Smoking: Health Effects and Control

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 313, Issue 8, 1985, Pages 491-498

  Fielding, Jonathan E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BLADDER; BLOOD AND HEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM; BODY WEIGHT; CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CHILD; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ETIOLOGY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HUMAN; LARYNX; LUNG DISEASE; MOUTH; PANCREAS; PASSIVE SMOKING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; SMOKING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; BIRTH WEIGHT; BLADDER NEOPLASMS; BODY WEIGHT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CHILD; CORONARY DISEASE; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT, NEWBORN; LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS; LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MALE; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; MOUTH DISEASES; MOUTH NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PEPTIC ULCER; PREGNANCY; SMOKING; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION;

EID: 0021874919     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198508223130807     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Warner KE. The economics of smoking: dollars and sense. NY State J Med 1983; 83: 1273–4.
2. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular disease. A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, Md., 1983.
3. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking. Cancer: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, Md., 1982.
4. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: chronic obstructive lung disease. A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, Md., 1984.
5. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Smoking and health: a report of the surgeon general. Washington, D.C, 1979.
6. Miller GH, Gerstein D.R. The life expectancy of nonsmoking men and women. Public Health Rep 1983; 98: 343–9.
7. Luce BR, Schweitzer SO. Smoking and alcohol abuse: a comparison of their economic consequences. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 569–70.
8. McGuire A. Cigarettes and fire deaths. NY State J Med 1983; 83: 1296–8.
9. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Fire in the United States. The National Fire Incidence Reporting System, 1982.
10. The Pooling Project Research Group. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight, and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: final report of the Pooling Project. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 201–306.
11. Department of Health and Human Services. A report of the surgeon general: the health consequences of smoking for women. Rockville, Md., 1980.
12. Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Slone D, Kaufman DW, Stolley PD, Miettinen OS. Oral-contraceptive use in relation to myocardial infarction. Lancet 1979; 1: 743–6.
13. Kannel WB, Shurtleff D. The Framingham study: cigarettes and the development of intermittent claudication. Geriatrics 1973; 28: 61–68.
14. Tomatis LA, Fierens EE, Verbrugge GP. Evaluation of surgical risk in peripheral vascular disease by coronary arteriography: a series of 100 cases. Surgery 1972; 71: 429–35.
15. Weinroth LA, Herzstein J. Relation of tobacco smoking to arteriosclerosis obliterans in diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1946; 131: 205–9.
16. Kahn HA. The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among United States veterans: report on 8 and one-half years of observation. In: Haenszel W, ed. Epidemiologic approaches to the study of cancer and other chronic diseases. Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, 1966:1–125. (National Cancer Institute Monograph no. 19).
17. Hammond EC, Horn D. Smoking and death rates — report on forty-four months of follow-up of 187,783 men. I. Total mortality. JAMA 1958; 166: 1159–72.
18. Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE Jr., Kannel WB. Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: The Framingham Study. Neurology (Minneap) 1978; 28: 973–7.
19. Doll R, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 1976; 2: 1525–36.
20. Dawber TR. The Framingham study: the epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980.
21. Petitti DB, Wingerd J. Use of oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, and risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 1978; 2: 234–5.
22. Rogot E. Smoking and general mortality among U.S. veterans, 1954–1969. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, 1974.
23. Koch A, Reuther R, Boos R, Reuther E, Mörl H. Risikofaktoren bei cerebralen Durchblutungsstörungen. [Risk factors of cerebral blood circulation disorders.] Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1977; 83: 1773–6.
24. Silverberg E. Cancer statistics 1984. CA 1984; 34: 7–23.
25. Wynder EL, Stellman SD. Impact of long-term filter cigarette usage on lung and larynx cancer risk: a case–control study. JNCI 1979; 62: 471–7.
26. Doll R, Hill AB. Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking: a second report on the mortality of British doctors. Br Med J 1956; 2: 1071–81.
27. Wigle DT, Mao Y, Grace M. Relative importance of smoking as a risk factor for selected cancers. Can J Public Health 1980; 71: 269–75.
28. McCoy GD, Hecht SS, Wynder EL. The roles of tobacco, alcohol, and diet in the etiology of upper alimentary and respiratory tract cancers. Prev Med 1980; 9: 622–9.
29. Lyon JL, Gardner JW, West DW. Cancer in Mormons and Non-Mormons in Utah during 1967–75. JNCI 1980; 65: 1055–61.
30. Wynder EL, Mushinski MH, Spivak JC. Tobacco and alcohol consumption in relation to the development of multiple primary cancers. Cancer 1977; 40: 1872–8.
31. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW, Toledo MA, Fraumeni JF Jr. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the Southern United States. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 745–9.
32. Wynder EL, Goldsmith R. The epidemiology of bladder cancer: a second look. Cancer 1977; 40: 1246–68.
33. Hoover R, Cole P. Population trends in cigarette smoking and bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1971; 94: 409–18.
34. Weiss W, Benarde MA. The temporal relation between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer. Am J Public Health 1983; 73: 1403–4.
35. Williams RR, Horm JW. Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: interview study of the Third National Cancer Survey. JNCI 1977; 58: 525–47.
36. Lyon JL, Gardner JW, West DW, Stanish WM, Hebertson RM. Smoking and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Am J Public Health 1983; 73: 558–62.
37. Trevathan E, Layde P, Webster LA, Adams JB, Benigno BB, Ory H. Cigarette smoking and dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. JAMA 1983; 250: 499–502.
38. Dean G, Lee PN, Todd GF, Wicker AJ. Report on a second retrospective mortality study in North-east England. Part I: Factors relating to mortality from lung cancer, bronchitis, heart disease and stroke in Cleveland County, with a particular emphasis on the relative risks associated with smoking filter and plain cigarettes. London: Tobacco Research Council, 1977. (Research paper 14).
39. Hirayama T. Smoking and cancer in Japan. A prospective study on cancer epidemiology based on census population in Japan. Results of 13 years follow-up. In: Tominaga S, Aoki K, eds. The UICC smoking control workshop. Japan: University of Nagoya Press, 1981:2–8.
40. Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Cline MG, Lebowitz MD. Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and ventilatory function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 195–205.
41. Rogot E, Murray JL. Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans: 16 years of observation. Public Health Rep 1980; 95: 213–22.
42. Gadek JE, Fells GA, Zimmerman RL, Rennard SI, Crystal RG. Antielastases of the human alveolar structures: implications for the protease-antiprotease theory of emphysema. J Clin Invest 1981; 68: 889–98.
43. Kikendall JW, Evaul J, Johnson LF. Effect of cigarette smoking on gastrointestinal physiology and non-neoplastic digestive disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984; 6: 65–79.
44. Doll R, Jones FA, Pygott F. Effect of smoking on the production and maintenance of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Lancet 1958; 1: 657–62.
45. Bastiaan RJ, Waite IM. Effects of tobacco smoking on plaque development and gingivitis. J Periodontol 1978; 49: 480–2.
46. Sheiham A. Periodontal disease and oral cleanliness in tobacco smokers. J Periodontol 1971; 42: 259–63.
47. Ismail AI, Burt BA, Eklund SA. Epidemiologic patterns of smoking and periodontal disease in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 1983; 106: 617–21.
48. Swenson HM. The effect of cigarette smoking on plaque formation. J Periodontol 1978; 50: 146–7.
49. Christen AG, Swanson BZ, Glover ED, Henderson AH. Smokeless tobacco: the folklore and social history of snuffing, sneezing, dipping, and chewing. J Am Dent Assoc 1982; 105: 821–9.
50. Christen AG, Armstrong WR, McDaniel RK. Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown, and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. J Am Dent Assoc 1979; 98: 584–6.
51. Greer RO Jr., Poulson TC. Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teen-agers: Part 1. Clinical findings. Oral Surg 1983; 56: 275–84.
52. Keys A, Aravanis C, Blackburn HW, et al. Epidemiological studies related to coronary heart disease: characteristics of men aged 40–59 in seven countries. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 1966: 4–392.
53. Lund-Larsen PG, Tretli S. Changes in smoking habits of body weight after a three year period — the cardiovascular disease study in Finnmark. J Chronic Dis 1982; 35: 773–80.
54. Sterling TD, Dimich H, Kobayashi D. Indoor byproduct levels of tobacco smoke: a critical review of the literature. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 1982; 32: 250–9.
55. Weiss ST, Tager IB, Schenker M, Speizer FE. The health effects of involuntary smoking. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 933–42.
56. Bokhoven C, Niessen HJ. Amounts of oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke, with and without inhalation. Nature 1961; 192: 458–9.
57. Lefcoe NM, Ashley MJ, Pederson LL, Keays JJ. The health risks of passive smoking: the growing case for control measures in enclosed environments. Chest 1983; 84: 90–95.
58. Seppänen A. Smoking in closed space and its effect on carboxyhaemoglobin saturation of smoking and nonsmoking subjects. Ann Clin Res 1977; 9: 281–3.
59. Feyerabend C, Higenbottam T, Russell MAH. Nicotine concentrations in urine and saliva of smokers and non-smokers. Br Med J 1982; 284: 1002–4.
60. Greenberg RA, Haley NJ, Etzel RA, Loda FA. Measuring the exposure of infants to tobacco smoke: nicotine and cotinine in urine and saliva. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1075–8.
61. Liard R, Perdrizet S, Reinert P. Wheezy bronchitis in infants and parents' smoking habits. Lancet 1982; 1: 334–5.
62. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT, Taylor B. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in the first three years of life. J Epidemiol Community Health 1981; 35: 180–4.
63. Colley JRT, Douglas JWB, Reid DD. Respiratory disease in young adults: influence of early childhood lower respiratory tract illness, social class, air pollution, and smoking. Br Med J 1973; 3: 195–8.
64. Bonham GS, Wilson RW. Children's health in families with cigarette smokers. Am J Public Health 1981; 71: 290–3.
65. Weiss ST, Tager IB, Speizer FE, Rosner B. Persistent wheeze: its relation to respiratory illness, cigarette smoking, and level of pulmonary function in a population sample of children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 697–707.
66. Gortmalker SL, Walker DK, Jacobs FH, Ruch-Ross H. Parental smoking and the risk of childhood asthma. Am J Public Health 1982; 72: 574–9.
67. Kraemer MJ, Richardson MA, Weiss NS, Furukawa CT, Shapiro GG, Pierson W, Bierman W. Risk factors for persistent middle-ear effusions: otitis media, catarrh, cigarette smoke exposure, and atopy. JAMA 1983; 249: 1022–5.
68. Rona RJ, Florey C du V, Clarke GC, Chinn S. Parental smoking at home and height of children. Br Med J 1981; 283: 1363.
69. Bergman AB, Wiesner LA. Relationship of passive cigarette-smoking to sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1976; 58: 665–8.
70. Speer F. Tobacco and the nonsmoker: a study of subjective symptoms. Arch Environ Health 1968; 16: 443–6.
71. Aronow WS. Effect of passive smoking on angina pectoris. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 21–4.
72. Dahms TE, Bolin JF, Slavin RG. Passive smoking: effects on bronchial asthma. Chest 1981; 80: 530–4.
73. White JR, Froeb HF. Small-airways dysfunction in nonsmokers chronically exposed to tobacco smoke. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 720–3.
74. Kauffmann F, Tessier J.-F., Oriol P. Adult passive smoking in the home environment: a risk factor for chronic airflow limitation. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117: 269–80.
75. Hirayama T. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan. Br Med J 1981; 282: 183–5.
76. Trichopoulos D, Kalandidi A, Sparros L, MacMahon B. Lung cancer and passive smoking. Int J Cancer 1981; 27: 1–4.
77. Hammond EC. Smoking in relation to the death rates of one million men and women. In: Haenszel W, ed. Epidemiological approaches to the study of cancer and other chronic diseases. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, January 1966:127–204. (National Cancer Institute Monograph no. 19).
78. Garfinkel L. Time trends in lung cancer mortality among nonsmokers and a note on passive smoking. JNCI 1981; 66: 1061–6.
79. Correa P, Pickle LW, Fontham E, Lin Y, Haenszel W. Passive smoking and lung cancer. Lancet 1983; 2: 595–7.
80. Comstock GW, Shah FK, Meyer MB, Abbey H. Low birth weight and neonatal mortality rate related to maternal smoking and socioeconomic status. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 111: 53–9.
81. Meyer MB, Jonas BS, Tonascia JA. Perinatal events associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 1976; 103: 464–76.
82. Davies DP, Gray OP, Ellwood PC, Abernethy M. Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: associations with maternal weight gain and fetal growth. Lancet 1976; 1: 385–7.
83. Christianson RE. Gross differences observed in the placentas of smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol 1979; 110: 178–87.
84. Huch A, Danko J, Huch R. Smoking and pregnancy. J Pediatr Med 1982; 10: 55–57.
85. United States Department of Agriculture. Tobacco outlook and situation report, March 1984.
86. National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics. Data from the National Health Interview Survey, May 1984.
87. Johnston LD, Bachman JG, O'Malley PM. Student drug use, attitudes, beliefs: national trends 1975–1982. National Institute on Drug Abuse, United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1982.
88. Ashton H. Patterns of smoking: social and psychological factors. Practitioner 1983; 227: 1415–23.