Church and Politics in Brazil: The Genesis of Change

Journal of Latin American Studies

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1985, Pages 271-293

  Bruneau, Thomas C ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0022164599     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: 1469767X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X00007896     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. For my analyses, see The Political Transformation of the Brazilian Catholic Church (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1974), and The Church in Brazil: The Politics of Religion (Austin, The University of Texas Press, 1982). For documentation, see Luiz Gonzaga de Souza Lima, Evolução politica dos catόlicos e da igreja no Brasil (Petrόpolis, Vozes, 1979). For a very useful review of the activities, see Cândido Procόpio Ferreira de Camargo, Beatriz Muniz de Souza, and Antίonio Flávio de Oliveira Pierucci, ‘La Iglesia cat?lica en el Brasil: 1945-1970’, Revista Mexicana de Sociologiâ, No. xliii (1981). For a recent review, see Dom Aloisio Lorscheider, ‘Informe para o CELAM pelo delegado da CNBB’, SEDOC, Vol. 16 (July-August, 1983), pp. 86–97. Other relevant books include: Marcio Moreira Alves, A igreja e a politica no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 1979), Roberto Romano, Brasil: igreja contra estado (São Paulo, Kairos, 1979), and Helena Salem (ed.), Brasil: A igreja dos oprimidos (São Paulo, Brasil Debates, 1981).
2. On the CNBB the definitive canon law study is by Pe. Gervasio Fernandes de Queiroga, Conferência national dos bispos do Brasil (São Paulo, Edições Paulinas, 1977).
3. ‘Comunicaçao Pastoral ao Povo de Deus’, November, 1976.
4. CNBB, Exigências Cristãs de uma ordem polίtica (São Paulo, Edições Paulinas, 1978).
5. CNBB, ‘Subsidios para Puebla’, Itaici, 18–25 April 1978. See also the many analyses of the initial Puebla document in Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira, vol. 38, no. 149 (March 1978) and J. B. Libanio, ‘A III Conferência Geral do Episcopado Latino-Americano’, Sintese no. 12, (January/March, 1978).
6. CNBB, Subsidios para uma politica social (São Paulo, Edições Paulinas, 1979).
7. CNBB, Igreja e problemas da terra (São Paulo, Edições Paulinas, 1980).
8. CNBB, ‘Solo urbano e ação pastoral’ (February, 1982).
9. CNBB, ‘Reflexão Cristã sobre a conjuntura politica (August, 1981).
10. In addition to chapter 8 in my 1982 book, and the bibliography cited there, see CEBRAP, ‘Comunidades eclesiais de base’, 1979. Mimeo.
11. This estimate is from Leonardo Boff, Igreja: Carisma e poder (Petrópolis, Vozes, 1981), P. 197.
12. For a specific case study see my ‘Brazil: The Catholic Church and the Basic Christian Communities. A Case Study from the Brazilian Amazon ’, in Daniel H. Levine (ed.), Popular Religion, the Churches, and Political Conflict in Latin America (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming).
13. This point is made in Fernando B. Avila, A igreja na crise brasileira, Sintese, no. 28 (May-June, 1983), pp. 7–24.
14. See my 1974 book, chapter 4, and Brian Smith, The Church and Politics in Chile: Challenges to Modern Catholicism (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1982). For a strong analysis of contrasting cases, see Daniel H. Levine, Religion and Politics in Latin America: The Catholic Church in Venezuela and Colombia (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981).
15. On many of the Church's activities during the dictatorship, see Helena Salem (ed.) Brasil: A igreja dos oprimidos (São Paulo, Brasil Debates, 1981).
16. Philip Selznick, Leadership in Administration (Evanston, Rowe, Peterson and Co., 1957), Daniel Katz and Robert Khan, The Social Psychology of Organisations (New York, Wiley, 1966); Chester Barnard, The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge, Havard University Press, 1938), and James Thompson, Organizations in Action (New York, McGraw Hill, 1967).
17. See my ‘Power and Influence: Analysis of the Church in Latin America and the Case of Brazil’, Latin American Research Review vol. 8 (Summer, 1973), pp. 25–51.
18. 19See my The Church in Brazil, pp. 6–8.
19. See my Political Transformation, p. 240.
20. Classes populares e igreja nos caminhos da bistória (Petrópolis, Vozes, 1982).
21. ‘Igreja e Sociedade’, p. 25.
22. Classes populares,p. 240.
23. Carlos Palácio, ‘Uma consciencia histórica irrevérsivel (1960-1979: duas décadas de história de igreja no Brasil), Sintese,No. 17 (September-December, 1979), pp. 19–40.
24. Luiz Gonzaga De Souza Lima, ‘ Evoluçião politica and same Comunidades Eclesiais de Base’, Revista de Culture Vozes, 74 (June-July, 1980), p. 402.
25. On Gramsci, see, for example, A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (ed. by Q. Hoareand G. Nowell-Smith) (New York, International Publishers, 1971); H. Portelli, Gramsci et le bloc historique (Paris, PUF, 1972); H. Portelli, Gramsci et la question réligieuse (Paris, Anthropos, 1977); Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, vol. III, pp. 220-52 on Gramsci (Oxford, OUP, 1978), and Anne S. Sassoon, Gramsci’s Politics (N.Y., St Martin's Press, 1980).
26. Paulo Krischke, ‘Proposal for the Study of the Church's Role in the 1964 Brazilian Political Crisis’. Working Paper no. 7 (December, 1983) (The Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame), p. 16.
27. 29Ibid., p. 225.
28. For this reason I am not at all impressed with the gratuitous suggestion by one reviewer of my book as well as Levine's and Smith's that we look more closely at Gramsci for a ‘well unified theory or method of study’. See Thomas Bamat, ‘The Catholic Church and Latin American Politics’ Latin American Research Review, vol. 15, no. 3 (Fall, 1983), p. 226. It should be noted that the example of analysis promoted by Bamat, Otto Maduro, Religion and Social Conflicts (Maryknoll, Orbis Books, 1982) is an eclectic Marxist analysis in which Gramsci is not predominant. The book is more a philosophical treatise than an empirical analysis.
29. Carlos Rodrigues Brandão, Os deuses do povo (São Paulo, Brasiliense, 1980). One of the most impressive of the bottom to the top approaches, by an anthropologist whose sympathy for the lower classes he is studying is obvious, reaches conclusions very similar to my own on the Church changing to adopt to different circumstances in order to maintain influence in society.
30. Scott Mainwaring, ‘ Igreja e politica: anatoções teóricas, Sintese, No. 27 (January-April, 1983), pp. 35-56, and his thesis, The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil, 1916–1982, Stanford University, Department of Political Science (1982), to be published by Stanford University Press.
31. Ibid., pp. 38–9.
32. Ibid., p. 38.
33. See, for example of this awareness, CNBB, Diretrizes gerais da ação pastoral da igreja no Brasil, 1975/1978 (São Paulo, Paulinas, 1975).
34. Mainwaring, ‘Igreja e Politica’.
35. See Bruneau, Political Transformation, 1974, p. 4 for a discussion of this.
36. ’