메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1985, Pages 169-234

The interface between biomechanics and neurophysiology in the study of movement: Some recent approaches

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOMECHANICS; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; JOINT; MOTONEURON; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); MUSCLE; MUSCLE SPINDLE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE; SENSORY RECEPTOR;

EID: 0021902999     PISSN: 00916331     EISSN: 15383008     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (50)

References (181)
  • 1
    • 0021345468 scopus 로고
    • Control of complex motor gestures: Orofacial muscle responses to load perturbations of lip during speech
    • Abbs, J.H., and V.L. Gracco. Control of complex motor gestures: Orofacial muscle responses to load perturbations of lip during speech. J. Neurophysiol. 51:705–723, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.51 , pp. 705-723
    • Abbs, J.H.1    Gracco, V.L.2
  • 2
    • 0019925156 scopus 로고
    • Human arm trajectory formation
    • Abend, W., E. Bizzi, and P. Morasso. Human arm trajectory formation. Brain 105:331–348, 1982.
    • (1982) Brain , vol.105 , pp. 331-348
    • Abend, W.1    Bizzi, E.2    Morasso, P.3
  • 3
    • 84944496275 scopus 로고
    • The discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibers. Part II. The frequency of discharge in reflex and voluntary contractions
    • Adrian, E.D., and D.W. Bronk. The discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibers. Part II. The frequency of discharge in reflex and voluntary contractions. J. Physiol, (Lond.) 67:119–151, 1929.
    • (1929) J. Physiol, (Lond.) , vol.67 , pp. 119-151
    • Adrian, E.D.1    Bronk, D.W.2
  • 4
    • 0015412104 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the structural features of muscle fibres from a fast- and a slow-twitch muscle of the pelvic limb of the cat
    • Al-Amood, W.S., and R. Pope. A comparison of the structural features of muscle fibres from a fast- and a slow-twitch muscle of the pelvic limb of the cat. J. Anat. 113:49–60, 1972.
    • (1972) J. Anat. , vol.113 , pp. 49-60
    • Al-Amood, W.S.1    Pope, R.2
  • 5
    • 0019409992 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral feedback mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for locomotion in fish and cat
    • Andersson, O., H. Forssberg, S. Grillner, and P. Wallén. Peripheral feedback mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for locomotion in fish and cat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 59:713–726, 1981.
    • (1981) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol , vol.59 , pp. 713-726
    • Andersson, O.1    Forssberg, H.2    Grillner, S.3    Wallén, P.4
  • 6
    • 0019519131 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral control of the cat’s step cycle. I. Phase dependent effects of ramp-movements of the hip during “fictive locomotion.”
    • Andersson, O., and S. Grillner. Peripheral control of the cat’s step cycle. I. Phase dependent effects of ramp-movements of the hip during “fictive locomotion.” Acta Physiol. Scand. 113:89–101, 1981.
    • (1981) Acta Physiol. Scand , vol.113 , pp. 89-101
    • Andersson, O.1    Grillner, S.2
  • 7
    • 0020546146 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral control of the cat’s step cycle. II. Entrainment of the central pattern generators for locomotion by sinusoidal hip movements during “fictive locomotion.”
    • Andersson, O., and S. Grillner. Peripheral control of the cat’s step cycle. II. Entrainment of the central pattern generators for locomotion by sinusoidal hip movements during “fictive locomotion.” Acta Physiol. Scand. 118:229–239, 1983.
    • (1983) Acta Physiol. Scand , vol.118 , pp. 229-239
    • Andersson, O.1    Grillner, S.2
  • 8
    • 0015980684 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography during voluntary movement: The two-burst pattern
    • Angel, R.W. Electromyography during voluntary movement: The two-burst pattern. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 36:493–498, 1974.
    • (1974) Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. , vol.36 , pp. 493-498
    • Angel, R.W.1
  • 9
    • 0017651730 scopus 로고
    • Antagonist muscle activity during rapid arm movements: Central versus proprioceptive influences
    • Angel, R.W. Antagonist muscle activity during rapid arm movements: central versus proprioceptive influences. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 40:683–686, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. , vol.40 , pp. 683-686
    • Angel, R.W.1
  • 10
    • 0013807373 scopus 로고
    • Silent period produced by unloading of muscle during voluntary contraction
    • Angel, R.W., W. Eppler, and A. Iannone. Silent period produced by unloading of muscle during voluntary contraction. J. Physiol. (Land.) 180:864–870, 1965.
    • (1965) J. Physiol. (Land.) , vol.180 , pp. 864-870
    • Angel, R.W.1    Eppler, W.2    Iannone, A.3
  • 14
    • 0020993590 scopus 로고
    • Posture control and trajectory formation in single- and multi-joint arm movements
    • J.E. Desmedt, ed. New York: Raven
    • Bizzi, E., and W. Abend. Posture control and trajectory formation in single- and multi-joint arm movements. In Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease, J.E. Desmedt, ed. New York: Raven, 1983, pp. 31–45.
    • (1983) Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease , pp. 31-45
    • Bizzi, E.1    Abend, W.2
  • 16
    • 0017796825 scopus 로고
    • Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements
    • Bizzi, E., P. Dev, P. Morasso, and A. Polit. Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements. J. Neurophysiol. 41:542–556, 1978.
    • (1978) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.41 , pp. 542-556
    • Bizzi, E.1    Dev, P.2    Morasso, P.3    Polit, A.4
  • 17
    • 0017226452 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position
    • Bizzi, E., A. Polit, and P. Morasso. Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position. J. Neurophysiol. 39:435–444, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.39 , pp. 435-444
    • Bizzi, E.1    Polit, A.2    Morasso, P.3
  • 18
    • 0017344066 scopus 로고
    • The stability of synergy in agonists during the execution of a simple voluntary movement
    • Bouisset, S., F. Lestienne, and B. Maton. The stability of synergy in agonists during the execution of a simple voluntary movement. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 42:543–551, 1977.
    • (1977) Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. , vol.42 , pp. 543-551
    • Bouisset, S.1    Lestienne, F.2    Maton, B.3
  • 19
    • 0018175897 scopus 로고
    • Prolonged alterations of muscle activity induced in locomoting premammillary cats by microstimulation of the inferior olive
    • Boylls, C.C. Prolonged alterations of muscle activity induced in locomoting premammillary cats by microstimulation of the inferior olive. Brain Res. 159:445–450, 1978.
    • (1978) Brain Res. , vol.159 , pp. 445-450
    • Boylls, C.C.1
  • 20
    • 0020644369 scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory interactions between interneurones in reflex pathways from group Ia and group Ib afferents in the cat
    • Brink, E., E. Jankowska, D. McCrea, and B. Skoog. Inhibitory interactions between interneurones in reflex pathways from group Ia and group Ib afferents in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 343:361–373, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.343 , pp. 361-373
    • Brink, E.1    Jankowska, E.2    McCrea, D.3    Skoog, B.4
  • 22
    • 45949130110 scopus 로고
    • Muscle spindle function during movement
    • Burke, D. Muscle spindle function during movement. Trends Neurosci. 3:251–253, 1980.
    • (1980) Trends Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 251-253
    • Burke, D.1
  • 23
    • 0000076646 scopus 로고
    • Motor units: Anatomy, physiology, and functionsl organization
    • V.B. Brooks, ed. Bethesda: American Physiological Society
    • Burke, R.E. Motor units: anatomy, physiology, and functionsl organization. In Handbook of Physiology, sec. 1, vol. II, The Nervous System: Motor Control, Part I. V.B. Brooks, ed. Bethesda: American Physiological Society, 1981, pp. 345–422.
    • (1981) Handbook of Physiology, Sec. 1, Vol. II, the Nervous System: Motor Control, Part I , pp. 345-422
    • Burke, R.E.1
  • 24
    • 49049138182 scopus 로고
    • Computers, brains and the control of movement. (Letter to the editor.)
    • Chandler, C., J. Hewit, and S. Miller. Computers, brains and the control of movement. (Letter to the editor.) Trends Neurosci. 5:376, 1982.
    • (1982) Trends Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 376
    • Chandler, C.1    Hewit, J.2    Miller, S.3
  • 25
    • 77956744851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The organization of simple, skilled movements
    • G.E. Stelmach and J. Requin, eds. Amsterdam; North-Holland
    • Cooke, J.D. The organization of simple, skilled movements. In Tutorials in Motor Behavior. G.E. Stelmach and J. Requin, eds. Amsterdam; North-Holland, 1980, pp. 199–212.
    • Tutorials in Motor Behavior , vol.1980 , pp. 199-212
    • Cooke, J.D.1
  • 26
    • 0020042312 scopus 로고
    • Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements
    • Cordo. P.J., and L.M. Nashner. Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 47:287–302, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.47 , pp. 287-302
    • Cordo, P.J.1    Nashner, L.M.2
  • 27
    • 0020038326 scopus 로고
    • Motor-unit activation patterns in lengthening and isometric contractions of hindlimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat
    • Cordo, P.J., and W.Z. Rymer. Motor-unit activation patterns in lengthening and isometric contractions of hindlimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. J. Neurophysiol. 47:782–796, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.47 , pp. 782-796
    • Cordo, P.J.1    Rymer, W.Z.2
  • 28
    • 0020035949 scopus 로고
    • Contributions of motor-unit recruitment and rate modulation to compensation for muscle yielding
    • Cordo, P.J., and W.Z. Rymer. Contributions of motor-unit recruitment and rate modulation to compensation for muscle yielding. J. Neurophysiol. 47:797–809, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.47 , pp. 797-809
    • Cordo, P.J.1    Rymer, W.Z.2
  • 29
    • 0017150430 scopus 로고
    • Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex
    • Crago, P.E., J.C. Houk, and Z. Hasan. Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex. J. Neurophysiol. 39:925–935, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.39 , pp. 925-935
    • Crago, P.E.1    Houk, J.C.2    Hasan, Z.3
  • 31
    • 84934664331 scopus 로고
    • The influence of practice on movement dynamics and muscle activity
    • Darling, W.G., and J.D. Cooke. The influence of practice on movement dynamics and muscle activity. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 9:1032, 1983.
    • (1983) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.9 , pp. 1032
    • Darling, W.G.1    Cooke, J.D.2
  • 32
    • 0019465136 scopus 로고
    • Efferent activity during fictitious scratch reflex in the cat
    • Deliagina, T.G., G.N. Orlovsky, and C. Perret. Efferent activity during fictitious scratch reflex in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 45:595–604, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.45 , pp. 595-604
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2    Perret, C.3
  • 33
    • 0002026947 scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of the electromygram
    • Denny-Brown, D. Interpretation of the electromygram. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 61:99–128, 1949.
    • (1949) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. , vol.61 , pp. 99-128
    • Denny-Brown, D.1
  • 34
    • 77957178874 scopus 로고
    • Fibrillation and fasciculation in voluntary muscle
    • Denny-Brown, D., and J.B. Pennybacker. Fibrillation and fasciculation in voluntary muscle. Brain 61:311–333, 1938.
    • (1938) Brain , vol.61 , pp. 311-333
    • Denny-Brown, D.1    Pennybacker, J.B.2
  • 35
    • 0018196317 scopus 로고
    • Ballistic contractions in fast or slow human muscles: Discharge patterns of single motor units
    • Desmedt, J.E., and E. Godaux. Ballistic contractions in fast or slow human muscles: discharge patterns of single motor units. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 285:185–196, 1978.
    • (1978) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.285 , pp. 185-196
    • Desmedt, J.E.1    Godaux, E.2
  • 36
    • 0019785297 scopus 로고
    • Spinal motoneuron recruitment in man: Rank deordering with direction but not with the speed of voluntary movement
    • Desmedt. J.E., and E. Godaux. Spinal motoneuron recruitment in man: Rank deordering with direction but not with the speed of voluntary movement. Science 214:933–936, 1981.
    • (1981) Science , vol.214 , pp. 933-936
    • Desmedt, J.E.1    Godaux, E.2
  • 37
    • 0001314083 scopus 로고
    • Integrative pattern of la synaptic actions on motoneurones of hip and knee muscles
    • Eccles, R.M., and A. Lundberg. Integrative pattern of la synaptic actions on motoneurones of hip and knee muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 144:271–298, 1958.
    • (1958) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.144 , pp. 271-298
    • Eccles, R.M.1    Lundberg, A.2
  • 38
    • 0014496178 scopus 로고
    • An electromyographic analysis of muscular activity in the hindlimb of the cat during unrestrained locomotion
    • Engberg, I., and A. Lundberg. An electromyographic analysis of muscular activity in the hindlimb of the cat during unrestrained locomotion. Acta Physiol. Scand. 75:614–630, 1969.
    • (1969) Acta Physiol. Scand. , vol.75 , pp. 614-630
    • Engberg, I.1    Lundberg, A.2
  • 39
    • 0020511511 scopus 로고
    • Muscular control of a learned movement: The speed control system hypothesis
    • Enoka, R.M. Muscular control of a learned movement: The speed control system hypothesis. Exp. Brain Res. 51:135–145, 1983.
    • (1983) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.51 , pp. 135-145
    • Enoka, R.M.1
  • 40
    • 0018818571 scopus 로고
    • Changes in excitability of tendon tap and Hoffmann reflexes following voluntary contractions
    • Enoka, R.M., R.S. Hutton, and E. Eldred. Changes in excitability of tendon tap and Hoffmann reflexes following voluntary contractions. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48:664–672, 1980.
    • (1980) Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. , vol.48 , pp. 664-672
    • Enoka, R.M.1    Hutton, R.S.2    Eldred, E.3
  • 41
    • 0021187608 scopus 로고
    • Henneman’s “size principle”: Current issues
    • Enoka, R.M., and D.G. Stuart. Henneman’s “size principle”: Current issues. Trends Neurosci. 7:226–228, 1984.
    • (1984) Trends Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 226-228
    • Enoka, R.M.1    Stuart, D.G.2
  • 42
    • 0002499974 scopus 로고
    • Sherrington’s concept of proprioception
    • Evarts, E.V. Sherrington’s concept of proprioception. Trends Neurosci. 4:44–46, 1981.
    • (1981) Trends Neurosci , vol.4 , pp. 44-46
    • Evarts, E.V.1
  • 43
    • 0003119381 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and control of limb movements
    • New York: Academic Press
    • Evoy, W.H., and J. Ayers. Locomotion and control of limb movements. In Biology of Crustacea, vol. 4. New York: Academic Press, 1982, pp. 61–105.
    • (1982) Biology of Crustacea, vol. 4 , pp. 61-105
    • Evoy, W.H.1    Ayers, J.2
  • 44
    • 16744366215 scopus 로고
    • Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscles
    • Feldman, A.G. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscles. Biophysics 11:498–508, 1966.
    • (1966) Biophysics , vol.11 , pp. 498-508
    • Feldman, A.G.1
  • 45
    • 0013999784 scopus 로고
    • Functional tuning of the nervous system during control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. III. Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor tasks
    • Feldman, A.G. Functional tuning of the nervous system during control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. III. Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor tasks. Biophysics 11:667–675, 1966.
    • (1966) Biophysics , vol.11 , pp. 667-675
    • Feldman, A.G.1
  • 46
    • 0016332454 scopus 로고
    • Change in the length of the muscle as a consequence of a shift in the equilibrium in the muscle-load system
    • Feldman, A.G. Change in the length of the muscle as a consequence of a shift in the equilibrium in the muscle-load system. Biophysics 19:534–538, 1974.
    • (1974) Biophysics , vol.19 , pp. 534-538
    • Feldman, A.G.1
  • 47
    • 0018873985 scopus 로고
    • Superposition of motor programs. I. Rhythmic forearm movements in man
    • Feldman, A.G. Superposition of motor programs. I. Rhythmic forearm movements in man. Neuroscience 5:81–90, 1980.
    • (1980) Neuroscience , vol.5 , pp. 81-90
    • Feldman, A.G.1
  • 48
    • 0015467055 scopus 로고
    • The influence of different descending systems on the tonic stretch reflex in the cat
    • Feldman, A.G., and G.N. Orlovsky. The influence of different descending systems on the tonic stretch reflex in the cat. Exp. Neurol, 37:481–494, 1972.
    • (1972) Exp. Neurol , vol.37 , pp. 481-494
    • Feldman, A.G.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2
  • 49
    • 84931953687 scopus 로고
    • Synaptic organization in FDL and FHL motor nuclei: A search for mechanisms underlying the functional disparityin strict anatomical synergists
    • Fleshman, J.W., A. Lev-Tov, and R.E. Burke. Synaptic organization in FDL and FHL motor nuclei: A search for mechanisms underlying the functional disparityin strict anatomical synergists. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7:689, 1981.
    • (1981) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.7 , pp. 689
    • Fleshman, J.W.1    Lev-Tov, A.2    Burke, R.E.3
  • 50
    • 0342392382 scopus 로고
    • Phasic gating of cutaneous reflexes during locomotion
    • A. Taylor and A. Prochazka, eds. London: MacMillan
    • Forssberg, H. Phasic gating of cutaneous reflexes during locomotion. In MuscleReceptors and Movement. A. Taylor and A. Prochazka, eds. London: MacMillan, 1981, pp. 403–412.
    • (1981) Musclereceptors and Movement , pp. 403-412
    • Forssberg, H.1
  • 51
    • 0018187568 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between speed and amplitude of the fastest voluntary contractions of human arm muscles
    • Freund, H.-J., and H.J. Budingen. The relationship between speed and amplitude of the fastest voluntary contractions of human arm muscles. Exp. Brain Res. 33: 1–12, 1978.
    • (1978) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.33 , pp. 1-12
    • Freund, H.-J.1    Budingen, H.J.2
  • 52
    • 0019393842 scopus 로고
    • Responses of isolated Golgi tendon organs of the cat to muscle contraction and electrical stimulation
    • Fukami, Y. Responses of isolated Golgi tendon organs of the cat to muscle contraction and electrical stimulation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 318:429–443, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.318 , pp. 429-443
    • Fukami, Y.1
  • 53
    • 0019304183 scopus 로고
    • The spinal frog takes into account the scheme of its body during the wiping reflex
    • Fukson, O.I., M.B. Berkinblit, and A.G. Feldman. The spinal frog takes into account the scheme of its body during the wiping reflex. Science 209:1261–1263, 1980.
    • (1980) Science , vol.209 , pp. 1261-1263
    • Fukson, O.I.1    Berkinblit, M.B.2    Feldman, A.G.3
  • 55
    • 0019390469 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the recruitment threshold of motorunits produced by cutaneous stimulation in man
    • Garnett, R., and J.A. Stephens. Changes in the recruitment threshold of motorunits produced by cutaneous stimulation in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 311:463–473, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.311 , pp. 463-473
    • Garnett, R.1    Stephens, J.A.2
  • 56
    • 0020661354 scopus 로고
    • Interruption of motor cortical discharge subserving aimed arm movements
    • Georgopoulos, A.P., J.F. Kalaska, R. Caminiti, and J.T. Massey. Interruption of motor cortical discharge subserving aimed arm movements. Exp. Brain Res. 49:327–340, 1983.
    • (1983) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.49 , pp. 327-340
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Kalaska, J.F.2    Caminiti, R.3    Massey, J.T.4
  • 57
    • 0003168144 scopus 로고
    • Contributions of central programs to rapid limb movement in the cat
    • H. Asanuma and V.J. Wilson, eds. Tokyo:Igaku-Shoin
    • Ghez, C. Contributions of central programs to rapid limb movement in the cat. In Integration in the Nervous System. H. Asanuma and V.J. Wilson, eds. Tokyo:Igaku-Shoin, 1979, pp. 305–320.
    • (1979) Integration in the Nervous System , pp. 305-320
    • Ghez, C.1
  • 58
    • 0019956069 scopus 로고
    • The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. III. Agonist-antagonist coupling
    • Ghez, C., and J.H. Martin. The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. III. Agonist-antagonist coupling. Exp. Brain Res. 45:115–125, 1982.
    • (1982) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.45 , pp. 115-125
    • Ghez, C.1    Martin, J.H.2
  • 59
    • 0017842374 scopus 로고
    • Spinal mechanisms of the functional stretch reflex
    • Ghez, C., and Y. Shinoda. Spinal mechanisms of the functional stretch reflex. Exp. Brain Res. 32:55–68, 1978.
    • (1978) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.32 , pp. 55-68
    • Ghez, C.1    Shinoda, Y.2
  • 60
    • 0017824549 scopus 로고
    • The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. II. Scaling of isometric force adjustments
    • Ghez, C., and D. Vicario. The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. II. Scaling of isometric force adjustments. Exp. Brain Res. 33:191–202, 1978.
    • (1978) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.33 , pp. 191-202
    • Ghez, C.1    Vicario, D.2
  • 62
    • 0021186580 scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear viscosity of human wrist
    • Gielen, C.C.A.M., and J.C. Houk. Nonlinear viscosity of human wrist, J. Neurophysiol. 52:553–569, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.52 , pp. 553-569
    • Gielen, C.C.A.M.1    Houk, J.C.2
  • 63
    • 0014439627 scopus 로고
    • The extrapyramidal systems of the spinal cord. II. Results of combined pyramidal and extrapyramidal lesions in the macaque
    • Goldberger, M.E. The extrapyramidal systems of the spinal cord. II. Results of combined pyramidal and extrapyramidal lesions in the macaque. J. Comp. Neurol. 135:1–26, 1969.
    • (1969) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.135 , pp. 1-26
    • Goldberger, M.E.1
  • 64
    • 0021275854 scopus 로고
    • EMG patterns in antagonist muscles during isometric contraction in man: Relations to response dynamics
    • Gordon, J., and C. Ghez. EMG patterns in antagonist muscles during isometric contraction in man: Relations to response dynamics. Exp. Brain Res. 55:167–171, 1984.
    • (1984) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.55 , pp. 167-171
    • Gordon, J.1    Ghez, C.2
  • 65
    • 0018974812 scopus 로고
    • Response to sudden torques about ankle in man. III. Suppression of stretch-evoked responses during phasic contraction
    • Gottlieb, G.L., and G.C. Agarwal. Response to sudden torques about ankle in man. III. Suppression of stretch-evoked responses during phasic contraction. J. Neurophysiol. 44:233–246, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.44 , pp. 233-246
    • Gottlieb, G.L.1    Agarwal, G.C.2
  • 66
    • 0015370377 scopus 로고
    • Digit flexor musclesin the cat: Their action and motor units
    • Goslow, G.E., E.K. Stauffer, W.C. Nemeth, and D.G. Stuart. Digit flexor musclesin the cat: Their action and motor units. J. Morphol. 137:335–352, 1972.
    • (1972) J. Morphol. , vol.137 , pp. 335-352
    • Goslow, G.E.1    Stauffer, E.K.2    Nemeth, W.C.3    Stuart, D.G.4
  • 67
    • 0000921780 scopus 로고
    • Problems of organization of motor systems
    • Greene, P.H. Problems of organization of motor systems. Prog. Theor Biol. 2:303–338, 1972.
    • (1972) Prog. Theor Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 303-338
    • Greene, P.H.1
  • 68
    • 0016493111 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in vertebrates: Central mechanisms and reflex interaction
    • Grillner, S. Locomotion in vertebrates: Central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol. Rev. 55:247–304, 1975.
    • (1975) Physiol. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 247-304
    • Grillner, S.1
  • 69
  • 70
    • 0345061941 scopus 로고
    • The control of posture and locomotion
    • A.A. Gydikov, N.T. Tankov, and D.S. Kosarov, eds. New York: Plenum
    • Gurfinkel, V.S., and M.L. Shik. The control of posture and locomotion. In Motor Control, A.A. Gydikov, N.T. Tankov, and D.S. Kosarov, eds. New York: Plenum. 1973, pp. 217–234.
    • (1973) Motor Control , pp. 217-234
    • Gurfinkel, V.S.1    Shik, M.L.2
  • 71
    • 0020645228 scopus 로고
    • Shared reflex pathways of Group 1 afferents of different cat hind-limb muscles
    • Harrison, P.J., E. Jankowska, and T. Johannisson. Shared reflex pathways of Group 1 afferents of different cat hind-limb muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 338:113–127, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.338 , pp. 113-127
    • Harrison, P.J.1    Jankowska, E.2    Johannisson, T.3
  • 72
    • 0020563590 scopus 로고
    • A model of spindle afferent response to muscle stretch
    • Hasan, Z. A model of spindle afferent response to muscle stretch. J. Neurophysiol. 49:989–1006, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Neurophysiol , vol.49 , pp. 989-1006
    • Hasan, Z.1
  • 73
    • 84930545244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isometric torque-angle relationship and movement-related activity of human elbow flexors: Implications for the equilibrium-point hypothesis
    • (in press)
    • Hasan, Z., and R.M. Enoka. Isometric torque-angle relationship and movement-related activity of human elbow flexors: Implications for the equilibrium-point hypothesis, Exp. Brain Res, (in press).
    • Exp. Brain Res
    • Hasan, Z.1    Enoka, R.M.2
  • 74
    • 0011086866 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian muscle receptors
    • R.A. Davidoff, ed. New York: Marcel Dekker
    • Hasan, Z., and D.G. Stuart. Mammalian muscle receptors. In Handbook of the Spinal Cord, vol. 3. R.A. Davidoff, ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1984, pp. 559–607.
    • (1984) Handbook of the Spinal Cord, Vol. 3 , pp. 559-607
    • Hasan, Z.1    Stuart, D.G.2
  • 76
    • 0000682154 scopus 로고
    • The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle
    • Hill, A.V. The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc. R. Soc. B126:136–195, 1938.
    • (1938) Proc. R. Soc. , vol.B126 , pp. 136-195
    • Hill, A.V.1
  • 77
    • 0019500463 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of soleus muscle stiffness in pre-mammillary cats: Intrinsic and reflex components
    • Hoffer, J.A., and S. Andreassen. Regulation of soleus muscle stiffness in pre-mammillary cats: intrinsic and reflex components. J. Neurophysiol. 45:267–285, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.45 , pp. 267-285
    • Hoffer, J.A.1    Andreassen, S.2
  • 78
    • 0019226080 scopus 로고
    • A recursive Lagrangian formulation of manipulator dynamics and a comparative study of dynamics formulation complexity
    • Hollerbach, J.M. A recursive Lagrangian formulation of manipulator dynamics and a comparative study of dynamics formulation complexity. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cyb. 10:730–736, 1980.
    • (1980) IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cyb. , vol.10 , pp. 730-736
    • Hollerbach, J.M.1
  • 79
    • 0001723913 scopus 로고
    • Computers, brains and the control of movement
    • Hollerbach, J.M. Computers, brains and the control of movement. Trends Neurosci. 5:189–192, 1982.
    • (1982) Trends Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 189-192
    • Hollerbach, J.M.1
  • 80
    • 0020316109 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic interactions between limb segments during planar arm movement
    • Hollerbach, J.M., and T. Flash. Dynamic interactions between limb segments during planar arm movement. Biol. Cybern. 44:67–77, 1982.
    • (1982) Biol. Cybern. , vol.44 , pp. 67-77
    • Hollerbach, J.M.1    Flash, T.2
  • 81
    • 0018336417 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of stiffness by skeletomotor reflexes
    • Houk, J.C. Regulation of stiffness by skeletomotor reflexes. Ann. Rev, Physiol. 41:99–114, 1979.
    • (1979) Ann. Rev, Physiol. , vol.41 , pp. 99-114
    • Houk, J.C.1
  • 82
    • 0014089439 scopus 로고
    • Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contractions of the soleus muscle of the cat
    • Houk, J., and E. Henneman. Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contractions of the soleus muscle of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 30:466–481, 1967.
    • (1967) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.30 , pp. 466-481
    • Houk, J.1    Henneman, E.2
  • 84
    • 0019506965 scopus 로고
    • Dependence of dynamic response of spindle receptors on muscle length and velocity
    • Houk, J.C., W.Z. Rymer, and P.E. Crago. Dependence of dynamic response of spindle receptors on muscle length and velocity. J. Neurophysiol. 46:143–166, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.46 , pp. 143-166
    • Houk, J.C.1    Rymer, W.Z.2    Crago, P.E.3
  • 85
    • 0020998420 scopus 로고
    • Separate cortical systems for control of joint movement and joint stiffness: Reciprocal activation and coactivation of antagonist muscles
    • J.E. Desmedt, ed. New York: Raven
    • Humphrey, D.R., and D.J. Reed. Separate cortical systems for control of joint movement and joint stiffness: Reciprocal activation and coactivation of antagonist muscles. In Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. J.E. Desmedt, ed. New York: Raven, 1983, pp. 347–372.
    • (1983) Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease , pp. 347-372
    • Humphrey, D.R.1    Reed, D.J.2
  • 86
    • 0016122530 scopus 로고
    • Muscular contraction. (Review Lecture.)
    • Huxley, A.F. Muscular contraction. (Review Lecture.) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 243:1–43, 1974.
    • (1974) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.243 , pp. 1-43
    • Huxley, A.F.1
  • 87
    • 0020645227 scopus 로고
    • Shared reflex pathways from Ib tendon organ afferents and Ia muscle spindle afferents in the cat
    • Jankowska, E., and D.A. McCrea. Shared reflex pathways from Ib tendon organ afferents and Ia muscle spindle afferents in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 338:99–111, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.338 , pp. 99-111
    • Jankowska, E.1    McCrea, D.A.2
  • 88
    • 0019732151 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of ‘non-reciprocal’ inhibition of motoneurones by impulses in group Ia muscle spindle afferents in the cat
    • Jankowska, E., D. McCrea, and R. Mackel. Pattern of ‘non-reciprocal’ inhibition of motoneurones by impulses in group Ia muscle spindle afferents in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 316:393–409, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.316 , pp. 393-409
    • Jankowska, E.1    McCrea, D.2    Mackel, R.3
  • 89
    • 0018908183 scopus 로고
    • Crossed and uncrossed synaptic actions on motoneurones of back muscles in the cat
    • Jankowska, E., and A. Odutola. Crossed and uncrossed synaptic actions on motoneurones of back muscles in the cat. Brain Res. 194:65–78, 1980.
    • (1980) Brain Res. , vol.194 , pp. 65-78
    • Jankowska, E.1    Odutola, A.2
  • 91
    • 0018831361 scopus 로고
    • Exploring a vibratory systems analysis of human movement production
    • Kelso, J.A.S., and K.G. Holt. Exploring a vibratory systems analysis of human movement production. J. Neurophysiol. 43:1183–1196, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.43 , pp. 1183-1196
    • Kelso, J.A.S.1    Holt, K.G.2
  • 92
    • 0041146225 scopus 로고
    • A dynamical basis for action systems
    • M.S. Gazzaniga, ed. New York: Plenum
    • Kelso, J.A.S., and B. Tuller, A dynamical basis for action systems. In Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience. M.S. Gazzaniga, ed. New York: Plenum, 1984, pp. 321–356.
    • (1984) Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience , pp. 321-356
    • Kelso, J.A.S.1    Tuller, B.2
  • 93
    • 0019452418 scopus 로고
    • Muscle receptors with fine afferent fibres which may evoke circulatory reflexes
    • Kniffki, K.-D., S. Mense, and R.F. Schmidt. Muscle receptors with fine afferent fibres which may evoke circulatory reflexes. Circ. Res. (Suppl. I) 48:25–31, 1981.
    • (1981) Circ. Res. , vol.48 , pp. 25-31
    • Kniffki, K.-D.1    Mense, S.2    Schmidt, R.F.3
  • 94
    • 0019248405 scopus 로고
    • Programming of initiation and execution of ballistic arm movements in the monkey
    • Lamarre, Y., G. Spidalieri, L. Busby, and J.P. Lund. Programming of initiation and execution of ballistic arm movements in the monkey. Prog. Brain Res. 54:157–169, 1980.
    • (1980) Prog. Brain Res. , vol.54 , pp. 157-169
    • Lamarre, Y.1    Spidalieri, G.2    Busby, L.3    Lund, J.P.4
  • 96
    • 0018384743 scopus 로고
    • Effects of inertial load and velocity on the braking process of voluntary limb movements
    • Lestienne, F. Effects of inertial load and velocity on the braking process of voluntary limb movements. Exp. Brain Res. 35:407–418, 1979.
    • (1979) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.35 , pp. 407-418
    • Lestienne, F.1
  • 97
    • 0019843781 scopus 로고
    • Functional organization of the motor process underlying the transition from movement to posture
    • Lestienne, F., A. Polit, and E. Bizzi. Functional organization of the motor process underlying the transition from movement to posture. Brain Res. 230:121–132, 1981.
    • (1981) Brain Res , vol.230 , pp. 121-132
    • Lestienne, F.1    Polit, A.2    Bizzi, E.3
  • 98
    • 0020843394 scopus 로고
    • Ankle controls that produce a maximum vertical jump when other joints are locked
    • Levine, W.S., F.E. Zajac M.R. Belzer, and M.R. Zomlefer. Ankle controls that produce a maximum vertical jump when other joints are locked. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control AC-28:1008–1016, 1983.
    • (1983) IEEE Trans. Automat. Control , vol.AC-28 , pp. 1008-1016
    • Levine, W.S.1    Zajac, F.E.2    Belzer, M.R.3    Zomlefer, M.R.4
  • 99
    • 0020524424 scopus 로고
    • Finding common ground between robotics and physiology (Letter to the editor)
    • Loeb, G.E. Finding common ground between robotics and physiology (Letter to the editor) Trends Neurosci. 6:203–204, 1983.
    • (1983) Trends Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 203-204
    • Loeb, G.E.1
  • 100
    • 0021296937 scopus 로고
    • The control and responses of mammalian muscle spindles during normally executed motor tasks
    • Loeb, G.E. The control and responses of mammalian muscle spindles during normally executed motor tasks. Exercise and Sport Sci. Rev. 12:157–204, 1984.
    • (1984) Exercise and Sport Sci. Rev. , vol.12 , pp. 157-204
    • Loeb, G.E.1
  • 101
    • 0018192301 scopus 로고
    • Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump
    • Luhtanen, P., and P.V. Komi. Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 38:181–188, 1978.
    • (1978) Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.38 , pp. 181-188
    • Luhtanen, P.1    Komi, P.V.2
  • 102
    • 0018559842 scopus 로고
    • Multisensory control of spinal reflex pathways
    • Lundberg, A. Multisensory control of spinal reflex pathways. Pros. Brain Res. 50:11–28, 1979.
    • (1979) Pros. Brain Res. , vol.50 , pp. 11-28
    • Lundberg, A.1
  • 103
    • 0017935711 scopus 로고
    • Anticipatory postural responses in the human subject
    • Marsden, C.D., P.A. Merton, and H.B. Morton. Anticipatory postural responses in the human subject. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 275:47–48P, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.275 , pp. 47P-48P
    • Marsden, C.D.1    Merton, P.A.2    Morton, H.B.3
  • 106
    • 0020647559 scopus 로고
    • The function of the antagonist muscle during fast limb movements in man
    • Marsden, C.D., J.A. Obeso, and J.C. Rothwell. The function of the antagonist muscle during fast limb movements in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 335:1–13, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.335 , pp. 1-13
    • Marsden, C.D.1    Obeso, J.A.2    Rothwell, J.C.3
  • 107
    • 0017336666 scopus 로고
    • A short essay on posture and movement
    • Martin, J.P. A short essay on posture and movement. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 40:25–29, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. , vol.40 , pp. 25-29
    • Martin, J.P.1
  • 110
    • 0020019925 scopus 로고
    • Where does Sherrington’s “muscular sense” originate? Muscles, joints, corollary discharges?
    • Matthews, P.B.C. Where does Sherrington’s “muscular sense” originate? Muscles, joints, corollary discharges? Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 5:189–218, 1982.
    • (1982) Ann. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 189-218
    • Matthews, P.B.C.1
  • 111
    • 0018246240 scopus 로고
    • Kinesthetic sensibility
    • McCloskey, D.I. kinesthetic sensibility. Physiol. Rev. 58:763–820, 1978.
    • (1978) Physiol. Rev , vol.58 , pp. 763-820
    • McCloskey, D.I.1
  • 113
    • 0001432199 scopus 로고
    • The silent period in a muscle of the human hand
    • Merton, P.A. The silent period in a muscle of the human hand. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 114:183–198, 1951.
    • (1951) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.114 , pp. 183-198
    • Merton, P.A.1
  • 114
    • 0002703660 scopus 로고
    • Speculations on the servo-control of movement
    • G.E. Wolstenholme, ed. London: Churchill
    • Merton, P.A. Speculations on the servo-control of movement. In The Spinal Cord. G.E. Wolstenholme, ed. London: Churchill, 1953, pp. 247–255.
    • (1953) The Spinal Cord , pp. 247-255
    • Merton, P.A.1
  • 115
    • 84906267637 scopus 로고
    • Kinematic and kinetic correlates of vertical jumping in women
    • P.V. Komi, ed. Baltimore: University Park Press
    • Miller, D.I., and D.J. East. Kinematic and kinetic correlates of vertical jumping in women. In Biomechnics V-B. P.V. Komi, ed. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1976, pp. 65–72.
    • (1976) Biomechnics V-B , pp. 65-72
    • Miller, D.I.1    East, D.J.2
  • 116
    • 0018923606 scopus 로고
    • Ballistic walking
    • Mochon, S., and T.A. McMahon. Ballistic walking. J. Biomech. 13:49–57, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Biomech , vol.13 , pp. 49-57
    • Mochon, S.1    McMahon, T.A.2
  • 117
    • 0019492842 scopus 로고
    • Spatial control of arm movements
    • Morasso, P. Spatial control of arm movements. Exp. Brain Res. 42:223–227, 1981.
    • (1981) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.42 , pp. 223-227
    • Morasso, P.1
  • 118
    • 0020998783 scopus 로고
    • Three dimensional arm trajectories
    • Morasso, P. Three dimensional arm trajectories. Biol. Cybern. 48:187–194, 1983.
    • (1983) Biol. Cybern. , vol.48 , pp. 187-194
    • Morasso, P.1
  • 119
    • 0017174559 scopus 로고
    • Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture
    • Nashner, L.M. Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture. Exp. Brain Res. 26:59–72, 1976.
    • (1976) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.26 , pp. 59-72
    • Nashner, L.M.1
  • 120
    • 0017743661 scopus 로고
    • Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance
    • Nashner, L.M. Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance. Exp. Brain Res. 30:13–24, 1977.
    • (1977) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.30 , pp. 13-24
    • Nashner, L.M.1
  • 121
    • 49049130471 scopus 로고
    • Adaptations of human movement to altered environments
    • Nashner, L.M. Adaptations of human movement to altered environments. Trends Neurosci. 5:358–361, 1982.
    • (1982) Trends Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 358-361
    • Nashner, L.M.1
  • 122
    • 0018508672 scopus 로고
    • Organization of rapid responses to postural and locomotor-like perturbations of standing man
    • Nashner, L.M., M. Wollacott, and G. Thuma. Organization of rapid responses to postural and locomotor-like perturbations of standing man. Exp. Brain Res. 36:463–476, 1979.
    • (1979) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.36 , pp. 463-476
    • Nashner, L.M.1    Wollacott, M.2    Thuma, G.3
  • 123
    • 0020630610 scopus 로고
    • Physical principles for economies of skilled movements
    • Nelson, W.L. Physical principles for economies of skilled movements. Biol. Cybern. 46:135–148, 1983.
    • (1983) Biol. Cybern. , vol.46 , pp. 135-148
    • Nelson, W.L.1
  • 124
    • 0020712019 scopus 로고
    • Speed and accuracy of compensatory responses to limb disturbances
    • Newell, K.M., and J.C. Houk. Speed and accuracy of compensatory responses to limb disturbances. J. Exp. Psychol. 9:58–74, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Exp. Psychol. , vol.9 , pp. 58-74
    • Newell, K.M.1    Houk, J.C.2
  • 125
    • 84973964284 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for authentic changes in the gain of an autogenetic reflex in the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat
    • Nichols, T.R. Evidence for authentic changes in the gain of an autogenetic reflex in the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7:688, 1981.
    • (1981) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.7 , pp. 688
    • Nichols, T.R.1
  • 126
    • 0017279016 scopus 로고
    • Improvement in linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex
    • Nichols, T.R., and J.C. Houk, Improvement in linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex. J. Neurophysiol. 39:119–142, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.39 , pp. 119-142
    • Nichols, T.R.1    Houk, J.C.2
  • 127
    • 0019993627 scopus 로고
    • Actions of FDL and FHL muscles in intact cats: Functional dissociation between anatomical synergists
    • O’Donovan, M.J., M.J. Pinter, R.P. Durn, and R.E. Burke. Actions of FDL and FHL muscles in intact cats: Functional dissociation between anatomical synergists. J. Neurophysiol. 47:1126–1143, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.47 , pp. 1126-1143
    • O’Donovan, M.J.1    Pinter, M.J.2    Durn, R.P.3    Burke, R.E.4
  • 128
    • 0018758391 scopus 로고
    • Kinematic and kinetic analysis of open-chain linkages utilizing Newton-Euler methods
    • Orin, D.E. R.B. McGhee, M. Vukobratović, and G. Hatoch. Kinematic and kinetic analysis of open-chain linkages utilizing Newton-Euler methods. Math. Biosci. 43:107–130, 1979.
    • (1979) Math. Biosci. , vol.43 , pp. 107-130
    • Orin, D.E.1    McGhee, R.B.2    Vukobratović, M.3    Hatoch, G.4
  • 129
    • 0000152566 scopus 로고
    • Modification of neural output signals by muscles: A frequencyresponse study
    • Partridge, L.D. Modification of neural output signals by muscles: A frequencyresponse study. J. Appl. Physiol. 20:150–156, 1965.
    • (1965) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.20 , pp. 150-156
    • Partridge, L.D.1
  • 130
    • 0019453627 scopus 로고
    • Function of sensory input in insect motor systems
    • Pearson, K.G. Function of sensory input in insect motor systems. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 59:660–666, 1981.
    • (1981) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , vol.59 , pp. 660-666
    • Pearson, K.G.1
  • 131
    • 0020583682 scopus 로고
    • Phase-dependent influences of wing stretch receptors on flight rhythm in the locust
    • Pearson, K.G., D.N. Reye, and R.M. Robertson. Phase-dependent influences of wing stretch receptors on flight rhythm in the locust. J. Neurophysiol. 49:1168–1181, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.49 , pp. 1168-1181
    • Pearson, K.G.1    Reye, D.N.2    Robertson, R.M.3
  • 132
    • 0020405348 scopus 로고
    • Space-time representation in the brain. The cerebellum as a predictive space-time metric tensor
    • Pellionisz, A., and R. Llinás. Space-time representation in the brain. The cerebellum as a predictive space-time metric tensor. Neuroscience 7:2949–2970, 1982.
    • (1982) Neuroscience , vol.7 , pp. 2949-2970
    • Pellionisz, A.1    Llinás, R.2
  • 133
    • 0019495816 scopus 로고
    • The influence of temperature, initial length and electrical activity on the force-velocity relationship of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat
    • Petrofsky, J.S., and C.A. Phillips. The influence of temperature, initial length and electrical activity on the force-velocity relationship of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat. J. Biomech. 14:297–306, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Biomech. , vol.14 , pp. 297-306
    • Petrofsky, J.S.1    Phillips, C.A.2
  • 134
    • 0005134595 scopus 로고
    • Amplitude and variability of monosynaptic reflexes prior to various voluntary movements in normal and spastic man
    • J.E. Desmedt, ed. Basel: Karger
    • Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. and P. Lacert. Amplitude and variability of monosynaptic reflexes prior to various voluntary movements in normal and spastic man. In New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 3. J.E. Desmedt, ed. Basel: Karger, 1973. pp. 538–549.
    • (1973) New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology , pp. 538-549
    • Pierrot-Deseilligny, E.1    Lacert, P.2
  • 135
    • 0020639422 scopus 로고
    • Quantification of intersegmental reactions during rapid swing motion
    • Phillips, S.J., E.M. Roberts, and T.C. Huang. Quantification of intersegmental reactions during rapid swing motion. J. Biomech. 16:411–417, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Biomech. , vol.16 , pp. 411-417
    • Phillips, S.J.1    Roberts, E.M.2    Huang, T.C.3
  • 136
    • 0018360290 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys
    • Polit, A., and E. Bizzi. Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 42:183–194, 1979.
    • (1979) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.42 , pp. 183-194
    • Polit, A.1    Bizzi, E.2
  • 137
    • 0021007181 scopus 로고
    • Muscle afferent function and its significance for motor control mechanisms during voluntary movements in cat, monkey, and man
    • J.E. Desmedt, ed. New York: Raven
    • Prochazka, A., and M. Hulliger. Muscle afferent function and its significance for motor control mechanisms during voluntary movements in cat, monkey, and man. In Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. J.E. Desmedt, ed. New York: Raven, 1983, pp. 93–132.
    • (1983) Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease , pp. 93-132
    • Prochazka, A.1    Hulliger, M.2
  • 138
    • 0018332974 scopus 로고
    • Muscle spindle discharge in normal and obstructed movements
    • Prochazka, A., J.A. Stephens, and P. Wand. Muscle spindle discharge in normal and obstructed movements. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 287:57–66, 1979.
    • (1979) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.287 , pp. 57-66
    • Prochazka, A.1    Stephens, J.A.2    Wand, P.3
  • 139
    • 0018910607 scopus 로고
    • Tendon organ discharge during voluntary movements in cats
    • Prochazka, A., and P. Wand. Tendon organ discharge during voluntary movements in cats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 303:385–390, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.303 , pp. 385-390
    • Prochazka, A.1    Wand, P.2
  • 140
    • 0020893257 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between segments during a kicking motion
    • H. Matsui and K. Kobayashi, eds. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics
    • Putnam, C.A. Interaction between segments during a kicking motion. In Biomechanics VIII-B. H. Matsui and K. Kobayashi, eds. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 1983, pp. 688–694.
    • (1983) Biomechanics VIII-B , pp. 688-694
    • Putnam, C.A.1
  • 141
    • 0014591214 scopus 로고
    • The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle
    • Rack, P.M.H., and D.R. Westbury. The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 204:443–460, 1969.
    • (1969) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.204 , pp. 443-460
    • Rack, P.M.H.1    Westbury, D.R.2
  • 143
    • 0018137929 scopus 로고
    • A model for sensorimotor control and learning
    • Raibert, M.H. A model for sensorimotor control and learning. Biol. Cybern. 29:29–36, 1978.
    • (1978) Biol. Cybern. , vol.29 , pp. 29-36
    • Raibert, M.H.1
  • 144
    • 0014780151 scopus 로고
    • Oculomotor unit behavior in the monkey
    • Robinson, D.A. Oculomotor unit behavior in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 33:393–404. 1970.
    • (1970) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.33 , pp. 393-404
    • Robinson, D.A.1
  • 145
    • 0011761506 scopus 로고
    • State-dependent responses during locomotion
    • A. Taylor and A. Prochazka, eds. London: MacMillan
    • Rossignol, S., C. Julien, L. Gauthier, and J.P. Lund. State-dependent responses during locomotion. In Muscle Receptors and Movement. A. Taylor and A. Prochazka, eds. London: MacMillan, 1981, pp. 389–402.
    • (1981) Muscle Receptors and Movement , pp. 389-402
    • Rossignol, S.1    Julien, C.2    Gauthier, L.3    Lund, J.P.4
  • 146
    • 0018851215 scopus 로고
    • Absence of force-feedback regulation in soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat
    • Rymer, W.Z., and Z. Hasan. Absence of force-feedback regulation in soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat. Brain Res. 184:203–209, 1980.
    • (1980) Brain Res. , vol.184 , pp. 203-209
    • Rymer, W.Z.1    Hasan, Z.2
  • 147
    • 84930544525 scopus 로고
    • Servo-regulation of muscle contraction in man: A reevaluation
    • Rymer, W.Z., Z. Hasan, and B.C. Corser. Servo-regulation of muscle contraction in man: A reevaluation. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 4:304, 1978.
    • (1978) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.4 , pp. 304
    • Rymer, W.Z.1    Hasan, Z.2    Corser, B.C.3
  • 148
    • 0021367984 scopus 로고
    • Centrally programmed patterns of muscle activity in voluntary motor behavior of humans
    • Sanes, J.N., and V.A. Jennings. Centrally programmed patterns of muscle activity in voluntary motor behavior of humans. Exp. Brain Res. 54:23–32, 1984.
    • (1984) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.54 , pp. 23-32
    • Sanes, J.N.1    Jennings, V.A.2
  • 150
    • 0002027465 scopus 로고
    • Flexion-reflex of the limb, crossed extension-reflex, and reflex stepping and standing
    • Sherrington, C.S. Flexion-reflex of the limb, crossed extension-reflex, and reflex stepping and standing. J. Physiol, (Lond.) 40:28–121, 1910.
    • (1910) J. Physiol, (Lond.) , vol.40 , pp. 28-121
    • Sherrington, C.S.1
  • 151
    • 0017071116 scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism
    • Shik, M.L., and G.N. Orlovsky. Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Physiol. Rev. 56:465–501, 1976.
    • (1976) Physiol. Rev. , vol.56 , pp. 465-501
    • Shik, M.L.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2
  • 152
    • 0014837620 scopus 로고
    • Effect of wrist rotation on the XY plot of averaged biceps EMG and isometric tension
    • Simons, D.G., and E.N. Zuniga. Effect of wrist rotation on the XY plot of averaged biceps EMG and isometric tension. Am. J. Phys. Med. 49:253–256, 1970.
    • (1970) Am. J. Phys. Med. , vol.49 , pp. 253-256
    • Simons, D.G.1    Zuniga, E.N.2
  • 153
    • 0019488819 scopus 로고
    • The coactivation of antagonist muscles
    • Smith, A.M. The coactivation of antagonist muscles. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 59:733–747, 1981.
    • (1981) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , vol.59 , pp. 733-747
    • Smith, A.M.1
  • 154
    • 84930548650 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysical identification of coordinate representation of human arm
    • Soechting, J.F., and B. Ross. Psychophysical identification of coordinate representation of human arm. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 9:1033, 1983.
    • (1983) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.9 , pp. 1033
    • Soechting, J.F.1    Ross, B.2
  • 155
    • 0019732112 scopus 로고
    • Time-varying properties myotatic response in man during some simple motor tasks
    • Soechting, J.F., J.R. Dufresne, and F. Lacquaniti. Time-varying properties myotatic response in man during some simple motor tasks. J. Neurophysiol. 46:1226–1243, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.46 , pp. 1226-1243
    • Soechting, J.F.1    Dufresne, J.R.2    Lacquaniti, F.3
  • 156
    • 0018230065 scopus 로고
    • Motor systems, with specific reference to the control of location
    • Stein, P.S.G. Motor systems, with specific reference to the control of location. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1:61–81, 1978.
    • (1978) Ann. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.1 , pp. 61-81
    • Stein, P.S.G.1
  • 157
    • 84930552238 scopus 로고
    • Fictive scratch and fictive flexion reflexes display different motor neuron activity patterns in the turtle
    • Stein, P.S.G., G.A. Robertson, and J. Keifer. Fictive scratch and fictive flexion reflexes display different motor neuron activity patterns in the turtle. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7:139, 1981.
    • (1981) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.7 , pp. 139
    • Stein, P.S.G.1    Robertson, G.A.2    Keifer, J.3
  • 158
    • 0016168113 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral control of movement
    • Stein, R.B. Peripheral control of movement. Physiol. Rev. 54:215–243, 1974.
    • (1974) Physiol. Rev. , vol.54 , pp. 215-243
    • Stein, R.B.1
  • 159
    • 0020412810 scopus 로고
    • What muscle variable(S) does the nervous system control in limb movements?
    • Stein, R.B. What muscle variable(s) does the nervous system control in limb movements? Behav. Brain Sci. 5:535–577, 1982.
    • (1982) Behav Brain Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 535-577
    • Stein, R.B.1
  • 160
    • 0016748091 scopus 로고
    • Tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: Responses to active and passive forces as a function of muscle length
    • Stephens, J.A., R.M. Reinking and D.G. Stuart. Tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: Responses to active and passive forces as a function of muscle length. J. Neurophysiol. 38:1217–1231, 1975.
    • (1975) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.38 , pp. 1217-1231
    • Stephens, J.A.1    Reinking, R.M.2    Stuart, D.G.3
  • 163
    • 0001704972 scopus 로고
    • Motoneurons, motor units, and the size principle
    • R.N. Rosenburg, ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone
    • Stuart, D.G., and R.M. Enoka. Motoneurons, motor units, and the size principle. In The Clinical Neurosciences, sec. 5, Neurobiology. R.N. Rosenburg, ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1983, pp. 471–517.
    • (1983) The Clinical Neurosciences, Sec. 5, Neurobiology , pp. 471-517
    • Stuart, D.G.1    Enoka, R.M.2
  • 164
    • 0016367304 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the control of some a simple motor tasks. V. Changes in motor output following dorsal root section in squirrel monkey
    • Terzuolo, C.A., J.F. Soechting, and N.A. Ranish, Studies on the control of some a simple motor tasks. V. Changes in motor output following dorsal root section in squirrel monkey. Brain Res. 70:521–526, 1974.
    • (1974) Brain Res. , vol.70 , pp. 521-526
    • Terzuolo, C.A.1    Soechting, J.F.2    Ranish, N.A.3
  • 165
    • 0344881997 scopus 로고
    • Basic patterns of muscle spindle discharge in man
    • A. Taylor and A. Prochazka, eds. London: MacMillan
    • Vallbo, A. Basic patterns of muscle spindle discharge in man. In Muscle Receptors, and Movement. A. Taylor and A. Prochazka, eds. London: MacMillan, 1981, pp. 263–275.
    • (1981) Muscle Receptors, and Movement , pp. 263-275
    • Vallbo, A.1
  • 166
    • 0018566312 scopus 로고
    • Somatosensory, proprioceptive, and sympathetic activity in human peripheral nerves
    • Vallbo, A.B., K.-E. Hagbarth, H.E. Torebjork, and B.G. Wallin. Somatosensory, proprioceptive, and sympathetic activity in human peripheral nerves. Physiol Rev. 59:919–957, 1979.
    • (1979) Physiol Rev. , vol.59 , pp. 919-957
    • Vallbo, A.B.1    Hagbarth, K.-E.2    Torebjork, H.E.3    Wallin, B.G.4
  • 168
    • 0020606281 scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic and afferent components in apparent muscle stiffness in man
    • Vincken, M.H., C.C.A.M. Gielen, and J.J. Denier van der Gon. Intrinsic and afferent components in apparent muscle stiffness in man. Neuroscience 9:529–534, 1983.
    • (1983) Neuroscience , vol.9 , pp. 529-534
    • Vincken, M.H.1    Gielen, C.C.A.M.2    Denier van der Gon, J.J.3
  • 169
    • 0000891807 scopus 로고
    • Beiträge zur Physiologie der Willkurlichen Bewegung. X. Mitteilung, Einzelbewegungen
    • Wachholder, K., and H. Altenburger. Beiträge zur Physiologie der Willkurlichen Bewegung. X. Mitteilung, Einzelbewegungen. Pflügers Arch. Physiol. 214:642–661, 1926.
    • (1926) Pflügers Arch. Physiol. , vol.214 , pp. 642-661
    • Wachholder, K.1    Altenburger, H.2
  • 172
    • 0018844635 scopus 로고
    • Neuromuscular responses to gait perturbations in freely moving cats
    • Wand, P., A. Prochazka, and K.-H. Sontag. Neuromuscular responses to gait perturbations in freely moving cats. Exp. Brain Res. 38:109–114, 1980.
    • (1980) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.38 , pp. 109-114
    • Wand, P.1    Prochazka, A.2    Sontag, K.-H.3
  • 173
    • 0019462544 scopus 로고
    • Influence of ‘strategy’ on muscle activity during ballistic movements
    • Waters, P., and P.L. Strick, Influence of ‘strategy’ on muscle activity during ballistic movements. Brain Res. 207:189–194, 1981.
    • (1981) Brain Res. , vol.207 , pp. 189-194
    • Waters, P.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 174
    • 0017034559 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of muscle receptor connections by spike-triggered averaging. I. Spindle primary and tendon organ afferents
    • Watt, D.G.D., E.K. Stauffer, A. Taylor, R.M. Reinking, and D.G. Stuart. Analysis of muscle receptor connections by spike-triggered averaging. I. Spindle primary and tendon organ afferents. J. Neurophysiol. 39:1375–1392, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.39 , pp. 1375-1392
    • Watt, D.G.D.1    Stauffer, E.K.2    Taylor, A.3    Reinking, R.M.4    Stuart, D.G.5
  • 175
    • 0017165063 scopus 로고
    • Ensemble characteristics of cat locomotion and its neural control
    • Wetzel, M.C., and D.G. Stuart. Ensemble characteristics of cat locomotion and its neural control. Prog. Neurobiol. 7:1–98, 1976.
    • (1976) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.7 , pp. 1-98
    • Wetzel, M.C.1    Stuart, D.G.2
  • 176
    • 0012865164 scopus 로고
    • Activation and co-ordination of vertebrate locomotion
    • R. McN. Alexander and G. Goldspink, eds. London: Chapman Hall
    • Wetzel, M.C., and D.G. Stuart. Activation and co-ordination of vertebrate locomotion. In Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion. R. McN. Alexander and G. Goldspink, eds. London: Chapman Hall, 1977, pp. 115–152.
    • (1977) Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion , pp. 115-152
    • Wetzel, M.C.1    Stuart, D.G.2
  • 178
    • 0345053619 scopus 로고
    • General discussion
    • H. Sugi and G.H. Pollack, eds. Baltimore: University Park Press
    • Wilkie, D.R. General discussion. In Cross-bridge Mechanism in Muscle Contraction. H. Sugi and G.H. Pollack, eds. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1979, p. 634.
    • (1979) Cross-Bridge Mechanism in Muscle Contraction , pp. 634
    • Wilkie, D.R.1
  • 179
    • 0002981527 scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of voluntary movement
    • Woodworth, R.S. The accuracy of voluntary movement. Psychol. Rev. (Suppl.) III:1–114, 1899.
    • (1899) Psychol. Rev. , vol.3 , pp. 1-114
    • Woodworth, R.S.1
  • 180
    • 84930544362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thigh muscle activity during maximum height jumps by cats
    • (in press)
    • Zajac F.E. Thigh muscle activity during maximum height jumps by cats. J. Neurophysiol, (in press).
    • J. Neurophysiol
    • Zajac, F.E.1
  • 181
    • 0019557310 scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb muscular activity, kinetics and kinematics of cats jumping to their maximum achievable heights
    • Zajac F.E., M.R. Zomlefer, and W.S. Levine. Hindlimb muscular activity, kinetics and kinematics of cats jumping to their maximum achievable heights. J. Exp Biol. 91:73–86, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Exp Biol. , vol.91 , pp. 73-86
    • Zajac, F.E.1    Zomlefer, M.R.2    Levine, W.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.