Med 1964; 270: 555–6.
    • (1964) N Engl J Med , vol.270 , pp. 555-556
    • Dienst, S.G.1
  • 126
    • 0014009537 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy by surgical exclusion of the colon
    • Hume HA, Erb WH, Stevens LW, Hallahan JD. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy by surgical exclusion of the colon. JAMA 1966; 196: 593–4.
    • (1966) JAMA , vol.196 , pp. 593-594
    • Hume, H.A.1    Erb, W.H.2    Stevens, L.W.3    Hallahan, J.D.4
  • 127
    • 0014213221 scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of hepatic coma by exchange transfusion
    • Gelfand ML, Sussman L, Caimol BC, Florita C, Joson F. Successful treatment of hepatic coma by exchange transfusion. JAMA 1967; 201: 630–3.
    • (1967) JAMA , vol.201 , pp. 630-633
    • Gelfand, M.L.1    Sussman, L.2    Caimol, B.C.3    Florita, C.4    Joson, F.5
  • 129
    • 0014004695 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of hepatic coma by exchange blood transfusion
    • Trey C, Burns D, Saunders SJ. Treatment of hepatic coma by exchange blood transfusion. N Engl J Med 1966; 274: 473–81.
    • (1966) N Engl J Med , vol.274 , pp. 473-481
    • Trey, C.1    Burns, D.2    Saunders, S.J.3
  • 130
    • 0014244773 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of hepatic coma in cirrhosis by plasmapheresis and plasma infusion (plasma exchange)
    • Sabin S, Merritt JA. Treatment of hepatic coma in cirrhosis by plasmapheresis and plasma infusion (plasma exchange). Ann Intern Med 1968; 68: 1–7.
    • (1968) Ann Intern Med , vol.68 , pp. 1-7
    • Sabin, S.1    Merritt, J.A.2
  • 131
    • 0015210660 scopus 로고
    • Human-baboon cross-circulation for treatment of hepatic coma
    • Hollander D, Kiebankoff G, Osteen RT. Human-baboon cross-circulation for treatment of hepatic coma. JAMA 1971; 218: 67–71.
    • (1971) JAMA , vol.218 , pp. 67-71
    • Hollander, D.1    Kiebankoff, G.2    Osteen, R.T.3
  • 132
    • 0014966668 scopus 로고
    • Acute hepatic coma treated by cross circulation with irreversibly comatose donor
    • Summers RW, Curtis SJ, Hartford CE, Rubush JL. Acute hepatic coma treated by cross circulation with irreversibly comatose donor. JAMA 1970; 214: 2297–301.
    • (1970) JAMA , vol.214 , pp. 2297-2301
    • Summers, R.W.1    Curtis, S.J.2    Hartford, C.E.3    Rubush, J.L.4
  • 133
    • 0016404498 scopus 로고
    • Charcoal haemoperfusion in the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure
    • Gazzard BG, Portmann B, Weston MJ, et al. Charcoal haemoperfusion in the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1974; 1: 1301–7.
    • (1974) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1301-1307
    • Gazzard, B.G.1    Portmann, B.2    Weston, M.J.3
  • 134
    • 0020075529 scopus 로고
    • Association between rise in serum sodium and central pontine myelinolysis
    • Norenberg MD, Leslie KO, Robertson AS. Association between rise in serum sodium and central pontine myelinolysis. Ann Neurol 1982; 11: 128–35.
    • (1982) Ann Neurol , vol.11 , pp. 128-135
    • Norenberg, M.D.1    Leslie, K.O.2    Robertson, A.S.3
  • 135
    • 0018834126 scopus 로고
    • Hypernatremia in hepatic failure
    • Warren SE, Mitas JA II, Swerdlin A. Hypernatremia in hepatic failure. JAMA 1980; 243: 1257–60.
    • (1980) JAMA , vol.243 , pp. 1257-1260
    • Warren, S.E.1    Mitas, J.A.2    Swerdlin, A.3
  • 136
    • 0015947554 scopus 로고
    • Frequency and type of renal and electrolyte disorders in fulminant hepatic failure
    • Wilkinson SP, Blendis LM, Williams R. Frequency and type of renal and electrolyte disorders in fulminant hepatic failure. Br Med J 1974; 1: 186–9.
    • (1974) Br Med J , vol.1 , pp. 186-189
    • Wilkinson, S.P.1    Blendis, L.M.2    Williams, R.3
  • 137
    • 0020682836 scopus 로고
    • Hypernatremia and lactulose therapy
    • Nelson DC. McGrew WRG Jr, Hoyumpa AM Jr. Hypernatremia and lactulose therapy. JAMA 1983; 249: 1295–8.
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.249 , pp. 1295-1298
    • Nelson, D.C.1    McGrew, W.R.G.2    Hoyumpa, A.M.3
  • 138
    • 0017395855 scopus 로고
    • Hypernatremia after the administration or lactulose
    • Kaupke C, Sprague T, Gitnick GL. Hypernatremia after the administration or lactulose. Ann Intern Med 1977; 86: 745–6.
    • (1977) Ann Intern Med , vol.86 , pp. 745-746
    • Kaupke, C.1    Sprague, T.2    Gitnick, G.L.3
  • 139
    • 0003048654 scopus 로고
    • Effects of water, electrolyte and acid–base disorders on the central nervous system
    • In: Arieff AI, DeFronzo RA, eds. New York: Churchill Livingstone,
    • Arieff AI. Effects of water, electrolyte and acid–base disorders on the central nervous system. In: Arieff AI, DeFronzo RA, eds. Fluid, electrolyte and acid–base disorders. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985:969–1040.
    • (1985) Fluid, electrolyte and acid–base disorders , pp. 969-1040
    • Arieff, A.I.1
  • 140
    • 0011514906 scopus 로고
    • Central pontine myelinolysis: a hitherto undescribed disease occurring in alcoholic and malnourished patients
    • Adams RD, Victor M, Mancall EL. Central pontine myelinolysis: a hitherto undescribed disease occurring in alcoholic and malnourished patients. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1959; 81: 154–72.
    • (1959) Arch Neurol Psychiatry , vol.81 , pp. 154-172
    • Adams, R.D.1    Victor, M.2    Mancall, E.L.3
  • 142
    • 0015361858 scopus 로고
    • Central pontine myelinolysis and Rosenthal fibers of the brain-stem: association with emaciation and prolonged intravenous hypcralimentation
    • Tihen WS. Central pontine myelinolysis and Rosenthal fibers of the brain-stem: association with emaciation and prolonged intravenous hypcralimentation. Neurology (Minneap) 1972; 22: 710–6.
    • (1972) Neurology (Minneap) , vol.22 , pp. 710-716
    • Tihen, W.S.1
  • 143
    • 84910590537 scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic hyponatremia: management and relation to central pontine myelinolysis
    • Fraser CL, Arieff AI. Symptomatic hyponatremia: management and relation to central pontine myelinolysis, Semin Neurol 1984; 4: 445–52.
    • (1984) Semin Neurol , vol.4 , pp. 445-452
    • Fraser, C.L.1    Arieff, A.I.2
  • 144
    • 0005820601 scopus 로고
    • Overcorrection rather than rapid correction induces central pontine myelinolysis in patients with severe hyponatremia
    • abstract.
    • Ayus JC, Krothapalli R, Arieff AI, Frommer JP., Overcorrection rather than rapid correction induces central pontine myelinolysis in patients with severe hyponatremia. Kidney Int 1985; 27: 132. abstract.
    • (1985) Kidney Int , vol.27 , pp. 132
    • Ayus, J.C.1    Krothapalli, R.2    Arieff, A.I.3    Frommer, J.P.4
  • 145
    • 0019505290 scopus 로고
    • Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of central and extrapontine myelinolysis
    • Thompson DS, Hutton JT, Stears JC, Sung JH, Norenberg M. Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of central and extrapontine myelinolysis. Arch Neurol 1981; 38: 243–6.
    • (1981) Arch Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 243-246
    • Thompson, D.S.1    Hutton, J.T.2    Stears, J.C.3    Sung, J.H.4    Norenberg, M.5
  • 146
    • 0021342394 scopus 로고
    • Central pontine myelinolysis: demonstration by nuclear magnetic resonance
    • DeWitt LB, Buonanno FS, Kistler JP. Central pontine myelinolysis: demonstration by nuclear magnetic resonance. Neurology (NY) 1984; 34: 570–6.
    • (1984) Neurology (NY) , vol.34 , pp. 570-576
    • DeWitt, L.B.1    Buonanno, F.S.2    Kistler, J.P.3
  • 147
    • 0021909198 scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system: an update
    • Zucharczyk W, Brant-Zawadzki M, Norman D, Newton TH. Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system: an update. West J Med 1985; 142: 54–62.
    • (1985) West J Med , vol.142 , pp. 54-62
    • Zucharczyk, W.1    Brant-Zawadzki, M.2    Norman, D.3    Newton, T.H.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.