Scientific Work and Uncertainty

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 1985, Pages 391-427

  Star, Susan Leigh ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NEUROLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM;

GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MODERN; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NEUROLOGY;

EID: 0022104665     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: 14603659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631285015003001     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. Social Studies of Science (SAGE, London, Beverly Hills and New Delhi), Vol. 15 (1985 1,391–1,427.
2. G. Holton, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973); M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (New York: Harper and Row, 1964).
3. I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
4. T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2nd edn, 1970).
5. J. Dewey, A. W. Moore, H. C. Brown, G. H. Mead, B. H. Bode, H. W. Stuart, J. H. Tufts and H. M. Kallen, Creative Intelligence: Essays in the Pragmatic Attitude (New York: Henry Holt, 1917).
6. G. H. Mead, ‘Scientific Method and the Individual Thinker’, 176–227.
7. B. Latourand, and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1979).
8. Latour and F. Bastide, ‘Essaie de science-fabrication mise en evidence expérimentale du processus de construction de la réalité par l’application de méthodes socio-sémiotiques aux textes scientifiques’, Etudes Françaises, Vol. 19 (Automne 1983), 111–33.
9. Latour, ‘Is it Possible to Reconstruct the Research Process? Sociology of a Brain Peptide’, in K. D. Knorr, R. Krohn and R. D. Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, Vol. 4 (Dordrecht and Boston, Mass.: Reidel, 1980), 53–73.
10. K. Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981).
11. H. M. Collins, ‘The Seven Sexes: A Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the Replication of Experiments in Physics’, Sociology, Vol. 9 (1975), 205–24.
12. H. Garfinkel, M. Lynch and E. Livingston, ‘The Work of Discovering Science Construed with Materials from the Optically Discovered Pulsar’, Philosophy of Social Sciences, Vol. 11 (1981), 131–58.
13. Lynch, ‘Turning Up Signs in Neurobehavioral Diagnosis’, paper delivered to the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, September 1982.
14. Lynch, Art and Artefact in Laboratory Science (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985).
15. R. Williams and J. Law, ‘Beyond the Bounds of Credibility’, Fundamenta Scientiae, Vol. 1(1980), 295–315.
16. E. M. Gerson, ‘Styles of Scientific Work and the Population Realignment in Biology, 1880–1925’, paper presented to the conference on history and philosophy of biology, Granville, Ohio, July 1983.
17. M. Zenzen and S. Restivo, ‘The Mysterious Morphology of Immiscible Liquids: A Study of Scientific Practice’, Social Science Information, Vol. 21 (1982), 447–73.
18. S. L. Star, ‘Tactics in the Debate about Cerebral Localization’, paper presented to the Society for Social Studies of Science, Philadelphia, October 1982.
19. S.L. Star, Scientific Theories as Going Concerns: The Development of the Localizationist Perspective in Neurophysiology, 1870–1906 (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, San Francisco, 1983), Chapter 2.
20. R. Wallis (ed.), On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge(Keele, Staffs.: Sociological Review Monograph No. 27, 1979).
21. B. Latour, Guerre et paix suivi de irreductions (Paris: A. M. Metailie, 1984).
22. B. Barnes and S. Shapin (eds), Natural Order: Historical Studies of Scientific Culture(London: Sage, 1979.
23. M. Mulkay and G. N. Gilbert, ‘Accounting for Error: How Scientists Construct their Social Worlds when They Account for Correct and Incorrect Belief’, Sociology, Vol. 16 (1981), 165–83.
24. T. J. Pinch, ‘The Sun-Set: The Presentation of Certainty in Scientific Life’, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 11 (1981), 131–58.
25. E. M. Gerson, ‘Passion and Moral Dilemma in Scientific Work’, in preparation.
26. A. E. Clarke, ‘Materials, Constraints, Opportunities and Resources in Reproductive Biology: 1880–1940’, paper presented to the American Association for the History of Medicine, San Francisco, 1984.
27. Star, Social Studies of Science, note 4.
28. D. Light, ‘Uncertainty and Control in Professional Training’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 6(1979), 141–51.
29. R. C. Fox, ‘Training for Uncertainty’, in R. K. Merton, G. Reader and P. Kendall (eds), The Student-Physician (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957), 207–41.
30. S. Fiddle [ed.], Uncertainty: Behavioral and Social Dimensions [New York: Praeger, 1980].
31. D. Kahneman, P. Slovic and A. Tversky [eds] Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982].
32. R. D. Tweney, M. E. Doherty and C. R. Mynatt [eds], On Scientific Thinking [New York: Columbia University Press, 1981]).
33. B. G. Glaser and A. L. Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Chicago: Aldine, 1967).
34. Glaser, Theoretical Sensitivity: Further Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory (Mill Valley, Calif.: The Sociology Press, 1978).
35. Strauss, Qualitative Analysis (in preparation).
36. T. Shibutani (ed.), Human Nature and Collective Behavior (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1973) 46–53.
37. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967).
38. J. Dewey, The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action (New York: Minton, Balch, 1929).
39. H. S. Becker, Sociological Work (Chicago: Aldine, 1970) and Art Worlds (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1982).
40. E. C. Hughes, The Sociological Eye (Chicago: Aldine, 1971).
41. A. L. Strauss, Mirrors and Masks: The Search for Identity (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1959) and Negotiations: Varieties, Contexts, Processes, and Social Order (San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey Bass, 1978).
42. Strauss, L. Schatzman, R. Bucher, D. Ehrlich and M. Sabshin, Psychiatric Ideologies and Institutions (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964).
43. Strauss, S. Fagerhaugh, B. Suczek and C. Wiener, The Social Organization of Medical Work (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, forthcoming).
44. E. M. Gerson, ‘Work and Going Concerns: Some Implications of Hughes Work’, paper presented to the Pacific Sociological Association, San Jose, Calif., April 1983.
45. ‘On “Quality of Life”’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 41 (1976), 793–806.
46. Scientific Work Organization: The Population Realignment in Biology, 1880–1925, in preparation.
47. R. Volberg, Constraints and Commitments in the Development of American Botany, 1880–1920 (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, San Francisco, 1983).
48. A. L. Strauss, ‘A Social World Perspective’, Studies in Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 1 (1978), 119–28.
49. G. Simmel, Conflict and the Web of Group-Affiliations (New York: Free Press, 1955).
50. R. E. Park, Human Communities: The City and Human Ecology (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1952).
51. T. Shibutani, ‘Reference Groups as Perspectives’ American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 60 (1955), 562–69.
52. A. M. Rose (ed.), Human Behavior and Social Processes (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), 128–47.
53. Strauss (1959), Human Behavior and Social Processes.
54. R. Bucher and A. Strauss, ‘Professions in Process’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 66(1961), 325–34.
55. Bucher, ‘Pathology: A Study of Social Movements in a Profession’, Social Problems, Vol. 10 (1972), 40–51.
56. Becker (1982), Social Problems.
57. E. M. Gerson, ‘Scientific Work and Social Worlds’, Knowledge, Vol. 4 (1983), 357–77.
58. R. Kling and Gerson, ‘The Social Dynamics of Technical Innovation in the Computing World’, Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 1 (1977), 132–46.
59. R. Kling and Gerson, ‘Patterns of Segmentation and Intersection in the Computing World’, Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 1 (1978), 24–43.
60. D. L. Hull, ‘Are Species Really Individuals?’, Systematic Zoology, Vol. 25 (1976), 174–91.
61. Hull, ‘Exemplars and Scientific Change’, PSA 1982, Vol. 2 (1982), 479–503.
62. J. Franklin and A. Doelp, Not Quite a Miracle: Brain Surgeons and their Patients on the Frontier of Medicine (New York: Doubleday, 1983).
63. Starr (1982 and 1983), Not Quite a Miracle: Brain Surgeons and their Patients on the Frontier of Medicine, note 4.
64. K. Danziger, ‘Mid-Nineteenth-Century British Psycho-Physiology: A Neglected Chapter in the History of Psychology’, in W. R. Woodward and M. G. Ash (eds), The Problematic Science: Psychology in Nineteenth-Century Thought(New York: Praeger, 1982), 119–46.
65. R. Richards, ‘Darwin and the Biologizing of Moral Behavior’, The Problematic Science: Psychology in Nineteenth-Century Thought, 88–115.
66. L. Daston, ‘British Responses to Psycho-Physiology, 1860–1900’, Isis, Vol. 69 (1978), 192–208.
67. Star (1982), Isis, note 4.
68. Star, Isis, note 4, Chapter 3.
69. S. L. Star, ‘Triangulating Clinical and Basic Research: British Localizationists, 1870–1906’, paper presented to the American Association for the History of Medicine, San Francisco, May 1984.
70. A. Bennett and R. Godlee, ‘Report of Tumour Removal’, The Lancet (10 December 1884), 1090–91.
71. C. Ballance, ‘A Glimpse into the History of the Surgery of the Brain’, The Lancet, Vol. 202 (28 January 1922), 165–72.
72. Star (1983), The Lancet, note 4.
73. B. Abel-Smith, The Hospitals, 1800–1948 (London: Heinemann, 1964).
74. S. Paget, Sir Victor Horsley: A Study of His Life and Work (London: Constabel, 1919), 122–23.
75. Temkin, Sir Victor Horsley: A Study of His Life and Work, note 19.
76. A. Waller, N. Buboff and R. Heidenhain, ‘On Phenomena of Excitation and Inhibition in the Cerebral Motor Centres’, Brain, Vol. 5 (1882), 138–40.
77. G. Rosen, Madness in Society (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), Chapter 9.
78. W. R. Gowers, Lectures on the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain (London: Churchill, 1885), 170.
79. J. Burdon-Sanderson, ‘Note on the Excitation of the Surface of the Cerebral Hemispheres by Induced Currents’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 22 (1873–1874), 368–370.
80. W. J. Dodds, ‘On the Localisation of the Functions of the Brain: Being an Historical and Critical Analysis of the Question’, Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. 12 (1877–1878), 340–63, 454–93.
81. A. Rabagliati, ‘Review of the Work on Localization of Luciani and Tamburini’, Brain, Vol. 1 (1879), 529–44.
82. G. Jefferson, ‘Sir Victor Horsley’, in Selected Papers (Springfield, 111.: Charles Thomas, 1960), 130–69.
83. J. B. Lyons, Citizen Surgeon (London: Dawnay, 1966).
84. R. Atkins, ‘A Case of Right Hemiplegia, Hemianaesthesia, and Aphasia, Having for its Prominent Anatomical Lesion Softening of the Left Lateral Lobe of the Cerebellum’, Brain, Vol. 1 (1878), 410–17.
85. A. H. Bennett, ‘Case of Cerebral Tumour — Symptoms Simulating Hysteria’, Brain, Vol. 1 (1878), 114–20.
86. D. Ferrier, ‘Pain in the Head in Connection with Cerebral Disease’, Brain, Vol. 1 (1879), 467–83.
87. E. Klein, J. N. Langley and E. A. Schafer, ‘On the Cortical Areas Removed from the Brain of a Dog, and from the Brain of a Monkey’, The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 4 (1883–1884), 231–326 (quote at p. 250).
88. J. H. Jackson, ‘On Epilepsies and on the After Effects of Epileptic Discharges’, West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports, Vol. 6 (1876), 266–309.
89. Jackson, ‘On Affections of Speech from Disease of the Brain’, Brain, Vol. 2 (1879), 323–56.
90. Temkin, Brain, note 19.
91. D. Ferrier, unpublished laboratory notebooks, Library of the Royal College of Physicians, London, MS 246/1–19, 1873–1883.
92. E. Jones, Class notes from 1899 class with Risien Russell (of Queen Square) at University College Hospital, MS/UNOF/14/1–2, Thane Library, University College Hospital, London, 1899.
93. Jones, Free Associations (London: Hogarth, 1959).
94. Gowers, Free Associations, note 21.
95. B. Bramwell, Intracranial Tumours (Edinburgh: Pentland, 1888).
96. Paget, Intracranial Tumours, note 19, 180–81.
97. T. Buzzard, ‘Pain in the Occiput and Back of Neck’, Brain, Vol. 4(1881), 130–132, quote at 132.
98. J. B. Lyons, ‘Correspondence between Sir William Gowers and Sir Victor Horsley’, Medical History, Vol. 9 (1965), 260–67.
99. H. Cushing, ‘The Special Field of Neurological Surgery’, Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Vol. 16 (1905), 77–87.
100. V. Horsley, ‘On the Technique of Operations on the Central Nervous System’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 3 (25 August 1906), 411–23.
101. A. de Watteville, ‘Review of Maladies de la Moelle’ by A. Vulpian (Paris: Octave Doin, 1881), Brain, Vol. 3 (1881), 516–28.
102. Cushing, Brain, note 19.
103. R. A. Hunter and L. J. Hurwitz, ‘The Case Notes of the National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic, Queen Square, London, before 1900’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Vol. 24 (1961), 187–94.
104. G. Holmes, The National Hospital, Queen Square (Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1954).
105. L. S. King, Medical Thinking: A Historical Preface (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982).
106. Spillane, Medical Thinking: A Historical Preface, note 18, 354–58.
107. Lyons, Medical Thinking: A Historical Preface, note 32, 263.
108. H. Cushing, ‘Realignments in Greater Medicine: Their Effect on Surgery and the Influence of Surgery upon Them’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 2 (9 August 1913), 290–97.
109. Cushing, British Medical Journal, note 19.
110. ‘Psychiatrists, Neurologists and the Neurosurgeon’, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, Vol. 7 (1935), 191–207.
111. B. B. Rawlings, A Hospital in the Making (London: Pitman, 1913), 189.
112. A. R. Urquhart, ‘Cases of Cerebral Excitement Treated by Mustard Baths’, Brain, Vol. 1 (1878), 126–27.
113. A. H. Bennett, ‘Metalloscopy and Metallotherapy’ Brain, Vol. 1 (1878b), 331–39.
114. National Hospital Records, Brain, note 27, Buzzard casebook, 1901.
115. National Hospital Records, Brain, note 27.
116. Lyons, Brain, note 32.
117. Cushing, Brain, note 33, 78.
118. Rawlings, Brain, note 39.
119. Holmes, Brain, note 36.
120. R. D. French, Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975).
121. G. Geison, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: The Scientific Enterprise in Late Victorian Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978).
122. W. MacCormac (ed.), Transactions of the International Medical Congress, 7th Session, 4 Vols. (London: Kolckmann, 1881), 218.
123. Lyons, Transactions of the International Medical Congress, note 32.
124. Geison, Transactions of the International Medical Congress, note 45, 27–28.
125. Spillane, Transactions of the International Medical Congress, note 18, 398.
126. E. Sharpey-Schafer, History of the Physiological Society During its First Fifty Years, 1876–1926 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1927).
127. Ferrier notebooks, History of the Physiological Society During its First Fifty Years, 1876–1926, note 28.
128. Ferrier notebooks, History of the Physiological Society During its First Fifty Years, 1876–1926, note 28, MS 246/5, 5 January 1875.
129. French, History of the Physiological Society During its First Fifty Years, 1876–1926, note 45.
130. Rabagliati, History of the Physiological Society During its First Fifty Years, 1876–1926, note 22, 537–38.
131. J. Crichton-Browne, ‘On the Weight of the Brain and its Component Parts in the Insane’, Brain, Vol. 1 (1879), 504–18.
132. J. Crichton-Browne, ‘On the Weight of the Brain and its Component Parts in the Insane’, Brain, Vol. 2 (1880), 42–67, quote at 65.
133. H. Duret, ‘On the Role of the Dura Mater and its Nerves in Cerebral Traumatism’, Brain, Vol. 1 (1878), 29–47.
134. Dodds, Brain, note 22.
135. Burdon-Sanderson, Brain, note 22.
136. Ferrier notebooks, Brain, note 28, MS 246/2, 8 August.
137. Brain, MS 246/4, December 1874.
138. Brain, MS246/7, October 1879.
139. C. E. Beevor and V. Horsley, ‘Electrical Excitation of the So-called Motor Cortex and Internal Capsule in an Orang-utang’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 181 (1890), 129–58.
140. Beevor and Horsley, ‘ A Further Minute Analysis by Electric Stimulation of the So-called Motor Region (Facial Area) of the Cortex Cerebri in the Monkey (Macacus Sinicus)’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 185 (1890), 439–81.
141. D. Ferrier, in The Functions of the Brain (London: Smith, Elder, 1876), on pages 38 and 148.
142. H. Head, Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech (New York: Macmillan, 1926).
143. D. Ferrier, The Localisation of Cerebral Disease (London: Smith Elder, 1878), 131.
144. Rawlings, The Localisation of Cerebral Disease, note 39, 121.
145. S. L. Star, ‘Simplification in Scientific Work: An Example from Neuroscience Research’, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 13 (1983), 205–28.
146. A. W. Campbell, Histological Studies on the Localisation of Cerebral Function (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905), 222.
147. Star, Histological Studies on the Localisation of Cerebral Function, note 4.
148. S. L. Star and E. M. Gerson, ‘Management of Anomalies in Scientific Research: I. Varieties of Anomaly’, and ‘II. Properties of Artifacts’, submitted for publication, 1984.
149. R. Bucher, R. and J. Stelling, ‘Vocabularies of Realism in Professional Socialization’, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 7 (1973), 661–75.
150. E. Freidson, Professional Dominance: The Social Structure of Medical Care (New York: Atherton, 1970).
151. C. Bosk, Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979).
152. C. Jones, ‘Some Founders of British Neurology’, New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 2 (1946), 143–54, quote at 153.
153. Spillane, New Zealand Medical Journal, note 18.
154. Jones (1899), New Zealand Medical Journal, note 29.
155. B. Latour, ‘Visualisation and Cognition’, in H. Kuklick (ed.), Sociology of Art, Knowledge, and Science (in press).
156. G. Horrax, Neurosurgery: An Historical Sketch (Springfield, 111.: Charles Thomas, 1952), 56.
157. Ferrier, Neurosurgery: An Historical Sketch, note 59.
158. C. E. Brown-Séquard, ‘Nombreux cas de vivisection pratiquée sur le cerveau de l’homme le verdict contre la doctrine des centres psycho-moteurs’, Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique, 5iéme série, Vol. 2 (1890), 762–73.
159. S. L. Star, ‘Preliminary Field Report on the Study of a Robotics Laboratory’, paper presented at the Tremont Science Studies Seminar Series, December 1983.
160. Gerson, Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique, Siéme série, note 4.
161. H. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981).
162. Volberg, The Sciences of the Artificial, note 11.
163. Hull, The Sciences of the Artificial, note 11.
164. E. M. Gerson and S. L. Star, ‘The Sociology of Engineering Work’, in preparation.
165. G. R. Barber, Office Semantics (unpublished PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982).
166. Shepard, Office Semantics, note 34.
167. Clarke, Office Semantics, note 9.
168. Dewey, Office Semantics, note 3 and note 10.
169. Kuhn, Office Semantics, note 2.
170. H. Collins and T. Pinch, Frames of Meaning: The Social Construction of Extraordinary Science (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982).
171. J. Carrier, ‘Misrecognition and Knowledge’, Inquiry, Vol. 22 (1979), 321–42.
172. Star, Inquiry, note 63.
173. Gerson, Inquiry, note 14.
174. Star and Gerson, Inquiry, note 10.
175. Volberg, Inquiry, note 10.
176. Clark, Inquiry, note 9.
177. Gerson, Inquiry, note 10.
178. W. C. Wimsatt, ‘Reductionist Research Strategies and their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy’, in T. Nickles (ed.), Scientific Discovery: Case Studies (Dordrecht and Boston, Mass.: D. Reidel, 1980), 213–59.
179. ‘Robustness, Reliability and Overdetermination’, in M. B. Brewer and B. E. Collins (eds), Scientific Inquiry and the Social Sciences (San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass, 1981), 124–62.
180. J. Griesmer, Communication and Scientific Change in the Macroevolution Controversy (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1983).
181. C. Hewitt and P. de Jong, ‘Open Systems’, in M. L. Brodie et al. (eds), On Conceptual Modelling (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984), 147–64.
182. Hewitt, ‘The Challenge of Open Systems’, BYTE, Vol. 10 (April 1985), 223–42.
183. W. Scacchi, ‘Managing Software Engineering Projects: A Social Analysis’, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-10 (1984), 49–59.
184. L. Gasser, The Social Dynamics of Routine Computer Use in Complex Organizations (unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, 1983).