Wernicke's Encephalopathy

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 312, Issue 16, 1985, Pages 1035-1039

  Reuler, James B ^a   Girard, Donald E ^a   Cooney, Thomas G ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOPSY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DIAGNOSIS; ETIOLOGY; HUMAN; PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY; THERAPY; WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY;

ALCOHOLISM; ATAXIA; BRAIN; COMA; CONFUSION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; HYPOTHERMIA; NUTRITION DISORDERS; OPHTHALMOPLEGIA; THIAMINE; VESTIBULE; WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY;

EID: 0021946192     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198504183121606     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Phillips GB, Victor M, Adams RD, Davidson CS. A study of the nutritional defect in Wernicke's syndrome: the effect of a purified diet, thiamine, and other vitamins on the clinical manifestations. J Clin Invest 1952; 31: 859–871.
2. Neal RA, Sauberlich HE. Thiamin. In: Goodhart RS, Shils ME, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1980:191–7.
3. Shaw S, Gorkin BD, Lieber CS. Effects of chronic alcohol feeding on thiamin status: biochemical and neurological correlates. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 856–860.
4. Tomasulo PA, Kater RMH, Iber FL. Impairment of thiamine absorption in alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr 1968; 21: 1341–4.
5. Hoyumpa AM Jr., Nichols S, Henderson GI, Schenker S. Intestinal thiamin transport: effect of chronic ethanol administration in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 938–945.
6. Camilo ME, Morgan MY, Sherlock S. Erythrocyte transketolase activity in alcoholic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16: 273–9.
7. McCandless DW, Schenker S, Cook M. Encephalopathy of thiamine deficiency: studies of intracerebral mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1968; 47: 2268–80.
8. Dreyfus PM. Thiamine-deficiency encephalopathy: thoughts on its pathogenesis. In: Gubler CJ, Fujiwara M, Dreyfus PM, eds. Thiamine. New York: John Wiley, 1974:229–39.
9. Schenker S, Henderson GI, Hoyumpa AM Jr., McCandless DW. Hepatic and Wernicke's encephalopathies: current concepts of pathogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 22: 2719–26.
10. Henderson GI, Schenker S. Reversible impairment of cerebral DNA synthesis in thiamine deficiency. J Lab Clin Med 1975; 86: 77–90.
11. Blass JP, Gibson GE. Genetic factors in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1979; 3: 126–134.
12. Blass. Abnormality of a thiamine-requiring enzyme in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 1367–70.
13. Victor M, Adams RD, Collins GH. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1971.
14. Adams RD, Victor M. Principles of neurology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981:704–11.
15. Wernicke's encephalopathy. Br Med J 1979; 2: 291–2.
16. Harper C. Wernicke's encephalopathy: a more common disease than realised: a neuropathological study of 51 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 226–231.
17. Harper CG. Sudden, unexpected death and Wernicke's encephalopathy: a complication of prolonged intravenous feeding. Aust NZ J Med 1980; 10: 230–5.
18. Torvik A, Lindboe CF, Rogde S. Brain lesions in alcoholics: a neuropathological study with clinical correlations. J Neurol Sci 1982; 56: 233–248.
19. Cravioto H, Korein J, Silberman J. Wernicke's encephalopathy: a clinical and pathological study of 28 autopsied cases. Arch Neurol 1961; 4: 510–9.
20. Victor M, Hope JM, Adams RD. A clinical study of Wernicke's disease. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1952; 77: 178–181.
21. Pentland B, Mawdsley C. Wernicke's encephalopathy following 'hunger strike.' Postgrad Med J 1982; 58: 427–8.
22. Lopez RI, Collins GH. Wernicke's encephalopathy: a complication of chronic hemodialysis. Arch Neurol 1968; 18: 248–259.
23. Ghez C. Vestibular paresis: a clinical feature of Wernicke's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1969; 32: 134–9.
24. Tellez I, Terry RD. Fine structure of the early changes in the vestibular nuclei of the thiamine-deficient rat. Am J Pathol 1968; 52: 777–794.
25. Donnan GA, Seeman A. Coma and hypothermia in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Aust NZ J Med 1980; 10: 438–9.
26. Kearsley JH, Musso AF. Hypothermia and coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Med J Aust 1980; 2: 504–6.
27. Ackerman WJ. Stupor, bradycardia, hypotension and hypothermia — a presentation of Wernicke's encephalopathy with rapid response to thiamine. West J Med 1974; 121: 428–9.
28. Lipton JM, Payne HY, Garza HR, Rosenberg RN. Thermolability in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 1978; 35: 750–3.
29. Koeppen AH, Daniels JC, Barron KD. Subnormal body temperatures in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 1969; 21: 493–8.
30. Philip G, Smith JF. Hypothermia and Wernicke's encephalopathy. Lancet 1973; 2: 122–4.
31. Gravallese MA Jr., Victor M. Circulatory studies in Wernicke's encephalopathy: with special reference to the occurrence of a state of high cardiac output and postural hypotension. Circulation 1957; 15: 836–844.
32. Birchfield RI. Postural hypotension in Wernicke's disease: a manifestation of autonomic nervous system involvement. Am J Med 1964; 36: 404–414.
33. Wallis WE, Willoughby E, Baker P. Coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Lancet 1978; 2: 400–1.
34. Harper C. The incidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy in Australia — a neuropathological study of 131 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 593–8.
35. Wernicke's preventable encephalopathy. Lancet 1979; 1: 1122–3.
36. Ebels EJ. Underlying illness in Wernicke's encephalopathy: analysis of possible causes of under-diagnosis. Eur Neurol 1974; 12: 226–8.
37. Mair WGP, Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L. Memory disorder in Korsakoff's psychosis: a neuropathological and neuropsychological investigation of two cases. Brain 1979; 102: 749–783.
38. McEntee WJ, Mair RG, Langlais PJ. Neurochemical pathology in Korsakoff's psychosis: implications for other cognitive disorders. Neurology (NY) 1984; 34: 648–652.
39. McDowell JR, LeBlanc HJ. Computed tomographic findings in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Arch Neurol 1984; 41: 453–4.
40. Handler CE, Perkins GD. Anorexia nervosa and Wernicke's encephalopathy: an underdiagnosed association. Lancet 1982; 2: 771–2.
41. Stockard JJ, Stockard JE, Sharbrough FW. brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in neurology: methodology, interpretation, clinical application. In: Aminoff MJ, ed. Electrodiagnosis in clinical neurology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1980:370–413.
42. Dreyfus PM. Clinical application of blood transketolase determinations. N Engl J Med 1962; 267: 596–8.
43. Sauberlich HE. Newer laboratory methods for assessing nutriture of selected B-complex vitamins. Annu Rev Nutr 1984; 4: 377–407.
44. Wood B, Breen KJ, Penington DG. Thiamine status in alcoholism. Aust NZ J Med 1977; 7: 475–484.
45. Leigh D, McBurney A, McIlwain H. Erythrocyte transketolase activity in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 139: 153–9.
46. Ebels EJ. How common is the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? Lancet 1978; 2: 781–2.
47. Drenick EJ, Joven CB, Swendseid ME. Occurrence of acute Wernicke's encephalopathy during prolonged starvation for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 1966; 274: 937–9.
48. Devathasan G, Koh C. Wernicke's encephalopathy in prolonged fasting. Lancet 1982; 2: 1108–9.
49. Haid RW, Gutmann L, Crosby TW. Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy after gastric plication. JAMA 1982; 247: 2566–7.
50. Nightingale S, Bates D, Heath PD, Barron SL. Wernicke's encephalopathy in hyperemesis gravidarum. Postgrad Med J 1982; 58: 558–9.
51. Lavin PJM, Smith D, Kori SH, Ellenberger C Jr. Wernicke's encephalopathy: a predictable complication of hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 62 (3: Suppl):13s–15s.
52. Wood P, Murray A, Sinha B, Godley M, Goldsmith HJ. Wernicke's encephalopathy induced by hyperemesis gravidarum: case reports. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983; 90: 583–6.
53. Raskin NH, Fishman RA. Neurological disorders in renal failure. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 143–8, 204–210.
54. Faris AA. Wernicke's encephalopathy in uremia. Neurology (Minneap) 1972; 22: 1293–7.
55. Lasker N, Harvey A, Baker H. Vitamin levels in hemodialysis and intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1963; 9: 51–56.
56. DeBari VA, Frank O, Baker H, Needle MA. Water soluble vitamins in granulocytes, erythrocytes, and plasma obtained from chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39: 410–5.
57. Watson AJS, Walker JF, Tomkin GH, Finn MMR, Keogh JAB. Acute Wernicke's encephalopathy precipitated by glucose loading. Ir J Med Sci 1981; 150: 301–3.
58. Nadel AM, Burger PC. Wernicke's encephalopathy following prolonged intravenous therapy. JAMA 1976; 235: 2403–5.
59. Luda E. Wernicke's encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 1980; 37: 255–6.
60. Baughman FA Jr., Papp JP. Wernicke's encephalopathy with intravenous hyperalimentation: remarks on similarities between Wernicke's encephalopathy and the phosphate depletion syndrome. Mt Sinai J Med 1976; 43: 48–52.
61. Kramer J, Goodwin JA. Wernicke's encephalopathy: complication of intravenous hyperalimentation. JAMA 1977; 238: 2176–7.
62. Lonsdale D. Wernicke's encephalopathy and hyperalimentation. JAMA 1978; 239: 1133.
63. Troncoso JC, Johnston MV, Hess KM, Griffin JW, Price DL. Model of Wernicke's encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 1981; 38: 350–4.
64. Victor M, Laureno R. Neurologic complications of alcohol abuse: epidemiologic aspects. Adv Neurol 1978; 19: 603–617.
65. Carlen PL, Wilkinson DA, Wottzman G, et al. Cerebral atrophy and functional deficits in alcoholics without clinically apparent liver disease. Neurology (NY) 1981; 31: 377–385.
66. Cole M, Turner A, Frank O, Baker H, Leevy CM. Extraocular palsy and thiamine therapy in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Am J Clin Nutr 1969; 22: 44–51.
67. Centerwall BS, Criqui MH. Prevention of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 285–9.
68. Wood B, Breen KJ. Clinical thiamine deficiency in Australia: the size of the problem and approaches to prevention. Med J Aust 1980; 1: 461–4.
69. Weinstein MC. Prevention that pays for itself. N Engl J Med 1978; 229: 307–8.